API Documentation

Producer class

class aiokafka.AIOKafkaProducer(*, loop=None, bootstrap_servers='localhost', client_id=None, metadata_max_age_ms=300000, request_timeout_ms=40000, api_version='auto', acks=<object object>, key_serializer=None, value_serializer=None, compression_type=None, max_batch_size=16384, partitioner=<aiokafka.partitioner.DefaultPartitioner object>, max_request_size=1048576, linger_ms=0, send_backoff_ms=100, retry_backoff_ms=100, security_protocol='PLAINTEXT', ssl_context=None, connections_max_idle_ms=540000, enable_idempotence=False, transactional_id=None, transaction_timeout_ms=60000, sasl_mechanism='PLAIN', sasl_plain_password=None, sasl_plain_username=None, sasl_kerberos_service_name='kafka', sasl_kerberos_domain_name=None, sasl_oauth_token_provider=None)

A Kafka client that publishes records to the Kafka cluster.

The producer consists of a pool of buffer space that holds records that haven’t yet been transmitted to the server as well as a background task that is responsible for turning these records into requests and transmitting them to the cluster.

The send() method is asynchronous. When called it adds the record to a buffer of pending record sends and immediately returns. This allows the producer to batch together individual records for efficiency.

The acks config controls the criteria under which requests are considered complete. The all setting will result in waiting for all replicas to respond, the slowest but most durable setting.

The key_serializer and value_serializer instruct how to turn the key and value objects the user provides into bytes.

Parameters

• bootstrap_servers (str, list(str)) – a host[:port] string or list of host[:port] strings that the producer should contact to bootstrap initial cluster metadata. This does not have to be the full node list. It just needs to have at least one broker that will respond to a Metadata API Request. Default port is 9092. If no servers are specified, will default to localhost:9092.

• client_id (str) – a name for this client. This string is passed in each request to servers and can be used to identify specific server-side log entries that correspond to this client. Default: aiokafka-producer-# (appended with a unique number per instance)

• key_serializer (Callable) – used to convert user-supplied keys to bytes If not None, called as f(key), should return bytes. Default: None.

• value_serializer (Callable) – used to convert user-supplied message values to bytes. If not None, called as f(value), should return bytes. Default: None.

• acks (Any) –

  one of 0, 1, all. The number of acknowledgments the producer requires the leader to have received before considering a request complete. This controls the durability of records that are sent. The following settings are common:

  • 0: Producer will not wait for any acknowledgment from the server at all. The message will immediately be added to the socket buffer and considered sent. No guarantee can be made that the server has received the record in this case, and the retries configuration will not take effect (as the client won’t generally know of any failures). The offset given back for each record will always be set to -1.

  • 1: The broker leader will write the record to its local log but will respond without awaiting full acknowledgement from all followers. In this case should the leader fail immediately after acknowledging the record but before the followers have replicated it then the record will be lost.

  • all: The broker leader will wait for the full set of in-sync replicas to acknowledge the record. This guarantees that the record will not be lost as long as at least one in-sync replica remains alive. This is the strongest available guarantee.

  If unset, defaults to acks=1. If enable_idempotence is True defaults to acks=all

• compression_type (str) – The compression type for all data generated by the producer. Valid values are gzip, snappy, lz4, zstd or None. Compression is of full batches of data, so the efficacy of batching will also impact the compression ratio (more batching means better compression). Default: None.

• max_batch_size (int) – Maximum size of buffered data per partition. After this amount send() coroutine will block until batch is drained. Default: 16384

• linger_ms (int) – The producer groups together any records that arrive in between request transmissions into a single batched request. Normally this occurs only under load when records arrive faster than they can be sent out. However in some circumstances the client may want to reduce the number of requests even under moderate load. This setting accomplishes this by adding a small amount of artificial delay; that is, if first request is processed faster, than linger_ms, producer will wait linger_ms - process_time. Default: 0 (i.e. no delay).

• partitioner (Callable) – Callable used to determine which partition each message is assigned to. Called (after key serialization): partitioner(key_bytes, all_partitions, available_partitions). The default partitioner implementation hashes each non-None key using the same murmur2 algorithm as the Java client so that messages with the same key are assigned to the same partition. When a key is None, the message is delivered to a random partition (filtered to partitions with available leaders only, if possible).

• max_request_size (int) – The maximum size of a request. This is also effectively a cap on the maximum record size. Note that the server has its own cap on record size which may be different from this. This setting will limit the number of record batches the producer will send in a single request to avoid sending huge requests. Default: 1048576.

• metadata_max_age_ms (int) – The period of time in milliseconds after which we force a refresh of metadata even if we haven’t seen any partition leadership changes to proactively discover any new brokers or partitions. Default: 300000

• request_timeout_ms (int) – Produce request timeout in milliseconds. As it’s sent as part of ProduceRequest (it’s a blocking call), maximum waiting time can be up to 2 * request_timeout_ms. Default: 40000.

• retry_backoff_ms (int) – Milliseconds to backoff when retrying on errors. Default: 100.

• api_version (str) – specify which kafka API version to use. If set to auto, will attempt to infer the broker version by probing various APIs. Default: auto

• security_protocol (str) – Protocol used to communicate with brokers. Valid values are: PLAINTEXT, SSL, SASL_PLAINTEXT, SASL_SSL. Default: PLAINTEXT.

• ssl_context (ssl.SSLContext) – pre-configured SSLContext for wrapping socket connections. Directly passed into asyncio’s create_connection(). For more information see SSL Authentication. Default: None

• connections_max_idle_ms (int) – Close idle connections after the number of milliseconds specified by this config. Specifying None will disable idle checks. Default: 540000 (9 minutes).

• enable_idempotence (bool) – When set to True, the producer will ensure that exactly one copy of each message is written in the stream. If False, producer retries due to broker failures, etc., may write duplicates of the retried message in the stream. Note that enabling idempotence acks to set to all. If it is not explicitly set by the user it will be chosen. If incompatible values are set, a ValueError will be thrown. New in version 0.5.0.

• sasl_mechanism (str) – Authentication mechanism when security_protocol is configured for SASL_PLAINTEXT or SASL_SSL. Valid values are: PLAIN, GSSAPI, SCRAM-SHA-256, SCRAM-SHA-512, OAUTHBEARER. Default: PLAIN

• sasl_plain_username (str) – username for SASL PLAIN authentication. Default: None

• sasl_plain_password (str) – password for SASL PLAIN authentication. Default: None

• sasl_oauth_token_provider (AbstractTokenProvider) – OAuthBearer token provider instance. Default: None

Note

Many configuration parameters are taken from the Java client: https://kafka.apache.org/documentation.html#producerconfigs

create_batch()

Create and return an empty BatchBuilder.

The batch is not queued for send until submission to send_batch().

Returns

empty batch to be filled and submitted by the caller.

Return type

BatchBuilder

async flush()

Wait until all batches are Delivered and futures resolved

async partitions_for(topic)

Returns set of all known partitions for the topic.

async send(topic, value=None, key=None, partition=None, timestamp_ms=None, headers=None)

Publish a message to a topic.

Parameters

• topic (str) – topic where the message will be published

• value (Optional) –

  message value. Must be type bytes, or be serializable to bytes via configured value_serializer. If value is None, key is required and message acts as a delete.

  See Kafka compaction documentation for more details. (compaction requires kafka >= 0.8.1)

• partition (int, Optional) – optionally specify a partition. If not set, the partition will be selected using the configured partitioner.

• key (Optional) – a key to associate with the message. Can be used to determine which partition to send the message to. If partition is None (and producer’s partitioner config is left as default), then messages with the same key will be delivered to the same partition (but if key is None, partition is chosen randomly). Must be type bytes, or be serializable to bytes via configured key_serializer.

• timestamp_ms (int, Optional) – epoch milliseconds (from Jan 1 1970 UTC) to use as the message timestamp. Defaults to current time.

• headers (Optional) – Kafka headers to be included in the message using the format [("key", b"value")]. Iterable of tuples where key is a normal string and value is a byte string.

Returns

object that will be set when message is processed

Return type

asyncio.Future

Raises

KafkaTimeoutError – if we can’t schedule this record (pending buffer is full) in up to request_timeout_ms milliseconds.

Note

The returned future will wait based on request_timeout_ms setting. Cancelling the returned future will not stop event from being sent, but cancelling the send() coroutine itself will.

async send_and_wait(topic, value=None, key=None, partition=None, timestamp_ms=None, headers=None)

Publish a message to a topic and wait the result

async send_batch(batch, topic, *, partition)

Submit a BatchBuilder for publication.

Parameters

• batch (BatchBuilder) – batch object to be published.

• topic (str) – topic where the batch will be published.

• partition (int) – partition where this batch will be published.

Returns

object that will be set when the batch is

delivered.

Return type

asyncio.Future

async start()

Connect to Kafka cluster and check server version

async stop()

Flush all pending data and close all connections to kafka cluster

transaction()

Start a transaction context

Consumer class

class aiokafka.AIOKafkaConsumer(*topics, loop=None, bootstrap_servers='localhost', client_id='aiokafka-0.10.0', group_id=None, group_instance_id=None, key_deserializer=None, value_deserializer=None, fetch_max_wait_ms=500, fetch_max_bytes=52428800, fetch_min_bytes=1, max_partition_fetch_bytes=1048576, request_timeout_ms=40000, retry_backoff_ms=100, auto_offset_reset='latest', enable_auto_commit=True, auto_commit_interval_ms=5000, check_crcs=True, metadata_max_age_ms=300000, partition_assignment_strategy=(<class 'aiokafka.coordinator.assignors.roundrobin.RoundRobinPartitionAssignor'>, ), max_poll_interval_ms=300000, rebalance_timeout_ms=None, session_timeout_ms=10000, heartbeat_interval_ms=3000, consumer_timeout_ms=200, max_poll_records=None, ssl_context=None, security_protocol='PLAINTEXT', api_version='auto', exclude_internal_topics=True, connections_max_idle_ms=540000, isolation_level='read_uncommitted', sasl_mechanism='PLAIN', sasl_plain_password=None, sasl_plain_username=None, sasl_kerberos_service_name='kafka', sasl_kerberos_domain_name=None, sasl_oauth_token_provider=None)

A client that consumes records from a Kafka cluster.

The consumer will transparently handle the failure of servers in the Kafka cluster, and adapt as topic-partitions are created or migrate between brokers.

It also interacts with the assigned Kafka Group Coordinator node to allow multiple consumers to load balance consumption of topics (feature of Kafka >= 0.9.0.0).

Parameters

• *topics (list(str)) – optional list of topics to subscribe to. If not set, call subscribe() or assign() before consuming records. Passing topics directly is same as calling subscribe() API.

• bootstrap_servers (str, list(str)) –

  a host[:port] string (or list of host[:port] strings) that the consumer should contact to bootstrap initial cluster metadata.

  This does not have to be the full node list. It just needs to have at least one broker that will respond to a Metadata API Request. Default port is 9092. If no servers are specified, will default to localhost:9092.

• client_id (str) – a name for this client. This string is passed in each request to servers and can be used to identify specific server-side log entries that correspond to this client. Also submitted to GroupCoordinator for logging with respect to consumer group administration. Default: aiokafka-{version}

• group_id (str or None) – name of the consumer group to join for dynamic partition assignment (if enabled), and to use for fetching and committing offsets. If None, auto-partition assignment (via group coordinator) and offset commits are disabled. Default: None

• group_instance_id (str or None) – name of the group instance ID used for static membership (KIP-345)

• key_deserializer (Callable) – Any callable that takes a raw message key and returns a deserialized key.

• value_deserializer (Callable, Optional) – Any callable that takes a raw message value and returns a deserialized value.

• fetch_min_bytes (int) – Minimum amount of data the server should return for a fetch request, otherwise wait up to fetch_max_wait_ms for more data to accumulate. Default: 1.

• fetch_max_bytes (int) – The maximum amount of data the server should return for a fetch request. This is not an absolute maximum, if the first message in the first non-empty partition of the fetch is larger than this value, the message will still be returned to ensure that the consumer can make progress. NOTE: consumer performs fetches to multiple brokers in parallel so memory usage will depend on the number of brokers containing partitions for the topic. Supported Kafka version >= 0.10.1.0. Default: 52428800 (50 Mb).

• fetch_max_wait_ms (int) – The maximum amount of time in milliseconds the server will block before answering the fetch request if there isn’t sufficient data to immediately satisfy the requirement given by fetch_min_bytes. Default: 500.

• max_partition_fetch_bytes (int) – The maximum amount of data per-partition the server will return. The maximum total memory used for a request = #partitions * max_partition_fetch_bytes. This size must be at least as large as the maximum message size the server allows or else it is possible for the producer to send messages larger than the consumer can fetch. If that happens, the consumer can get stuck trying to fetch a large message on a certain partition. Default: 1048576.

• max_poll_records (int) – The maximum number of records returned in a single call to getmany(). Defaults None, no limit.

• request_timeout_ms (int) – Client request timeout in milliseconds. Default: 40000.

• retry_backoff_ms (int) – Milliseconds to backoff when retrying on errors. Default: 100.

• auto_offset_reset (str) – A policy for resetting offsets on OffsetOutOfRangeError errors: earliest will move to the oldest available message, latest will move to the most recent, and none will raise an exception so you can handle this case. Default: latest.

• enable_auto_commit (bool) – If true the consumer’s offset will be periodically committed in the background. Default: True.

• auto_commit_interval_ms (int) – milliseconds between automatic offset commits, if enable_auto_commit is True. Default: 5000.

• check_crcs (bool) – Automatically check the CRC32 of the records consumed. This ensures no on-the-wire or on-disk corruption to the messages occurred. This check adds some overhead, so it may be disabled in cases seeking extreme performance. Default: True

• metadata_max_age_ms (int) – The period of time in milliseconds after which we force a refresh of metadata even if we haven’t seen any partition leadership changes to proactively discover any new brokers or partitions. Default: 300000

• partition_assignment_strategy (list) – List of objects to use to distribute partition ownership amongst consumer instances when group management is used. This preference is implicit in the order of the strategies in the list. When assignment strategy changes: to support a change to the assignment strategy, new versions must enable support both for the old assignment strategy and the new one. The coordinator will choose the old assignment strategy until all members have been updated. Then it will choose the new strategy. Default: [RoundRobinPartitionAssignor]

• max_poll_interval_ms (int) – Maximum allowed time between calls to consume messages (e.g., getmany()). If this interval is exceeded the consumer is considered failed and the group will rebalance in order to reassign the partitions to another consumer group member. If API methods block waiting for messages, that time does not count against this timeout. See KIP-62 for more information. Default 300000

• rebalance_timeout_ms (int) – The maximum time server will wait for this consumer to rejoin the group in a case of rebalance. In Java client this behaviour is bound to max.poll.interval.ms configuration, but as aiokafka will rejoin the group in the background, we decouple this setting to allow finer tuning by users that use ConsumerRebalanceListener to delay rebalacing. Defaults to session_timeout_ms

• session_timeout_ms (int) – Client group session and failure detection timeout. The consumer sends periodic heartbeats (heartbeat.interval.ms) to indicate its liveness to the broker. If no hearts are received by the broker for a group member within the session timeout, the broker will remove the consumer from the group and trigger a rebalance. The allowed range is configured with the broker configuration properties group.min.session.timeout.ms and group.max.session.timeout.ms. Default: 10000

• heartbeat_interval_ms (int) – The expected time in milliseconds between heartbeats to the consumer coordinator when using Kafka’s group management feature. Heartbeats are used to ensure that the consumer’s session stays active and to facilitate rebalancing when new consumers join or leave the group. The value must be set lower than session_timeout_ms, but typically should be set no higher than 1/3 of that value. It can be adjusted even lower to control the expected time for normal rebalances. Default: 3000

• consumer_timeout_ms (int) – maximum wait timeout for background fetching routine. Mostly defines how fast the system will see rebalance and request new data for new partitions. Default: 200

• api_version (str) – specify which kafka API version to use. AIOKafkaConsumer supports Kafka API versions >=0.9 only. If set to auto, will attempt to infer the broker version by probing various APIs. Default: auto

• security_protocol (str) – Protocol used to communicate with brokers. Valid values are: PLAINTEXT, SSL, SASL_PLAINTEXT, SASL_SSL. Default: PLAINTEXT.

• ssl_context (ssl.SSLContext) – pre-configured SSLContext for wrapping socket connections. Directly passed into asyncio’s create_connection(). For more information see SSL Authentication. Default: None.

• exclude_internal_topics (bool) – Whether records from internal topics (such as offsets) should be exposed to the consumer. If set to True the only way to receive records from an internal topic is subscribing to it. Requires 0.10+ Default: True

• connections_max_idle_ms (int) – Close idle connections after the number of milliseconds specified by this config. Specifying None will disable idle checks. Default: 540000 (9 minutes).

• isolation_level (str) –

  Controls how to read messages written transactionally.

  If set to read_committed, getmany() will only return transactional messages which have been committed. If set to read_uncommitted (the default), getmany() will return all messages, even transactional messages which have been aborted.

  Non-transactional messages will be returned unconditionally in either mode.

  Messages will always be returned in offset order. Hence, in read_committed mode, getmany() will only return messages up to the last stable offset (LSO), which is the one less than the offset of the first open transaction. In particular any messages appearing after messages belonging to ongoing transactions will be withheld until the relevant transaction has been completed. As a result, read_committed consumers will not be able to read up to the high watermark when there are in flight transactions. Further, when in read_committed the seek_to_end method will return the LSO. See method docs below. Default: read_uncommitted

• sasl_mechanism (str) – Authentication mechanism when security_protocol is configured for SASL_PLAINTEXT or SASL_SSL. Valid values are: PLAIN, GSSAPI, SCRAM-SHA-256, SCRAM-SHA-512, OAUTHBEARER. Default: PLAIN

• sasl_plain_username (str) – username for SASL PLAIN authentication. Default: None

• sasl_plain_password (str) – password for SASL PLAIN authentication. Default: None

• sasl_oauth_token_provider (AbstractTokenProvider) – OAuthBearer token provider instance. Default: None

Note

Many configuration parameters are taken from Java Client: https://kafka.apache.org/documentation.html#newconsumerconfigs

assign(partitions)

Manually assign a list of TopicPartition to this consumer.

This interface does not support incremental assignment and will replace the previous assignment (if there was one).

Parameters

partitions (list(TopicPartition)) – assignment for this instance.

Raises

IllegalStateError – if consumer has already called subscribe()

Warning

It is not possible to use both manual partition assignment with assign() and group assignment with subscribe().

Note

Manual topic assignment through this method does not use the consumer’s group management functionality. As such, there will be no rebalance operation triggered when group membership or cluster and topic metadata change.

assignment()

Get the set of partitions currently assigned to this consumer.

If partitions were directly assigned using assign(), then this will simply return the same partitions that were previously assigned.

If topics were subscribed using subscribe(), then this will give the set of topic partitions currently assigned to the consumer (which may be empty if the assignment hasn’t happened yet or if the partitions are in the process of being reassigned).

Returns

the set of partitions currently assigned to this consumer

Return type

set(TopicPartition)

async beginning_offsets(partitions)

Get the first offset for the given partitions.

This method does not change the current consumer position of the partitions.

Note

This method may block indefinitely if the partition does not exist.

Parameters

partitions (list[TopicPartition]) – List of TopicPartition instances to fetch offsets for.

Returns

mapping of partition to earliest available offset.

Return type

dict [TopicPartition, int]

Raises

• UnsupportedVersionError – If the broker does not support looking up the offsets by timestamp.

• KafkaTimeoutError – If fetch failed in request_timeout_ms.

New in version 0.3.0.

async commit(offsets=None)

Commit offsets to Kafka.

This commits offsets only to Kafka. The offsets committed using this API will be used on the first fetch after every rebalance and also on startup. As such, if you need to store offsets in anything other than Kafka, this API should not be used.

Currently only supports kafka-topic offset storage (not Zookeeper)

When explicitly passing offsets use either offset of next record, or tuple of offset and metadata:

tp = TopicPartition(msg.topic, msg.partition)
metadata = "Some utf-8 metadata"
# Either
await consumer.commit({tp: msg.offset + 1})
# Or position directly
await consumer.commit({tp: (msg.offset + 1, metadata)})

Note

If you want fire and forget commit, like commit_async() in kafka-python, just run it in a task. Something like:

fut = loop.create_task(consumer.commit())
fut.add_done_callback(on_commit_done)

Parameters

offsets (dict, Optional) – A mapping from TopicPartition to (offset, metadata) to commit with the configured group_id. Defaults to current consumed offsets for all subscribed partitions.

Raises

• CommitFailedError – If membership already changed on broker.

• IllegalOperation – If used with group_id == None.

• IllegalStateError – If partitions not assigned.

• KafkaError – If commit failed on broker side. This could be due to invalid offset, too long metadata, authorization failure, etc.

• ValueError – If offsets is of wrong format.

Changed in version 0.4.0: Changed AssertionError to IllegalStateError in case of unassigned partition.

Changed in version 0.4.0: Will now raise CommitFailedError in case membership changed, as (possibly) this partition is handled by another consumer.

async committed(partition)

Get the last committed offset for the given partition. (whether the commit happened by this process or another).

This offset will be used as the position for the consumer in the event of a failure.

This call will block to do a remote call to get the latest offset, as those are not cached by consumer (Transactional Producer can change them without Consumer knowledge as of Kafka 0.11.0)

Parameters

partition (TopicPartition) – the partition to check

Returns

The last committed offset, or None if there was no prior commit.

Raises

IllegalOperation – If used with group_id == None

async end_offsets(partitions)

Get the last offset for the given partitions. The last offset of a partition is the offset of the upcoming message, i.e. the offset of the last available message + 1.

This method does not change the current consumer position of the partitions.

Note

This method may block indefinitely if the partition does not exist.

Parameters

partitions (list[TopicPartition]) – List of TopicPartition instances to fetch offsets for.

Returns

mapping of partition to last available offset + 1.

Return type

dict [TopicPartition, int]

Raises

• UnsupportedVersionError – If the broker does not support looking up the offsets by timestamp.

• KafkaTimeoutError – If fetch failed in request_timeout_ms

New in version 0.3.0.

async getmany(*partitions, timeout_ms=0, max_records=None) → Dict[aiokafka.structs.TopicPartition, List[aiokafka.structs.ConsumerRecord]]

Get messages from assigned topics / partitions.

Prefetched messages are returned in batches by topic-partition. If messages is not available in the prefetched buffer this method waits timeout_ms milliseconds.

Parameters

• partitions (list[TopicPartition]) – The partitions that need fetching message. If no one partition specified then all subscribed partitions will be used

• timeout_ms (int, Optional) – milliseconds spent waiting if data is not available in the buffer. If 0, returns immediately with any records that are available currently in the buffer, else returns empty. Must not be negative. Default: 0

Returns

topic to list of records since the last fetch for the subscribed list of topics and partitions

Return type

dict(TopicPartition, list[ConsumerRecord])

Example usage:

data = await consumer.getmany()
for tp, messages in data.items():
    topic = tp.topic
    partition = tp.partition
    for message in messages:
        # Process message
        print(message.offset, message.key, message.value)

async getone(*partitions) → aiokafka.structs.ConsumerRecord

Get one message from Kafka. If no new messages prefetched, this method will wait for it.

Parameters

partitions (list(TopicPartition)) – Optional list of partitions to return from. If no partitions specified then returned message will be from any partition, which consumer is subscribed to.

Returns

the message

Return type

ConsumerRecord

Will return instance of

collections.namedtuple(
    "ConsumerRecord",
    ["topic", "partition", "offset", "key", "value"])

Example usage:

while True:
    message = await consumer.getone()
    topic = message.topic
    partition = message.partition
    # Process message
    print(message.offset, message.key, message.value)

highwater(partition)

Last known highwater offset for a partition.

A highwater offset is the offset that will be assigned to the next message that is produced. It may be useful for calculating lag, by comparing with the reported position. Note that both position and highwater refer to the next offset – i.e., highwater offset is one greater than the newest available message.

Highwater offsets are returned as part of FetchResponse, so will not be available if messages for this partition were not requested yet.

Parameters

partition (TopicPartition) – partition to check

Returns

offset if available

Return type

int or None

last_poll_timestamp(partition)

Returns the timestamp of the last poll of this partition (in ms). It is the last time highwater() and last_stable_offset() were updated. However it does not mean that new messages were received.

As with highwater() will not be available until some messages are consumed.

Parameters

partition (TopicPartition) – partition to check

Returns

timestamp if available

Return type

int or None

last_stable_offset(partition)

Returns the Last Stable Offset of a topic. It will be the last offset up to which point all transactions were completed. Only available in with isolation_level read_committed, in read_uncommitted will always return -1. Will return None for older Brokers.

As with highwater() will not be available until some messages are consumed.

Parameters

partition (TopicPartition) – partition to check

Returns

offset if available

Return type

int or None

async offsets_for_times(timestamps)

Look up the offsets for the given partitions by timestamp. The returned offset for each partition is the earliest offset whose timestamp is greater than or equal to the given timestamp in the corresponding partition.

The consumer does not have to be assigned the partitions.

If the message format version in a partition is before 0.10.0, i.e. the messages do not have timestamps, None will be returned for that partition.

Note

This method may block indefinitely if the partition does not exist.

Parameters

timestamps (dict(TopicPartition, int)) – mapping from partition to the timestamp to look up. Unit should be milliseconds since beginning of the epoch (midnight Jan 1, 1970 (UTC))

Returns

mapping from partition to the timestamp and offset of the first message with timestamp greater than or equal to the target timestamp.

Return type

dict(TopicPartition, OffsetAndTimestamp)

Raises

• ValueError – If the target timestamp is negative

• UnsupportedVersionError – If the broker does not support looking up the offsets by timestamp.

• KafkaTimeoutError – If fetch failed in request_timeout_ms

New in version 0.3.0.

partitions_for_topic(topic)

Get metadata about the partitions for a given topic.

This method will return None if Consumer does not already have metadata for this topic.

Parameters

topic (str) – topic to check

Returns

partition ids

Return type

set

pause(*partitions)

Suspend fetching from the requested partitions.

Future calls to getmany() will not return any records from these partitions until they have been resumed using resume().

Note: This method does not affect partition subscription. In particular, it does not cause a group rebalance when automatic assignment is used.

Parameters

*partitions (list[TopicPartition]) – Partitions to pause.

paused()

Get the partitions that were previously paused using pause().

Returns

partitions

Return type

set[TopicPartition]

async position(partition)

Get the offset of the next record that will be fetched (if a record with that offset exists on broker).

Parameters

partition (TopicPartition) – partition to check

Returns

offset

Return type

int

Raises

IllegalStateError – partition is not assigned

Changed in version 0.4.0: Changed AssertionError to IllegalStateError in case of unassigned partition

resume(*partitions)

Resume fetching from the specified (paused) partitions.

Parameters

*partitions (list[TopicPartition]) – Partitions to resume.

seek(partition, offset)

Manually specify the fetch offset for a TopicPartition.

Overrides the fetch offsets that the consumer will use on the next getmany()/getone() call. If this API is invoked for the same partition more than once, the latest offset will be used on the next fetch.

Note

You may lose data if this API is arbitrarily used in the middle of consumption to reset the fetch offsets. Use it either on rebalance listeners or after all pending messages are processed.

Parameters

• partition (TopicPartition) – partition for seek operation

• offset (int) – message offset in partition

Raises

• ValueError – if offset is not a positive integer

• IllegalStateError – partition is not currently assigned

Changed in version 0.4.0: Changed AssertionError to IllegalStateError and ValueError in respective cases.

async seek_to_beginning(*partitions)

Seek to the oldest available offset for partitions.

Parameters

*partitions – Optionally provide specific TopicPartition, otherwise default to all assigned partitions.

Raises

• IllegalStateError – If any partition is not currently assigned

• TypeError – If partitions are not instances of TopicPartition

New in version 0.3.0.

async seek_to_committed(*partitions)

Seek to the committed offset for partitions.

Parameters

*partitions – Optionally provide specific TopicPartition, otherwise default to all assigned partitions.

Returns

mapping of the currently committed offsets.

Return type

dict(TopicPartition, int)

Raises

• IllegalStateError – If any partition is not currently assigned

• IllegalOperation – If used with group_id == None

Changed in version 0.3.0: Changed AssertionError to IllegalStateError in case of unassigned partition

async seek_to_end(*partitions)

Seek to the most recent available offset for partitions.

Parameters

*partitions – Optionally provide specific TopicPartition, otherwise default to all assigned partitions.

Raises

• IllegalStateError – If any partition is not currently assigned

• TypeError – If partitions are not instances of TopicPartition

New in version 0.3.0.

async start()

Connect to Kafka cluster. This will:

• Load metadata for all cluster nodes and partition allocation

• Wait for possible topic autocreation

• Join group if group_id provided

async stop()

Close the consumer, while waiting for finalizers:

• Commit last consumed message if autocommit enabled

• Leave group if used Consumer Groups

subscribe(topics=(), pattern=None, listener=None)

Subscribe to a list of topics, or a topic regex pattern.

Partitions will be dynamically assigned via a group coordinator. Topic subscriptions are not incremental: this list will replace the current assignment (if there is one).

This method is incompatible with assign().

Parameters

• topics (list) – List of topics for subscription.

• pattern (str) – Pattern to match available topics. You must provide either topics or pattern, but not both.

• listener (ConsumerRebalanceListener) –

  Optionally include listener callback, which will be called before and after each rebalance operation. As part of group management, the consumer will keep track of the list of consumers that belong to a particular group and will trigger a rebalance operation if one of the following events trigger:

  • Number of partitions change for any of the subscribed topics

  • Topic is created or deleted

  • An existing member of the consumer group dies

  • A new member is added to the consumer group

  When any of these events are triggered, the provided listener will be invoked first to indicate that the consumer’s assignment has been revoked, and then again when the new assignment has been received. Note that this listener will immediately override any listener set in a previous call to subscribe. It is guaranteed, however, that the partitions revoked/assigned through this interface are from topics subscribed in this call.

Raises

• IllegalStateError – if called after previously calling assign()

• ValueError – if neither topics or pattern is provided or both are provided

• TypeError – if listener is not a ConsumerRebalanceListener

subscription()

Get the current topics subscription.

Returns

a set of topics

Return type

frozenset(str)

async topics()

Get all topics the user is authorized to view.

Returns

topics

Return type

set

unsubscribe()

Unsubscribe from all topics and clear all assigned partitions.

Helpers

aiokafka.helpers.create_ssl_context(*, cafile=None, capath=None, cadata=None, certfile=None, keyfile=None, password=None, crlfile=None)

Simple helper, that creates an SSLContext based on params similar to those in kafka-python, but with some restrictions like:

• check_hostname is not optional, and will be set to True

• crlfile option is missing. It is fairly hard to test it.

Parameters

• cafile (str) – Certificate Authority file path containing certificates used to sign broker certificates. If CA not specified (by either cafile, capath, cadata) default system CA will be used if found by OpenSSL. For more information see load_verify_locations(). Default: None

• capath (str) – Same as cafile, but points to a directory containing several CA certificates. For more information see load_verify_locations(). Default: None

• cadata (str, bytes) – Same as cafile, but instead contains already read data in either ASCII or bytes format. Can be used to specify DER-encoded certificates, rather than PEM ones. For more information see load_verify_locations(). Default: None

• certfile (str) – optional filename of file in PEM format containing the client certificate, as well as any CA certificates needed to establish the certificate’s authenticity. For more information see load_cert_chain(). Default: None.

• keyfile (str) – optional filename containing the client private key. For more information see load_cert_chain(). Default: None.

• password (str) – optional password to be used when loading the certificate chain. For more information see load_cert_chain(). Default: None.

Abstracts

class aiokafka.abc.AbstractTokenProvider(**config)

A Token Provider must be used for the SASL OAuthBearer protocol.

The implementation should ensure token reuse so that multiple calls at connect time do not create multiple tokens. The implementation should also periodically refresh the token in order to guarantee that each call returns an unexpired token.

A timeout error should be returned after a short period of inactivity so that the broker can log debugging info and retry.

Token Providers MUST implement the token() method

abstract async token()

An async callback returning a str ID/Access Token to be sent to the Kafka client. In case where a synchoronous callback is needed, implementations like following can be used:

from aiokafka.abc import AbstractTokenProvider

class CustomTokenProvider(AbstractTokenProvider):
    async def token(self):
        return await asyncio.get_running_loop().run_in_executor(
            None, self._token)

    def _token(self):
        # The actual synchoronous token callback.

extensions()

This is an OPTIONAL method that may be implemented.

Returns a map of key-value pairs that can be sent with the SASL/OAUTHBEARER initial client request. If not implemented, the values are ignored

This feature is only available in Kafka >= 2.1.0.

class aiokafka.abc.ConsumerRebalanceListener

A callback interface that the user can implement to trigger custom actions when the set of partitions assigned to the consumer changes.

This is applicable when the consumer is having Kafka auto-manage group membership. If the consumer’s directly assign partitions, those partitions will never be reassigned and this callback is not applicable.

When Kafka is managing the group membership, a partition re-assignment will be triggered any time the members of the group changes or the subscription of the members changes. This can occur when processes die, new process instances are added or old instances come back to life after failure. Rebalances can also be triggered by changes affecting the subscribed topics (e.g. when then number of partitions is administratively adjusted).

There are many uses for this functionality. One common use is saving offsets in a custom store. By saving offsets in the on_partitions_revoked(), call we can ensure that any time partition assignment changes the offset gets saved.

Another use is flushing out any kind of cache of intermediate results the consumer may be keeping. For example, consider a case where the consumer is subscribed to a topic containing user page views, and the goal is to count the number of page views per users for each five minute window. Let’s say the topic is partitioned by the user id so that all events for a particular user will go to a single consumer instance. The consumer can keep in memory a running tally of actions per user and only flush these out to a remote data store when its cache gets too big. However if a partition is reassigned it may want to automatically trigger a flush of this cache, before the new owner takes over consumption.

This callback will execute during the rebalance process, and Consumer will wait for callbacks to finish before proceeding with group join.

It is guaranteed that all consumer processes will invoke on_partitions_revoked() prior to any process invoking on_partitions_assigned(). So if offsets or other state is saved in the on_partitions_revoked() call, it should be saved by the time the process taking over that partition has their on_partitions_assigned() callback called to load the state.

abstract on_partitions_revoked(revoked)

A coroutine or function the user can implement to provide cleanup or custom state save on the start of a rebalance operation.

This method will be called before a rebalance operation starts and after the consumer stops fetching data.

If you are using manual commit you have to commit all consumed offsets here, to avoid duplicate message delivery after rebalance is finished.

Note

This method is only called before rebalances. It is not called prior to AIOKafkaConsumer.stop()

Parameters

revoked (list(TopicPartition)) – the partitions that were assigned to the consumer on the last rebalance

abstract on_partitions_assigned(assigned)

A coroutine or function the user can implement to provide load of custom consumer state or cache warmup on completion of a successful partition re-assignment.

This method will be called after partition re-assignment completes and before the consumer starts fetching data again.

It is guaranteed that all the processes in a consumer group will execute their on_partitions_revoked() callback before any instance executes its on_partitions_assigned() callback.

Parameters

assigned (list(TopicPartition)) – the partitions assigned to the consumer (may include partitions that were previously assigned)

SSL Authentication

Security is not an easy thing, at least when you want to do it right. Before diving in on how to setup aiokafka to work with SSL, make sure there is a need for SSL Authentication and go through the official documentation for SSL support in Kafka itself.

aiokafka provides only ssl_context as a parameter for Consumer and Producer classes. This is done intentionally, as it is recommended that you read through the Python ssl documentation to have some understanding on the topic. Although if you know what you are doing, there is a simple helper function aiokafka.helpers.create_ssl_context(), that will create an ssl.SSLContext based on similar params to kafka-python.

A few notes on Kafka’s SSL store types. Java uses JKS store type, that contains normal certificates, same as ones OpenSSL (and Python, as it’s based on OpenSSL) uses, but encodes them into a single, encrypted file, protected by another password. Just look the internet on how to extract CARoot, Certificate and Key from JKS store.

See also the Using SSL with aiokafka example.

SASL Authentication

As of version 0.5.1 aiokafka supports SASL authentication using both PLAIN and GSSAPI SASL methods. Be sure to install gssapi python module to use GSSAPI.

Please consult the official documentation for setup instructions on Broker side. Client configuration is pretty much the same as Java’s, consult the sasl_* options in Consumer and Producer API Reference for more details. See AbstractTokenProvider.

Error handling

Both consumer and producer can raise exceptions that inherit from the aiokafka.errors.KafkaError class.

Exception handling example:

from aiokafka.errors import KafkaError, KafkaTimeoutError
# ...
try:
    send_future = await producer.send('foobar', b'test data')
    response = await send_future  #  wait until message is produced
except KafkaTimeoutError:
    print("produce timeout... maybe we want to resend data again?")
except KafkaError as err:
    print("some kafka error on produce: {}".format(err))

Consumer errors

Consumer’s async for and getone()/getmany() interfaces will handle those differently. Possible consumer errors include:

• TopicAuthorizationFailedError - topic requires authorization. Always raised

• OffsetOutOfRangeError - if you don’t specify auto_offset_reset policy and started cosumption from not valid offset. Always raised

• RecordTooLargeError - broker has a MessageSet larger than max_partition_fetch_bytes. async for - log error, get* will raise it.

• InvalidMessageError - CRC check on MessageSet failed due to connection failure or bug. Always raised. Changed in version 0.5.0, before we ignored this error in async for.

Other references

class aiokafka.producer.message_accumulator.BatchBuilder(magic, batch_size, compression_type, *, is_transactional)

class aiokafka.consumer.group_coordinator.GroupCoordinator(client, subscription, *, group_id='aiokafka-default-group', group_instance_id=None, session_timeout_ms=10000, heartbeat_interval_ms=3000, retry_backoff_ms=100, enable_auto_commit=True, auto_commit_interval_ms=5000, assignors=(<class 'aiokafka.coordinator.assignors.roundrobin.RoundRobinPartitionAssignor'>, ), exclude_internal_topics=True, max_poll_interval_ms=300000, rebalance_timeout_ms=30000)

GroupCoordinator implements group management for single group member by interacting with a designated Kafka broker (the coordinator). Group semantics are provided by extending this class.

From a high level, Kafka’s group management protocol consists of the following sequence of actions:

1. Group Registration: Group members register with the coordinator providing their own metadata (such as the set of topics they are interested in).

2. Group/Leader Selection: The coordinator (one of Kafka nodes) select the members of the group and chooses one member (one of client’s) as the leader.

3. State Assignment: The leader receives metadata for all members and assigns partitions to them.

4. Group Stabilization: Each member receives the state assigned by the leader and begins processing. Between each phase coordinator awaits all clients to respond. If some do not respond in time - it will revoke their membership

NOTE: Try to maintain same log messages and behaviour as Java and

kafka-python clients:

https://github.com/apache/kafka/blob/0.10.1.1/clients/src/main/java/ org/apache/kafka/clients/consumer/internals/AbstractCoordinator.java https://github.com/apache/kafka/blob/0.10.1.1/clients/src/main/java/ org/apache/kafka/clients/consumer/internals/ConsumerCoordinator.java

class aiokafka.coordinator.assignors.roundrobin.RoundRobinPartitionAssignor

The roundrobin assignor lays out all the available partitions and all the available consumers. It then proceeds to do a roundrobin assignment from partition to consumer. If the subscriptions of all consumer instances are identical, then the partitions will be uniformly distributed. (i.e., the partition ownership counts will be within a delta of exactly one across all consumers.)

For example, suppose there are two consumers C0 and C1, two topics t0 and t1, and each topic has 3 partitions, resulting in partitions t0p0, t0p1, t0p2, t1p0, t1p1, and t1p2.

The assignment will be:

C0: [t0p0, t0p2, t1p1] C1: [t0p1, t1p0, t1p2]

When subscriptions differ across consumer instances, the assignment process still considers each consumer instance in round robin fashion but skips over an instance if it is not subscribed to the topic. Unlike the case when subscriptions are identical, this can result in imbalanced assignments.

For example, suppose we have three consumers C0, C1, C2, and three topics t0, t1, t2, with unbalanced partitions t0p0, t1p0, t1p1, t2p0, t2p1, t2p2, where C0 is subscribed to t0; C1 is subscribed to t0, t1; and C2 is subscribed to t0, t1, t2.

The assignment will be:

C0: [t0p0] C1: [t1p0] C2: [t1p1, t2p0, t2p1, t2p2]

Errors

exception aiokafka.errors.AuthenticationFailedError

exception aiokafka.errors.AuthenticationMethodNotSupported

exception aiokafka.errors.BrokerNotAvailableError

exception aiokafka.errors.BrokerResponseError

exception aiokafka.errors.Cancelled

exception aiokafka.errors.ClusterAuthorizationFailedError

exception aiokafka.errors.CommitFailedError(*args, **kwargs)

exception aiokafka.errors.ConcurrentTransactions

exception aiokafka.errors.ConsumerStoppedError

Raised on get* methods of Consumer if it’s cancelled, even pending ones.

aiokafka.errors.CoordinatorLoadInProgressError

alias of aiokafka.errors.GroupLoadInProgressError

aiokafka.errors.CoordinatorNotAvailableError

alias of aiokafka.errors.GroupCoordinatorNotAvailableError

exception aiokafka.errors.CorrelationIdError

exception aiokafka.errors.CorruptRecordException

exception aiokafka.errors.DelegationTokenAuthDisabled

exception aiokafka.errors.DelegationTokenAuthorizationFailed

exception aiokafka.errors.DelegationTokenExpired

exception aiokafka.errors.DelegationTokenNotFound

exception aiokafka.errors.DelegationTokenOwnerMismatch

exception aiokafka.errors.DelegationTokenRequestNotAllowed

exception aiokafka.errors.DuplicateSequenceNumber

exception aiokafka.errors.FetchSessionIdNotFound

exception aiokafka.errors.GroupAuthorizationFailedError

exception aiokafka.errors.GroupCoordinatorNotAvailableError

exception aiokafka.errors.GroupIdNotFound

exception aiokafka.errors.GroupLoadInProgressError

exception aiokafka.errors.IllegalArgumentError

exception aiokafka.errors.IllegalGenerationError

exception aiokafka.errors.IllegalOperation

Raised if you try to execute an operation, that is not available with current configuration. For example trying to commit if no group_id was given.

exception aiokafka.errors.IllegalSaslStateError

exception aiokafka.errors.IllegalStateError

exception aiokafka.errors.IncompatibleBrokerVersion

exception aiokafka.errors.InconsistentGroupProtocolError

exception aiokafka.errors.InvalidCommitOffsetSizeError

exception aiokafka.errors.InvalidConfigurationError

exception aiokafka.errors.InvalidFetchRequestError

exception aiokafka.errors.InvalidFetchSessionEpoch

exception aiokafka.errors.InvalidGroupIdError

aiokafka.errors.InvalidMessageError

alias of aiokafka.errors.CorruptRecordException

exception aiokafka.errors.InvalidPartitionsError

exception aiokafka.errors.InvalidPrincipalType

exception aiokafka.errors.InvalidProducerEpoch

exception aiokafka.errors.InvalidProducerIdMapping

exception aiokafka.errors.InvalidReplicationAssignmentError

exception aiokafka.errors.InvalidReplicationFactorError

exception aiokafka.errors.InvalidRequestError

exception aiokafka.errors.InvalidRequiredAcksError

exception aiokafka.errors.InvalidSessionTimeoutError

exception aiokafka.errors.InvalidTimestampError

exception aiokafka.errors.InvalidTopicError

exception aiokafka.errors.InvalidTransactionTimeout

exception aiokafka.errors.InvalidTxnState

exception aiokafka.errors.KafkaConfigurationError

exception aiokafka.errors.KafkaConnectionError

exception aiokafka.errors.KafkaError

exception aiokafka.errors.KafkaProtocolError

exception aiokafka.errors.KafkaStorageError

exception aiokafka.errors.KafkaTimeoutError

exception aiokafka.errors.KafkaUnavailableError

exception aiokafka.errors.LeaderNotAvailableError

exception aiokafka.errors.ListenerNotFound

exception aiokafka.errors.LogDirNotFound

exception aiokafka.errors.MemberIdRequired

exception aiokafka.errors.MessageSizeTooLargeError

exception aiokafka.errors.MetadataEmptyBrokerList

exception aiokafka.errors.NoBrokersAvailable

exception aiokafka.errors.NoError

exception aiokafka.errors.NoOffsetForPartitionError

exception aiokafka.errors.NodeNotReadyError

exception aiokafka.errors.NonEmptyGroup

exception aiokafka.errors.NotControllerError

aiokafka.errors.NotCoordinatorError

alias of aiokafka.errors.NotCoordinatorForGroupError

exception aiokafka.errors.NotCoordinatorForGroupError

exception aiokafka.errors.NotEnoughReplicasAfterAppendError

exception aiokafka.errors.NotEnoughReplicasError

exception aiokafka.errors.NotLeaderForPartitionError

exception aiokafka.errors.OffsetMetadataTooLargeError

exception aiokafka.errors.OffsetOutOfRangeError

exception aiokafka.errors.OperationNotAttempted

exception aiokafka.errors.OutOfOrderSequenceNumber

exception aiokafka.errors.PolicyViolationError

exception aiokafka.errors.ProducerClosed

exception aiokafka.errors.ProducerFenced(msg='There is a newer producer using the same transactional_id ortransaction timeout occurred (check that processing time is below transaction_timeout_ms)')

Another producer with the same transactional ID went online. NOTE: As it seems this will be raised by Broker if transaction timeout occurred also.

exception aiokafka.errors.QuotaViolationError

exception aiokafka.errors.ReassignmentInProgress

exception aiokafka.errors.RebalanceInProgressError

exception aiokafka.errors.RecordListTooLargeError

exception aiokafka.errors.RecordTooLargeError

exception aiokafka.errors.ReplicaNotAvailableError

exception aiokafka.errors.RequestTimedOutError

exception aiokafka.errors.SaslAuthenticationFailed

exception aiokafka.errors.SecurityDisabled

exception aiokafka.errors.StaleControllerEpochError

exception aiokafka.errors.StaleLeaderEpochCodeError

exception aiokafka.errors.StaleMetadata

exception aiokafka.errors.TooManyInFlightRequests

exception aiokafka.errors.TopicAlreadyExistsError

exception aiokafka.errors.TopicAuthorizationFailedError

exception aiokafka.errors.TransactionCoordinatorFenced

exception aiokafka.errors.TransactionalIdAuthorizationFailed

exception aiokafka.errors.UnknownError

exception aiokafka.errors.UnknownMemberIdError

exception aiokafka.errors.UnknownProducerId

exception aiokafka.errors.UnknownTopicOrPartitionError

exception aiokafka.errors.UnrecognizedBrokerVersion

exception aiokafka.errors.UnsupportedCodecError

exception aiokafka.errors.UnsupportedForMessageFormatError

exception aiokafka.errors.UnsupportedSaslMechanismError

exception aiokafka.errors.UnsupportedVersionError

Structs

class aiokafka.structs.TopicPartition(topic: str, partition: int)

A topic and partition tuple

topic: str

A topic name

partition: int

A partition id

class aiokafka.structs.RecordMetadata(topic: str, partition: int, topic_partition: aiokafka.structs.TopicPartition, offset: int, timestamp: Optional[int], timestamp_type: int, log_start_offset: Optional[int])

Returned when a AIOKafkaProducer sends a message

log_start_offset: Optional[int]

offset: int

The unique offset of the message in this partition.

See Offsets and Consumer Position for more details on offsets.

partition: int

The partition number

timestamp: Optional[int]

Timestamp in millis, None for older Brokers

timestamp_type: int

The timestamp type of this record.

If the broker respected the timestamp passed to AIOKafkaProducer.send(), 0 will be returned (CreateTime).

If the broker set it’s own timestamp, 1 will be returned (LogAppendTime).

topic: str

The topic name

topic_partition: aiokafka.structs.TopicPartition

class aiokafka.structs.ConsumerRecord(*args, **kwds)

checksum: Optional[int]

Deprecated

headers: Sequence[Tuple[str, bytes]]

The headers

key: Optional[aiokafka.structs.KT]

The key (or None if no key is specified)

offset: int

The position of this record in the corresponding Kafka partition.

partition: int

The partition from which this record is received

serialized_key_size: int

The size of the serialized, uncompressed key in bytes.

serialized_value_size: int

The size of the serialized, uncompressed value in bytes.

timestamp: int

The timestamp of this record

timestamp_type: int

The timestamp type of this record

topic: str

The topic this record is received from

value: Optional[aiokafka.structs.VT]

The value

class aiokafka.structs.OffsetAndTimestamp(offset, timestamp)

offset: int

Alias for field number 0

timestamp: Optional[int]

Alias for field number 1

class aiokafka.structs.KT

The type of a key.

class aiokafka.structs.VT

The type of a value.

Protocols

aiokafka.protocol.produce.ProduceRequest

alias of [<class ‘aiokafka.protocol.produce.ProduceRequest_v0’>, <class ‘aiokafka.protocol.produce.ProduceRequest_v1’>, <class ‘aiokafka.protocol.produce.ProduceRequest_v2’>, <class ‘aiokafka.protocol.produce.ProduceRequest_v3’>, <class ‘aiokafka.protocol.produce.ProduceRequest_v4’>, <class ‘aiokafka.protocol.produce.ProduceRequest_v5’>, <class ‘aiokafka.protocol.produce.ProduceRequest_v6’>, <class ‘aiokafka.protocol.produce.ProduceRequest_v7’>, <class ‘aiokafka.protocol.produce.ProduceRequest_v8’>]