OSD Service

List Devices

ceph-volume scans each host in the cluster from time to time in order to determine which devices are present and whether they are eligible to be used as OSDs.

To print a list of devices discovered by cephadm, run this command:

ceph orch device ls [--hostname=...] [--wide] [--refresh]

Example

Hostname  Path      Type  Serial              Size   Health   Ident  Fault  Available
srv-01    /dev/sdb  hdd   15P0A0YFFRD6         300G  Unknown  N/A    N/A    No
srv-01    /dev/sdc  hdd   15R0A08WFRD6         300G  Unknown  N/A    N/A    No
srv-01    /dev/sdd  hdd   15R0A07DFRD6         300G  Unknown  N/A    N/A    No
srv-01    /dev/sde  hdd   15P0A0QDFRD6         300G  Unknown  N/A    N/A    No
srv-02    /dev/sdb  hdd   15R0A033FRD6         300G  Unknown  N/A    N/A    No
srv-02    /dev/sdc  hdd   15R0A05XFRD6         300G  Unknown  N/A    N/A    No
srv-02    /dev/sde  hdd   15R0A0ANFRD6         300G  Unknown  N/A    N/A    No
srv-02    /dev/sdf  hdd   15R0A06EFRD6         300G  Unknown  N/A    N/A    No
srv-03    /dev/sdb  hdd   15R0A0OGFRD6         300G  Unknown  N/A    N/A    No
srv-03    /dev/sdc  hdd   15R0A0P7FRD6         300G  Unknown  N/A    N/A    No
srv-03    /dev/sdd  hdd   15R0A0O7FRD6         300G  Unknown  N/A    N/A    No

Using the --wide option provides all details relating to the device, including any reasons that the device might not be eligible for use as an OSD.

In the above example you can see fields named “Health”, “Ident”, and “Fault”. This information is provided by integration with libstoragemgmt. By default, this integration is disabled (because libstoragemgmt may not be 100% compatible with your hardware). To make cephadm include these fields, enable cephadm’s “enhanced device scan” option as follows;

ceph config set mgr mgr/cephadm/device_enhanced_scan true

Warning

Although the libstoragemgmt library performs standard SCSI inquiry calls, there is no guarantee that your firmware fully implements these standards. This can lead to erratic behaviour and even bus resets on some older hardware. It is therefore recommended that, before enabling this feature, you test your hardware’s compatibility with libstoragemgmt first to avoid unplanned interruptions to services.

There are a number of ways to test compatibility, but the simplest may be to use the cephadm shell to call libstoragemgmt directly - cephadm shell lsmcli ldl. If your hardware is supported you should see something like this:

Path     | SCSI VPD 0x83    | Link Type | Serial Number      | Health Status
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
/dev/sda | 50000396082ba631 | SAS       | 15P0A0R0FRD6       | Good
/dev/sdb | 50000396082bbbf9 | SAS       | 15P0A0YFFRD6       | Good

After you have enabled libstoragemgmt support, the output will look something like this:

# ceph orch device ls
Hostname   Path      Type  Serial              Size   Health   Ident  Fault  Available
srv-01     /dev/sdb  hdd   15P0A0YFFRD6         300G  Good     Off    Off    No
srv-01     /dev/sdc  hdd   15R0A08WFRD6         300G  Good     Off    Off    No
:

In this example, libstoragemgmt has confirmed the health of the drives and the ability to interact with the Identification and Fault LEDs on the drive enclosures. For further information about interacting with these LEDs, refer to device management.

Note

The current release of libstoragemgmt (1.8.8) supports SCSI, SAS, and SATA based local disks only. There is no official support for NVMe devices (PCIe)

Deploy OSDs

Listing Storage Devices

In order to deploy an OSD, there must be a storage device that is available on which the OSD will be deployed.

Run this command to display an inventory of storage devices on all cluster hosts:

ceph orch device ls

A storage device is considered available if all of the following conditions are met:

The device must have no partitions.
The device must not have any LVM state.
The device must not be mounted.
The device must not contain a file system.
The device must not contain a Ceph BlueStore OSD.
The device must be larger than 5 GB.

Ceph will not provision an OSD on a device that is not available.

Creating New OSDs

There are a few ways to create new OSDs:

Tell Ceph to consume any available and unused storage device:
```
ceph orch apply osd --all-available-devices
```

Create an OSD from a specific device on a specific host:

ceph orch daemon add osd *<host>*:*<device-path>*

For example:

ceph orch daemon add osd host1:/dev/sdb

Advanced OSD creation from specific devices on a specific host:

ceph orch daemon add osd host1:data_devices=/dev/sda,/dev/sdb,db_devices=/dev/sdc,osds_per_device=2

You can use Advanced OSD Service Specifications to categorize device(s) based on their properties. This might be useful in forming a clearer picture of which devices are available to consume. Properties include device type (SSD or HDD), device model names, size, and the hosts on which the devices exist:
```
ceph orch apply -i spec.yml
```

Dry Run

The --dry-run flag causes the orchestrator to present a preview of what will happen without actually creating the OSDs.

For example:

ceph orch apply osd --all-available-devices --dry-run

NAME                  HOST  DATA      DB  WAL
all-available-devices node1 /dev/vdb  -   -
all-available-devices node2 /dev/vdc  -   -
all-available-devices node3 /dev/vdd  -   -

Declarative State

The effect of ceph orch apply is persistent. This means that drives that are added to the system after the ceph orch apply command completes will be automatically found and added to the cluster. It also means that drives that become available (by zapping, for example) after the ceph orch apply command completes will be automatically found and added to the cluster.

We will examine the effects of the following command:

ceph orch apply osd --all-available-devices

After running the above command:

If you add new disks to the cluster, they will automatically be used to create new OSDs.
If you remove an OSD and clean the LVM physical volume, a new OSD will be created automatically.

To disable the automatic creation of OSD on available devices, use the unmanaged parameter:

If you want to avoid this behavior (disable automatic creation of OSD on available devices), use the unmanaged parameter:

ceph orch apply osd --all-available-devices --unmanaged=true

Note

Keep these three facts in mind:

The default behavior of ceph orch apply causes cephadm constantly to reconcile. This means that cephadm creates OSDs as soon as new drives are detected.
Setting unmanaged: True disables the creation of OSDs. If unmanaged: True is set, nothing will happen even if you apply a new OSD service.
ceph orch daemon add creates OSDs, but does not add an OSD service.

For cephadm, see also Disabling automatic deployment of daemons.

Remove an OSD

Removing an OSD from a cluster involves two steps:

evacuating all placement groups (PGs) from the cluster
removing the PG-free OSD from the cluster

The following command performs these two steps:

ceph orch osd rm <osd_id(s)> [--replace] [--force]

Example:

ceph orch osd rm 0

Expected output:

Scheduled OSD(s) for removal

OSDs that are not safe to destroy will be rejected.

Note

After removing OSDs, if the drives the OSDs were deployed on once again become available, cephadm may automatically try to deploy more OSDs on these drives if they match an existing drivegroup spec. If you deployed the OSDs you are removing with a spec and don’t want any new OSDs deployed on the drives after removal, it’s best to modify the drivegroup spec before removal. Either set unmanaged: true to stop it from picking up new drives at all, or modify it in some way that it no longer matches the drives used for the OSDs you wish to remove. Then re-apply the spec. For more info on drivegroup specs see Advanced OSD Service Specifications. For more info on the declarative nature of cephadm in reference to deploying OSDs, see Declarative State

Monitoring OSD State

You can query the state of OSD operation with the following command:

ceph orch osd rm status

Expected output:

OSD_ID  HOST         STATE                    PG_COUNT  REPLACE  FORCE  STARTED_AT
     cephadm-dev  done, waiting for purge  0         True     False  2020-07-17 13:01:43.147684
     cephadm-dev  draining                 17        False    True   2020-07-17 13:01:45.162158
     cephadm-dev  started                  42        False    True   2020-07-17 13:01:45.162158

When no PGs are left on the OSD, it will be decommissioned and removed from the cluster.

Note

After removing an OSD, if you wipe the LVM physical volume in the device used by the removed OSD, a new OSD will be created. For more information on this, read about the unmanaged parameter in Declarative State.

Stopping OSD Removal

It is possible to stop queued OSD removals by using the following command:

ceph orch osd rm stop <osd_id(s)>

Example:

ceph orch osd rm stop 4

Expected output:

Stopped OSD(s) removal

This resets the initial state of the OSD and takes it off the removal queue.

Replacing an OSD

ceph orch osd rm <osd_id(s)> --replace [--force]

Example:

ceph orch osd rm 4 --replace

Expected output:

Scheduled OSD(s) for replacement

This follows the same procedure as the procedure in the “Remove OSD” section, with one exception: the OSD is not permanently removed from the CRUSH hierarchy, but is instead assigned a ‘destroyed’ flag.

Note

The new OSD that will replace the removed OSD must be created on the same host as the OSD that was removed.

Preserving the OSD ID

The ‘destroyed’ flag is used to determine which OSD ids will be reused in the next OSD deployment.

If you use OSDSpecs for OSD deployment, your newly added disks will be assigned the OSD ids of their replaced counterparts. This assumes that the new disks still match the OSDSpecs.

Use the --dry-run flag to make certain that the ceph orch apply osd command does what you want it to. The --dry-run flag shows you what the outcome of the command will be without making the changes you specify. When you are satisfied that the command will do what you want, run the command without the --dry-run flag.

Tip

The name of your OSDSpec can be retrieved with the command ceph orch ls

Alternatively, you can use your OSDSpec file:

ceph orch apply -i <osd_spec_file> --dry-run

Expected output:

NAME                  HOST  DATA     DB WAL
<name_of_osd_spec>    node1 /dev/vdb -  -

When this output reflects your intention, omit the --dry-run flag to execute the deployment.

Erasing Devices (Zapping Devices)

Erase (zap) a device so that it can be reused. zap calls ceph-volume zap on the remote host.

ceph orch device zap <hostname> <path>

Example command:

ceph orch device zap my_hostname /dev/sdx

Note

If the unmanaged flag is unset, cephadm automatically deploys drives that match the OSDSpec. For example, if you use the all-available-devices option when creating OSDs, when you zap a device the cephadm orchestrator automatically creates a new OSD in the device. To disable this behavior, see Declarative State.

Automatically tuning OSD memory

OSD daemons will adjust their memory consumption based on the osd_memory_target config option (several gigabytes, by default). If Ceph is deployed on dedicated nodes that are not sharing memory with other services, cephadm can automatically adjust the per-OSD memory consumption based on the total amount of RAM and the number of deployed OSDs.

Warning

Cephadm sets osd_memory_target_autotune to true by default which is unsuitable for hyperconverged infrastructures.

Cephadm will start with a fraction (mgr/cephadm/autotune_memory_target_ratio, which defaults to .7) of the total RAM in the system, subtract off any memory consumed by non-autotuned daemons (non-OSDs, for OSDs for which osd_memory_target_autotune is false), and then divide by the remaining OSDs.

The final targets are reflected in the config database with options like:

WHO   MASK      LEVEL   OPTION              VALUE
osd   host:foo  basic   osd_memory_target   126092301926
osd   host:bar  basic   osd_memory_target   6442450944

Both the limits and the current memory consumed by each daemon are visible from the ceph orch ps output in the MEM LIMIT column:

NAME        HOST  PORTS  STATUS         REFRESHED  AGE  MEM USED  MEM LIMIT  VERSION                IMAGE ID      CONTAINER ID
osd.1       dael         running (3h)     10s ago   3h    72857k     117.4G  17.0.0-3781-gafaed750  7015fda3cd67  9e183363d39c
osd.2       dael         running (81m)    10s ago  81m    63989k     117.4G  17.0.0-3781-gafaed750  7015fda3cd67  1f0cc479b051
osd.3       dael         running (62m)    10s ago  62m    64071k     117.4G  17.0.0-3781-gafaed750  7015fda3cd67  ac5537492f27

To exclude an OSD from memory autotuning, disable the autotune option for that OSD and also set a specific memory target. For example,

ceph config set osd.123 osd_memory_target_autotune false
ceph config set osd.123 osd_memory_target 16G

Advanced OSD Service Specifications

Service Specifications of type osd are a way to describe a cluster layout, using the properties of disks. Service specifications give the user an abstract way to tell Ceph which disks should turn into OSDs with which configurations, without knowing the specifics of device names and paths.

Service specifications make it possible to define a yaml or json file that can be used to reduce the amount of manual work involved in creating OSDs.

For example, instead of running the following command:

ceph orch daemon add osd *<host>*:*<path-to-device>*

for each device and each host, we can define a yaml or json file that allows us to describe the layout. Here’s the most basic example.

Create a file called (for example) osd_spec.yml:

service_type: osd
service_id: default_drive_group  # custom name of the osd spec
placement:
  host_pattern: '*'              # which hosts to target
spec:
  data_devices:                  # the type of devices you are applying specs to
    all: true                    # a filter, check below for a full list

This means :

Turn any available device (ceph-volume decides what ‘available’ is) into an OSD on all hosts that match the glob pattern ‘*’. (The glob pattern matches against the registered hosts from host ls) A more detailed section on host_pattern is available below.
Then pass it to osd create like this:
```
ceph orch apply -i /path/to/osd_spec.yml
```
This instruction will be issued to all the matching hosts, and will deploy these OSDs.

Setups more complex than the one specified by the all filter are possible. See Filters for details.

A --dry-run flag can be passed to the apply osd command to display a synopsis of the proposed layout.

Example

ceph orch apply -i /path/to/osd_spec.yml --dry-run

Filters

Note

Filters are applied using an AND gate by default. This means that a drive must fulfill all filter criteria in order to get selected. This behavior can be adjusted by setting filter_logic: OR in the OSD specification.

Filters are used to assign disks to groups, using their attributes to group them.

The attributes are based off of ceph-volume’s disk query. You can retrieve information about the attributes with this command:

ceph-volume inventory </path/to/disk>

Vendor or Model

Specific disks can be targeted by vendor or model:

model: disk_model_name

or

vendor: disk_vendor_name

Size

Specific disks can be targeted by Size:

size: size_spec

Size specs

Size specifications can be of the following forms:

LOW:HIGH
:HIGH
LOW:
EXACT

Concrete examples:

To include disks of an exact size

size: '10G'

To include disks within a given range of size:

size: '10G:40G'

To include disks that are less than or equal to 10G in size:

size: ':10G'

To include disks equal to or greater than 40G in size:

size: '40G:'

Sizes don’t have to be specified exclusively in Gigabytes(G).

Other units of size are supported: Megabyte(M), Gigabyte(G) and Terrabyte(T). Appending the (B) for byte is also supported: MB, GB, TB.

Rotational

This operates on the ‘rotational’ attribute of the disk.

rotational: 0 | 1

1 to match all disks that are rotational

0 to match all disks that are non-rotational (SSD, NVME etc)

All

This will take all disks that are ‘available’

Note

This is exclusive for the data_devices section.

all: true

Limiter

If you have specified some valid filters but want to limit the number of disks that they match, use the limit directive:

limit: 2

For example, if you used vendor to match all disks that are from VendorA but want to use only the first two, you could use limit:

data_devices:
  vendor: VendorA
  limit: 2

Note

limit is a last resort and shouldn’t be used if it can be avoided.

Additional Options

There are multiple optional settings you can use to change the way OSDs are deployed. You can add these options to the base level of an OSD spec for it to take effect.

This example would deploy all OSDs with encryption enabled.

service_type: osd
service_id: example_osd_spec
placement:
  host_pattern: '*'
spec:
  data_devices:
    all: true
  encrypted: true

See a full list in the DriveGroupSpecs

class ceph.deployment.drive_group.DriveGroupSpec(placement=None, service_id=None, data_devices=None, db_devices=None, wal_devices=None, journal_devices=None, data_directories=None, osds_per_device=None, objectstore='bluestore', encrypted=False, db_slots=None, wal_slots=None, osd_id_claims=None, block_db_size=None, block_wal_size=None, journal_size=None, service_type=None, unmanaged=False, filter_logic='AND', preview_only=False, extra_container_args=None, extra_entrypoint_args=None, data_allocate_fraction=None, method=None, config=None, custom_configs=None, crush_device_class=None)

Describe a drive group in the same form that ceph-volume understands.

block_db_size: Optional[Union[int, str]]: Set (or override) the “bluestore_block_db_size” value, in bytes

block_wal_size: Optional[Union[int, str]]: Set (or override) the “bluestore_block_wal_size” value, in bytes

crush_device_class: Crush device class to assign to OSDs

data_allocate_fraction: Allocate a fraction of the data device (0,1.0]

data_devices: A ceph.deployment.drive_group.DeviceSelection

data_directories: A list of strings, containing paths which should back OSDs

db_devices: A ceph.deployment.drive_group.DeviceSelection

db_slots: How many OSDs per DB device

encrypted: true or false

filter_logic: The logic gate we use to match disks with filters. defaults to ‘AND’

journal_devices: A ceph.deployment.drive_group.DeviceSelection

journal_size: Optional[Union[int, str]]: set journal_size in bytes

objectstore: filestore or bluestore

osd_id_claims: Optional: mapping of host -> List of osd_ids that should be replaced See OSD Replacement

osds_per_device: Number of osd daemons per “DATA” device. To fully utilize nvme devices multiple osds are required. Can be used to split dual-actuator devices across 2 OSDs, by setting the option to 2.

preview_only: If this should be treated as a ‘preview’ spec

wal_devices: A ceph.deployment.drive_group.DeviceSelection

wal_slots: How many OSDs per WAL device

Examples

The simple case

All nodes with the same setup

20 HDDs
Vendor: VendorA
Model: HDD-123-foo
Size: 4TB

2 SSDs
Vendor: VendorB
Model: MC-55-44-ZX
Size: 512GB

This is a common setup and can be described quite easily:

service_type: osd
service_id: osd_spec_default
placement:
  host_pattern: '*'
spec:
  data_devices:
    model: HDD-123-foo # Note, HDD-123 would also be valid
  db_devices:
    model: MC-55-44-XZ # Same here, MC-55-44 is valid

However, we can improve it by reducing the filters on core properties of the drives:

service_type: osd
service_id: osd_spec_default
placement:
  host_pattern: '*'
spec:
  data_devices:
    rotational: 1
  db_devices:
    rotational: 0

Now, we enforce all rotating devices to be declared as ‘data devices’ and all non-rotating devices will be used as shared_devices (wal, db)

If you know that drives with more than 2TB will always be the slower data devices, you can also filter by size:

service_type: osd
service_id: osd_spec_default
placement:
  host_pattern: '*'
spec:
  data_devices:
    size: '2TB:'
  db_devices:
    size: ':2TB'

Note

All of the above OSD specs are equally valid. Which of those you want to use depends on taste and on how much you expect your node layout to change.

Multiple OSD specs for a single host

Here we have two distinct setups

20 HDDs
Vendor: VendorA
Model: HDD-123-foo
Size: 4TB

12 SSDs
Vendor: VendorB
Model: MC-55-44-ZX
Size: 512GB

2 NVMEs
Vendor: VendorC
Model: NVME-QQQQ-987
Size: 256GB

20 HDDs should share 2 SSDs
10 SSDs should share 2 NVMes

This can be described with two layouts.

service_type: osd
service_id: osd_spec_hdd
placement:
  host_pattern: '*'
spec:
  data_devices:
    rotational: 0
  db_devices:
    model: MC-55-44-XZ
    limit: 2 # db_slots is actually to be favoured here, but it's not implemented yet
---
service_type: osd
service_id: osd_spec_ssd
placement:
  host_pattern: '*'
spec:
  data_devices:
    model: MC-55-44-XZ
  db_devices:
    vendor: VendorC

This would create the desired layout by using all HDDs as data_devices with two SSD assigned as dedicated db/wal devices. The remaining SSDs(8) will be data_devices that have the ‘VendorC’ NVMEs assigned as dedicated db/wal devices.

Multiple hosts with the same disk layout

Assuming the cluster has different kinds of hosts each with similar disk layout, it is recommended to apply different OSD specs matching only one set of hosts. Typically you will have a spec for multiple hosts with the same layout.

The service id as the unique key: In case a new OSD spec with an already applied service id is applied, the existing OSD spec will be superseded. cephadm will now create new OSD daemons based on the new spec definition. Existing OSD daemons will not be affected. See Declarative State.

Node1-5

20 HDDs
Vendor: Intel
Model: SSD-123-foo
Size: 4TB
2 SSDs
Vendor: VendorA
Model: MC-55-44-ZX
Size: 512GB

Node6-10

5 NVMEs
Vendor: Intel
Model: SSD-123-foo
Size: 4TB
20 SSDs
Vendor: VendorA
Model: MC-55-44-ZX
Size: 512GB

You can use the ‘placement’ key in the layout to target certain nodes.

service_type: osd
service_id: disk_layout_a
placement:
  label: disk_layout_a
spec:
  data_devices:
    rotational: 1
  db_devices:
    rotational: 0
---
service_type: osd
service_id: disk_layout_b
placement:
  label: disk_layout_b
spec:
  data_devices:
    model: MC-55-44-XZ
  db_devices:
    model: SSD-123-foo

This applies different OSD specs to different hosts depending on the placement key. See Daemon Placement

Note

Assuming each host has a unique disk layout, each OSD spec needs to have a different service id

Dedicated wal + db

All previous cases co-located the WALs with the DBs. It’s however possible to deploy the WAL on a dedicated device as well, if it makes sense.

20 HDDs
Vendor: VendorA
Model: SSD-123-foo
Size: 4TB

2 SSDs
Vendor: VendorB
Model: MC-55-44-ZX
Size: 512GB

2 NVMEs
Vendor: VendorC
Model: NVME-QQQQ-987
Size: 256GB

The OSD spec for this case would look like the following (using the model filter):

service_type: osd
service_id: osd_spec_default
placement:
  host_pattern: '*'
spec:
  data_devices:
    model: MC-55-44-XZ
  db_devices:
    model: SSD-123-foo
  wal_devices:
    model: NVME-QQQQ-987

It is also possible to specify directly device paths in specific hosts like the following:

service_type: osd
service_id: osd_using_paths
placement:
  hosts:
    - Node01
    - Node02
spec:
  data_devices:
    paths:
    - /dev/sdb
  db_devices:
    paths:
    - /dev/sdc
  wal_devices:
    paths:
    - /dev/sdd

This can easily be done with other filters, like size or vendor as well.

It’s possible to specify the crush_device_class parameter within the DriveGroup spec, and it’s applied to all the devices defined by the paths keyword:

service_type: osd
service_id: osd_using_paths
placement:
  hosts:
    - Node01
    - Node02
crush_device_class: ssd
spec:
  data_devices:
    paths:
    - /dev/sdb
    - /dev/sdc
  db_devices:
    paths:
    - /dev/sdd
  wal_devices:
    paths:
    - /dev/sde

The crush_device_class parameter, however, can be defined for each OSD passed using the paths keyword with the following syntax:

service_type: osd
service_id: osd_using_paths
placement:
  hosts:
    - Node01
    - Node02
crush_device_class: ssd
spec:
  data_devices:
    paths:
    - path: /dev/sdb
      crush_device_class: ssd
    - path: /dev/sdc
      crush_device_class: nvme
  db_devices:
    paths:
    - /dev/sdd
  wal_devices:
    paths:
    - /dev/sde

Activate existing OSDs

In case the OS of a host was reinstalled, existing OSDs need to be activated again. For this use case, cephadm provides a wrapper for activate that activates all existing OSDs on a host.

ceph cephadm osd activate <host>...

This will scan all existing disks for OSDs and deploy corresponding daemons.

OSD Service

List Devices

Deploy OSDs

Listing Storage Devices

Creating New OSDs

Dry Run

Declarative State

Remove an OSD

Monitoring OSD State

Stopping OSD Removal

Replacing an OSD

Erasing Devices (Zapping Devices)

Automatically tuning OSD memory

Advanced OSD Service Specifications

Filters

Vendor or Model

Size

Size specs

Rotational

All

Limiter

Additional Options

Examples

The simple case

Multiple OSD specs for a single host

Multiple hosts with the same disk layout

Dedicated wal + db

Activate existing OSDs

Further Reading