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File layouts¶

The layout of a file controls how its contents are mapped to Ceph RADOS objects. You can read and write a file’s layout using virtual extended attributes or xattrs.

The name of the layout xattrs depends on whether a file is a regular file or a directory. Regular files’ layout xattrs are called ceph.file.layout, whereas directories’ layout xattrs are called ceph.dir.layout. Where subsequent examples refer to ceph.file.layout, substitute dir as appropriate when dealing with directories.

Tip

Your linux distribution may not ship with commands for manipulating xattrs by default, the required package is usually called attr.

Layout fields¶

pool: String, giving ID or name. String can only have characters in the set [a-zA-Z0-9_-.]. Which RADOS pool a file’s data objects will be stored in.
pool_id: String of digits. This is the system assigned pool id for the RADOS pool whenever it is created.
pool_name: String, given name. This is the user defined name for the RADOS pool whenever user creates it.
pool_namespace: String with only characters in the set [a-zA-Z0-9_-.]. Within the data pool, which RADOS namespace the objects will be written to. Empty by default (i.e. default namespace).
stripe_unit: Integer in bytes. The size (in bytes) of a block of data used in the RAID 0 distribution of a file. All stripe units for a file have equal size. The last stripe unit is typically incomplete–i.e. it represents the data at the end of the file as well as unused “space” beyond it up to the end of the fixed stripe unit size.
stripe_count: Integer. The number of consecutive stripe units that constitute a RAID 0 “stripe” of file data.
object_size: Integer in bytes. File data is chunked into RADOS objects of this size.

Tip

RADOS enforces a configurable limit on object sizes: if you increase CephFS object sizes beyond that limit then writes may not succeed. The OSD setting is osd_max_object_size, which is 128MB by default. Very large RADOS objects may prevent smooth operation of the cluster, so increasing the object size limit past the default is not recommended.

Reading layouts with `getfattr`¶

Read the layout information as a single string:

$ touch file
$ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout file
# file: file
ceph.file.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=1 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data"

Read individual layout fields:

$ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout.pool_name file
# file: file
ceph.file.layout.pool_name="cephfs_data"
$ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout.pool_id file
# file: file
ceph.file.layout.pool_id="5"
$ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout.pool file
# file: file
ceph.file.layout.pool="cephfs_data"
$ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout.stripe_unit file
# file: file
ceph.file.layout.stripe_unit="4194304"
$ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout.stripe_count file
# file: file
ceph.file.layout.stripe_count="1"
$ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout.object_size file
# file: file
ceph.file.layout.object_size="4194304"

Note

When reading layouts, the pool will usually be indicated by name. However, in rare cases when pools have only just been created, the ID may be output instead.

Directories do not have an explicit layout until it is customized. Attempts to read the layout will fail if it has never been modified: this indicates that layout of the next ancestor directory with an explicit layout will be used.

$ mkdir dir
$ getfattr -n ceph.dir.layout dir
dir: ceph.dir.layout: No such attribute
$ setfattr -n ceph.dir.layout.stripe_count -v 2 dir
$ getfattr -n ceph.dir.layout dir
# file: dir
ceph.dir.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=2 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data"

Getting the layout in json format. If there’s no specific layout set for the particular inode, the system traverses the directory path backwards and finds the closest ancestor directory with a layout and returns it in json format. A file layout also can be retrieved in json format using ceph.file.layout.json vxattr.

A virtual field named inheritance is added to the json output to show the status of layout. The inheritance field can have the following values:

@default implies the system default layout @set implies that a specific layout has been set for that particular inode @inherited implies that the returned layout has been inherited from an ancestor

$ getfattr -n ceph.dir.layout.json --only-values /mnt/mycephs/accounts
{"stripe_unit": 4194304, "stripe_count": 1, "object_size": 4194304, "pool_name": "cephfs.a.data", "pool_id": 3, "pool_namespace": "", "inheritance": "@default"}

Writing layouts with `setfattr`¶

Layout fields are modified using setfattr:

$ ceph osd lspools
0 rbd
1 cephfs_data
2 cephfs_metadata

$ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.stripe_unit -v 1048576 file2
$ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.stripe_count -v 8 file2
$ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.object_size -v 10485760 file2
$ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.pool -v 1 file2  # Setting pool by ID
$ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.pool -v cephfs_data file2  # Setting pool by name
$ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.pool_id -v 1 file2  # Setting pool by ID
$ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.pool_name -v cephfs_data file2  # Setting pool by name

Note

When the layout fields of a file are modified using setfattr, this file must be empty, otherwise an error will occur.

# touch an empty file
$ touch file1
# modify layout field successfully
$ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.stripe_count -v 3 file1

# write something to file1
$ echo "hello world" > file1
$ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.stripe_count -v 4 file1
setfattr: file1: Directory not empty

File and Directory layouts can also be set using the json format. The inheritance field is ignored when setting the layout. Also, if both, pool_name and pool_id fields are specified, then the pool_name is given preference for better disambiguation.

$ setfattr -n ceph.file.layout.json -v '{"stripe_unit": 4194304, "stripe_count": 1, "object_size": 4194304, "pool_name": "cephfs.a.data", "pool_id": 3, "pool_namespace": "", "inheritance": "@default"}' file1

Clearing layouts¶

If you wish to remove an explicit layout from a directory, to revert to inheriting the layout of its ancestor, you can do so:

setfattr -x ceph.dir.layout mydir

Similarly, if you have set the pool_namespace attribute and wish to modify the layout to use the default namespace instead:

# Create a dir and set a namespace on it
mkdir mydir
setfattr -n ceph.dir.layout.pool_namespace -v foons mydir
getfattr -n ceph.dir.layout mydir
ceph.dir.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=1 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data_a pool_namespace=foons"

# Clear the namespace from the directory's layout
setfattr -x ceph.dir.layout.pool_namespace mydir
getfattr -n ceph.dir.layout mydir
ceph.dir.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=1 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data_a"

Inheritance of layouts¶

Files inherit the layout of their parent directory at creation time. However, subsequent changes to the parent directory’s layout do not affect children.

$ getfattr -n ceph.dir.layout dir
# file: dir
ceph.dir.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=2 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data"

# Demonstrate file1 inheriting its parent's layout
$ touch dir/file1
$ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout dir/file1
# file: dir/file1
ceph.file.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=2 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data"

# Now update the layout of the directory before creating a second file
$ setfattr -n ceph.dir.layout.stripe_count -v 4 dir
$ touch dir/file2

# Demonstrate that file1's layout is unchanged
$ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout dir/file1
# file: dir/file1
ceph.file.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=2 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data"

# ...while file2 has the parent directory's new layout
$ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout dir/file2
# file: dir/file2
ceph.file.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=4 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data"

Files created as descendents of the directory also inherit the layout, if the intermediate directories do not have layouts set:

$ getfattr -n ceph.dir.layout dir
# file: dir
ceph.dir.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=4 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data"
$ mkdir dir/childdir
$ getfattr -n ceph.dir.layout dir/childdir
dir/childdir: ceph.dir.layout: No such attribute
$ touch dir/childdir/grandchild
$ getfattr -n ceph.file.layout dir/childdir/grandchild
# file: dir/childdir/grandchild
ceph.file.layout="stripe_unit=4194304 stripe_count=4 object_size=4194304 pool=cephfs_data"

Adding a data pool to the File System¶

Before you can use a pool with CephFS you have to add it to the Metadata Servers.

$ ceph fs add_data_pool cephfs cephfs_data_ssd
$ ceph fs ls  # Pool should now show up
.... data pools: [cephfs_data cephfs_data_ssd ]

Make sure that your cephx keys allows the client to access this new pool.

You can then update the layout on a directory in CephFS to use the pool you added:

$ mkdir /mnt/cephfs/myssddir
$ setfattr -n ceph.dir.layout.pool -v cephfs_data_ssd /mnt/cephfs/myssddir

All new files created within that directory will now inherit its layout and place their data in your newly added pool.

You may notice that object counts in your primary data pool (the one passed to fs new) continue to increase, even if files are being created in the pool you added. This is normal: the file data is stored in the pool specified by the layout, but a small amount of metadata is kept in the primary data pool for all files.