Operation Directives

Note

this section discusses the internal API of Alembic as regards the internal system of defining migration operation directives. This section is only useful for developers who wish to extend the capabilities of Alembic. For end-user guidance on Alembic migration operations, please see Operation Reference.

Within migration scripts, actual database migration operations are handled via an instance of Operations. The Operations class lists out available migration operations that are linked to a MigrationContext, which communicates instructions originated by the Operations object into SQL that is sent to a database or SQL output stream.

Most methods on the Operations class are generated dynamically using a “plugin” system, described in the next section Operation Plugins. Additionally, when Alembic migration scripts actually run, the methods on the current Operations object are proxied out to the alembic.op module, so that they are available using module-style access.

For an overview of how to use an Operations object directly in programs, as well as for reference to the standard operation methods as well as “batch” methods, see Operation Reference.

Operation Plugins

The Operations object is extensible using a plugin system. This system allows one to add new op.<some_operation> methods at runtime. The steps to use this system are to first create a subclass of MigrateOperation, register it using the Operations.register_operation() class decorator, then build a default “implementation” function which is established using the Operations.implementation_for() decorator.

Below we illustrate a very simple operation CreateSequenceOp which will implement a new method op.create_sequence() for use in migration scripts:

from alembic.operations import Operations, MigrateOperation

@Operations.register_operation("create_sequence")
class CreateSequenceOp(MigrateOperation):
    """Create a SEQUENCE."""

    def __init__(self, sequence_name, schema=None):
        self.sequence_name = sequence_name
        self.schema = schema

    @classmethod
    def create_sequence(cls, operations, sequence_name, **kw):
        """Issue a "CREATE SEQUENCE" instruction."""

        op = CreateSequenceOp(sequence_name, **kw)
        return operations.invoke(op)

    def reverse(self):
        # only needed to support autogenerate
        return DropSequenceOp(self.sequence_name, schema=self.schema)

@Operations.register_operation("drop_sequence")
class DropSequenceOp(MigrateOperation):
    """Drop a SEQUENCE."""

    def __init__(self, sequence_name, schema=None):
        self.sequence_name = sequence_name
        self.schema = schema

    @classmethod
    def drop_sequence(cls, operations, sequence_name, **kw):
        """Issue a "DROP SEQUENCE" instruction."""

        op = DropSequenceOp(sequence_name, **kw)
        return operations.invoke(op)

    def reverse(self):
        # only needed to support autogenerate
        return CreateSequenceOp(self.sequence_name, schema=self.schema)

Above, the CreateSequenceOp and DropSequenceOp classes represent new operations that will be available as op.create_sequence() and op.drop_sequence(). The reason the operations are represented as stateful classes is so that an operation and a specific set of arguments can be represented generically; the state can then correspond to different kinds of operations, such as invoking the instruction against a database, or autogenerating Python code for the operation into a script.

In order to establish the migrate-script behavior of the new operations, we use the Operations.implementation_for() decorator:

@Operations.implementation_for(CreateSequenceOp)
def create_sequence(operations, operation):
    if operation.schema is not None:
        name = "%s.%s" % (operation.schema, operation.sequence_name)
    else:
        name = operation.sequence_name
    operations.execute("CREATE SEQUENCE %s" % name)


@Operations.implementation_for(DropSequenceOp)
def drop_sequence(operations, operation):
    if operation.schema is not None:
        name = "%s.%s" % (operation.schema, operation.sequence_name)
    else:
        name = operation.sequence_name
    operations.execute("DROP SEQUENCE %s" % name)

Above, we use the simplest possible technique of invoking our DDL, which is just to call Operations.execute() with literal SQL. If this is all a custom operation needs, then this is fine. However, options for more comprehensive support include building out a custom SQL construct, as documented at Custom SQL Constructs and Compilation Extension.

With the above two steps, a migration script can now use new methods op.create_sequence() and op.drop_sequence() that will proxy to our object as a classmethod:

def upgrade():
    op.create_sequence("my_sequence")

def downgrade():
    op.drop_sequence("my_sequence")

The registration of new operations only needs to occur in time for the env.py script to invoke MigrationContext.run_migrations(); within the module level of the env.py script is sufficient.

See also

Autogenerating Custom Operation Directives - how to add autogenerate support to custom operations.

Built-in Operation Objects

The migration operations present on Operations are themselves delivered via operation objects that represent an operation and its arguments. All operations descend from the MigrateOperation class, and are registered with the Operations class using the Operations.register_operation() class decorator. The MigrateOperation objects also serve as the basis for how the autogenerate system renders new migration scripts.

See also

Operation Plugins

Customizing Revision Generation

The built-in operation objects are listed below.

class alembic.operations.ops.AddColumnOp(table_name: str, column: Column[Any], *, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any)

Represent an add column operation.

classmethod add_column(operations: Operations, table_name: str, column: Column[Any], *, schema: str | None = None) → None

This method is proxied on the Operations class, via the Operations.add_column() method.

classmethod batch_add_column(operations: BatchOperations, column: Column[Any], *, insert_before: str | None = None, insert_after: str | None = None) → None

This method is proxied on the BatchOperations class, via the BatchOperations.add_column() method.

class alembic.operations.ops.AddConstraintOp

Represent an add constraint operation.

class alembic.operations.ops.AlterColumnOp(table_name: str, column_name: str, *, schema: str | None = None, existing_type: Any | None = None, existing_server_default: Any = False, existing_nullable: bool | None = None, existing_comment: str | None = None, modify_nullable: bool | None = None, modify_comment: str | Literal[False] | None = False, modify_server_default: Any = False, modify_name: str | None = None, modify_type: Any | None = None, **kw: Any)

Represent an alter column operation.

classmethod alter_column(operations: Operations, table_name: str, column_name: str, *, nullable: bool | None = None, comment: str | Literal[False] | None = False, server_default: Any = False, new_column_name: str | None = None, type_: TypeEngine | Type[TypeEngine] | None = None, existing_type: TypeEngine | Type[TypeEngine] | None = None, existing_server_default: str | bool | Identity | Computed | None = False, existing_nullable: bool | None = None, existing_comment: str | None = None, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → None

This method is proxied on the Operations class, via the Operations.alter_column() method.

classmethod batch_alter_column(operations: BatchOperations, column_name: str, *, nullable: bool | None = None, comment: str | Literal[False] | None = False, server_default: Any = False, new_column_name: str | None = None, type_: TypeEngine | Type[TypeEngine] | None = None, existing_type: TypeEngine | Type[TypeEngine] | None = None, existing_server_default: str | bool | Identity | Computed | None = False, existing_nullable: bool | None = None, existing_comment: str | None = None, insert_before: str | None = None, insert_after: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → None

This method is proxied on the BatchOperations class, via the BatchOperations.alter_column() method.

class alembic.operations.ops.AlterTableOp(table_name: str, *, schema: str | None = None)

Represent an alter table operation.

class alembic.operations.ops.BulkInsertOp(table: Table | TableClause, rows: List[dict], *, multiinsert: bool = True)

Represent a bulk insert operation.

classmethod bulk_insert(operations: Operations, table: Table | TableClause, rows: List[dict], *, multiinsert: bool = True) → None

This method is proxied on the Operations class, via the Operations.bulk_insert() method.

class alembic.operations.ops.CreateCheckConstraintOp(constraint_name: sqla_compat._ConstraintNameDefined | None, table_name: str, condition: str | TextClause | ColumnElement[Any], *, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any)

Represent a create check constraint operation.

classmethod batch_create_check_constraint(operations: BatchOperations, constraint_name: str, condition: str | BinaryExpression | TextClause, **kw: Any) → None

This method is proxied on the BatchOperations class, via the BatchOperations.create_check_constraint() method.

classmethod create_check_constraint(operations: Operations, constraint_name: str | None, table_name: str, condition: str | BinaryExpression | TextClause, *, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → None

This method is proxied on the Operations class, via the Operations.create_check_constraint() method.

class alembic.operations.ops.CreateForeignKeyOp(constraint_name: str | _NoneName | None, source_table: str, referent_table: str, local_cols: List[str], remote_cols: List[str], **kw: Any)

Represent a create foreign key constraint operation.

classmethod batch_create_foreign_key(operations: BatchOperations, constraint_name: str, referent_table: str, local_cols: List[str], remote_cols: List[str], *, referent_schema: str | None = None, onupdate: str | None = None, ondelete: str | None = None, deferrable: bool | None = None, initially: str | None = None, match: str | None = None, **dialect_kw: Any) → None

This method is proxied on the BatchOperations class, via the BatchOperations.create_foreign_key() method.

classmethod create_foreign_key(operations: Operations, constraint_name: str | None, source_table: str, referent_table: str, local_cols: List[str], remote_cols: List[str], *, onupdate: str | None = None, ondelete: str | None = None, deferrable: bool | None = None, initially: str | None = None, match: str | None = None, source_schema: str | None = None, referent_schema: str | None = None, **dialect_kw: Any) → None

This method is proxied on the Operations class, via the Operations.create_foreign_key() method.

class alembic.operations.ops.CreateIndexOp(index_name: str | None, table_name: str, columns: Sequence[str | TextClause | ColumnElement[Any]], *, schema: str | None = None, unique: bool = False, if_not_exists: bool | None = None, **kw: Any)

Represent a create index operation.

classmethod batch_create_index(operations: BatchOperations, index_name: str, columns: List[str], **kw: Any) → None

This method is proxied on the BatchOperations class, via the BatchOperations.create_index() method.

classmethod create_index(operations: Operations, index_name: str | None, table_name: str, columns: Sequence[str | TextClause | Function[Any]], *, schema: str | None = None, unique: bool = False, if_not_exists: bool | None = None, **kw: Any) → None

This method is proxied on the Operations class, via the Operations.create_index() method.

class alembic.operations.ops.CreatePrimaryKeyOp(constraint_name: str | _NoneName | None, table_name: str, columns: Sequence[str], *, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any)

Represent a create primary key operation.

classmethod batch_create_primary_key(operations: BatchOperations, constraint_name: str, columns: List[str]) → None

This method is proxied on the BatchOperations class, via the BatchOperations.create_primary_key() method.

classmethod create_primary_key(operations: Operations, constraint_name: str | None, table_name: str, columns: List[str], *, schema: str | None = None) → None

This method is proxied on the Operations class, via the Operations.create_primary_key() method.

class alembic.operations.ops.CreateTableCommentOp(table_name: str, comment: str | None, *, schema: str | None = None, existing_comment: str | None = None)

Represent a COMMENT ON table operation.

classmethod batch_create_table_comment(operations: BatchOperations, comment: str | None, *, existing_comment: str | None = None) → None

This method is proxied on the BatchOperations class, via the BatchOperations.create_table_comment() method.

classmethod create_table_comment(operations: Operations, table_name: str, comment: str | None, *, existing_comment: str | None = None, schema: str | None = None) → None

This method is proxied on the Operations class, via the Operations.create_table_comment() method.

reverse()

Reverses the COMMENT ON operation against a table.

class alembic.operations.ops.CreateTableOp(table_name: str, columns: Sequence[SchemaItem], *, schema: str | None = None, _namespace_metadata: MetaData | None = None, _constraints_included: bool = False, **kw: Any)

Represent a create table operation.

classmethod create_table(operations: Operations, table_name: str, *columns: SchemaItem, **kw: Any) → Table

This method is proxied on the Operations class, via the Operations.create_table() method.

class alembic.operations.ops.CreateUniqueConstraintOp(constraint_name: str | _NoneName | None, table_name: str, columns: Sequence[str], *, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any)

Represent a create unique constraint operation.

classmethod batch_create_unique_constraint(operations: BatchOperations, constraint_name: str, columns: Sequence[str], **kw: Any) → Any

This method is proxied on the BatchOperations class, via the BatchOperations.create_unique_constraint() method.

classmethod create_unique_constraint(operations: Operations, constraint_name: str | None, table_name: str, columns: Sequence[str], *, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → Any

This method is proxied on the Operations class, via the Operations.create_unique_constraint() method.

class alembic.operations.ops.DowngradeOps(ops: Sequence[MigrateOperation] = (), downgrade_token: str = 'downgrades')

contains a sequence of operations that would apply to the ‘downgrade’ stream of a script.

See also

Customizing Revision Generation

class alembic.operations.ops.DropColumnOp(table_name: str, column_name: str, *, schema: str | None = None, _reverse: AddColumnOp | None = None, **kw: Any)

Represent a drop column operation.

classmethod batch_drop_column(operations: BatchOperations, column_name: str, **kw: Any) → None

This method is proxied on the BatchOperations class, via the BatchOperations.drop_column() method.

classmethod drop_column(operations: Operations, table_name: str, column_name: str, *, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → None

This method is proxied on the Operations class, via the Operations.drop_column() method.

class alembic.operations.ops.DropConstraintOp(constraint_name: str | _NoneName | None, table_name: str, type_: str | None = None, *, schema: str | None = None, _reverse: AddConstraintOp | None = None)

Represent a drop constraint operation.

classmethod batch_drop_constraint(operations: BatchOperations, constraint_name: str, type_: str | None = None) → None

This method is proxied on the BatchOperations class, via the BatchOperations.drop_constraint() method.

classmethod drop_constraint(operations: Operations, constraint_name: str, table_name: str, type_: str | None = None, *, schema: str | None = None) → None

This method is proxied on the Operations class, via the Operations.drop_constraint() method.

class alembic.operations.ops.DropIndexOp(index_name: quoted_name | str | conv, table_name: str | None = None, *, schema: str | None = None, if_exists: bool | None = None, _reverse: CreateIndexOp | None = None, **kw: Any)

Represent a drop index operation.

classmethod batch_drop_index(operations: BatchOperations, index_name: str, **kw: Any) → None

This method is proxied on the BatchOperations class, via the BatchOperations.drop_index() method.

classmethod drop_index(operations: Operations, index_name: str, table_name: str | None = None, *, schema: str | None = None, if_exists: bool | None = None, **kw: Any) → None

This method is proxied on the Operations class, via the Operations.drop_index() method.

class alembic.operations.ops.DropTableCommentOp(table_name: str, *, schema: str | None = None, existing_comment: str | None = None)

Represent an operation to remove the comment from a table.

classmethod batch_drop_table_comment(operations: BatchOperations, *, existing_comment: str | None = None) → None

This method is proxied on the BatchOperations class, via the BatchOperations.drop_table_comment() method.

classmethod drop_table_comment(operations: Operations, table_name: str, *, existing_comment: str | None = None, schema: str | None = None) → None

This method is proxied on the Operations class, via the Operations.drop_table_comment() method.

reverse()

Reverses the COMMENT ON operation against a table.

class alembic.operations.ops.DropTableOp(table_name: str, *, schema: str | None = None, table_kw: MutableMapping[Any, Any] | None = None, _reverse: CreateTableOp | None = None)

Represent a drop table operation.

classmethod drop_table(operations: Operations, table_name: str, *, schema: str | None = None, **kw: Any) → None

This method is proxied on the Operations class, via the Operations.drop_table() method.

class alembic.operations.ops.ExecuteSQLOp(sqltext: Update | str | Insert | TextClause, *, execution_options: dict[str, Any] | None = None)

Represent an execute SQL operation.

classmethod batch_execute(operations: Operations, sqltext: str | TextClause | Update, *, execution_options: dict[str, Any] | None = None) → None

This method is proxied on the BatchOperations class, via the BatchOperations.execute() method.

classmethod execute(operations: Operations, sqltext: str | TextClause | Update, *, execution_options: dict[str, Any] | None = None) → None

This method is proxied on the Operations class, via the Operations.execute() method.

class alembic.operations.ops.MigrateOperation

base class for migration command and organization objects.

This system is part of the operation extensibility API.

See also

Built-in Operation Objects

Operation Plugins

Customizing Revision Generation

info

A dictionary that may be used to store arbitrary information along with this MigrateOperation object.

class alembic.operations.ops.MigrationScript(rev_id: str | None, upgrade_ops: UpgradeOps, downgrade_ops: DowngradeOps, *, message: str | None = None, imports: Set[str] = {}, head: str | None = None, splice: bool | None = None, branch_label: _RevIdType | None = None, version_path: str | None = None, depends_on: _RevIdType | None = None)

represents a migration script.

E.g. when autogenerate encounters this object, this corresponds to the production of an actual script file.

A normal MigrationScript object would contain a single UpgradeOps and a single DowngradeOps directive. These are accessible via the .upgrade_ops and .downgrade_ops attributes.

In the case of an autogenerate operation that runs multiple times, such as the multiple database example in the “multidb” template, the .upgrade_ops and .downgrade_ops attributes are disabled, and instead these objects should be accessed via the .upgrade_ops_list and .downgrade_ops_list list-based attributes. These latter attributes are always available at the very least as single-element lists.

See also

Customizing Revision Generation

property downgrade_ops

An instance of DowngradeOps.

See also

MigrationScript.downgrade_ops_list

property downgrade_ops_list: List[DowngradeOps]

A list of DowngradeOps instances.

This is used in place of the MigrationScript.downgrade_ops attribute when dealing with a revision operation that does multiple autogenerate passes.

property upgrade_ops

An instance of UpgradeOps.

See also

MigrationScript.upgrade_ops_list

property upgrade_ops_list: List[UpgradeOps]

A list of UpgradeOps instances.

This is used in place of the MigrationScript.upgrade_ops attribute when dealing with a revision operation that does multiple autogenerate passes.

class alembic.operations.ops.ModifyTableOps(table_name: str, ops: Sequence[MigrateOperation], *, schema: str | None = None)

Contains a sequence of operations that all apply to a single Table.

class alembic.operations.ops.OpContainer(ops: Sequence[MigrateOperation] = ())

Represent a sequence of operations operation.

class alembic.operations.ops.RenameTableOp(old_table_name: str, new_table_name: str, *, schema: str | None = None)

Represent a rename table operation.

classmethod rename_table(operations: Operations, old_table_name: str, new_table_name: str, *, schema: str | None = None) → None

This method is proxied on the Operations class, via the Operations.rename_table() method.

class alembic.operations.ops.UpgradeOps(ops: Sequence[MigrateOperation] = (), upgrade_token: str = 'upgrades')

contains a sequence of operations that would apply to the ‘upgrade’ stream of a script.

See also

Customizing Revision Generation