django.contrib.auth¶This document provides API reference material for the components of Django’s authentication system. For more details on the usage of these components or how to customize authentication and authorization see the authentication topic guide.
User model¶User objects have the following
fields:
Required. 150 characters or fewer. Usernames may contain alphanumeric,
_, @, +, . and - characters.
The max_length should be sufficient for many use cases. If you need
a longer length, please use a custom user model. If you use MySQL with the utf8mb4
encoding (recommended for proper Unicode support), specify at most
max_length=191 because MySQL can only create unique indexes with
191 characters in that case by default.
Optional (blank=True). 150
characters or fewer.
Optional (blank=True). 150
characters or fewer.
Optional (blank=True). Email
address.
Required. A hash of, and metadata about, the password. (Django doesn’t store the raw password.) Raw passwords can be arbitrarily long and can contain any character. See the password documentation.
Many-to-many relationship to Permission
Boolean. Designates whether this user can access the admin site.
Boolean. Designates whether this user account should be considered
active. We recommend that you set this flag to False instead of
deleting accounts; that way, if your applications have any foreign keys
to users, the foreign keys won’t break.
This doesn’t necessarily control whether or not the user can log in.
Authentication backends aren’t required to check for the is_active
flag but the default backend
(ModelBackend) and the
RemoteUserBackend do. You can
use AllowAllUsersModelBackend
or AllowAllUsersRemoteUserBackend
if you want to allow inactive users to login. In this case, you’ll also
want to customize the
AuthenticationForm used by the
LoginView as it rejects inactive
users. Be aware that the permission-checking methods such as
has_perm() and the
authentication in the Django admin all return False for inactive
users.
Boolean. Designates that this user has all permissions without explicitly assigning them.
A datetime of the user’s last login.
A datetime designating when the account was created. Is set to the current date/time by default when the account is created.
Read-only attribute which is always True (as opposed to
AnonymousUser.is_authenticated which is always False). This is
a way to tell if the user has been authenticated. This does not imply
any permissions and doesn’t check if the user is active or has a valid
session. Even though normally you will check this attribute on
request.user to find out whether it has been populated by the
AuthenticationMiddleware
(representing the currently logged-in user), you should know this
attribute is True for any User instance.
Read-only attribute which is always False. This is a way of
differentiating User and AnonymousUser
objects. Generally, you should prefer using
is_authenticated to this
attribute.
Returns the username for the user. Since the User model can be
swapped out, you should use this method instead of referencing the
username attribute directly.
Returns the first_name plus
the last_name, with a space in
between.
Returns the first_name.
Sets the user’s password to the given raw string, taking care of the
password hashing. Doesn’t save the
User object.
When the raw_password is None, the password will be set to an
unusable password, as if
set_unusable_password()
were used.
Returns True if the given raw string is the correct password for
the user. (This takes care of the password hashing in making the
comparison.)
Marks the user as having no password set. This isn’t the same as
having a blank string for a password.
check_password() for this user
will never return True. Doesn’t save the
User object.
You may need this if authentication for your application takes place against an existing external source such as an LDAP directory.
Returns False if
set_unusable_password() has
been called for this user.
Returns a set of permission strings that the user has directly.
If obj is passed in, only returns the user permissions for this
specific object.
Returns a set of permission strings that the user has, through their groups.
If obj is passed in, only returns the group permissions for
this specific object.
Returns a set of permission strings that the user has, both through group and user permissions.
If obj is passed in, only returns the permissions for this
specific object.
Returns True if the user has the specified permission, where perm
is in the format "<app label>.<permission codename>". (see
documentation on permissions). If the user is
inactive, this method will always return False. For an active
superuser, this method will always return True.
If obj is passed in, this method won’t check for a permission for
the model, but for this specific object.
Returns True if the user has each of the specified permissions,
where each perm is in the format
"<app label>.<permission codename>". If the user is inactive,
this method will always return False. For an active superuser, this
method will always return True.
If obj is passed in, this method won’t check for permissions for
the model, but for the specific object.
Returns True if the user has any permissions in the given package
(the Django app label). If the user is inactive, this method will
always return False. For an active superuser, this method will
always return True.
Sends an email to the user. If from_email is None, Django uses
the DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL. Any **kwargs are passed to the
underlying send_mail() call.
The User model has a custom manager
that has the following helper methods (in addition to the methods provided
by BaseUserManager):
Creates, saves and returns a User.
The username and
password are set as given. The
domain portion of email is
automatically converted to lowercase, and the returned
User object will have
is_active set to True.
If no password is provided,
set_unusable_password() will
be called.
The extra_fields keyword arguments are passed through to the
User’s __init__ method to
allow setting arbitrary fields on a custom user model.
See Creating users for example usage.
Same as create_user(), but sets is_staff and
is_superuser to True.
Returns users that have the given permission perm either in the
"<app label>.<permission codename>" format or as a
Permission instance. Returns an
empty queryset if no users who have the perm found.
If is_active is True (default), returns only active users, or
if False, returns only inactive users. Use None to return all
users irrespective of active state.
If include_superusers is True (default), the result will
include superusers.
If backend is passed in and it’s defined in
AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS, then this method will use it.
Otherwise, it will use the backend in
AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS, if there is only one, or raise an
exception.
AnonymousUser object¶django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser is a class that
implements the django.contrib.auth.models.User interface, with
these differences:
id is always None.
username is always the empty
string.
get_username() always returns
the empty string.
is_anonymous is True
instead of False.
is_authenticated is
False instead of True.
is_staff and
is_superuser are always
False.
is_active is always False.
groups and
user_permissions are always
empty.
set_password(),
check_password(),
save() and
delete() raise NotImplementedError.
In practice, you probably won’t need to use
AnonymousUser objects on your own, but
they’re used by web requests, as explained in the next section.
Permission model¶Permission objects have the following
fields:
Permission objects have the standard
data-access methods like any other Django model.
Group model¶Group objects have the following fields:
Required. 150 characters or fewer. Any characters are permitted.
Example: 'Awesome Users'.
Many-to-many field to Permission:
group.permissions.set([permission_list])
group.permissions.add(permission, permission, ...)
group.permissions.remove(permission, permission, ...)
group.permissions.clear()
A field validator allowing only ASCII letters and numbers, in addition to
@, ., +, -, and _.
A field validator allowing Unicode characters, in addition to @, .,
+, -, and _. The default validator for User.username.
The auth framework uses the following signals that can be used for notification when a user logs in or out.
Sent when a user logs in successfully.
Arguments sent with this signal:
senderThe class of the user that just logged in.
requestThe current HttpRequest instance.
userThe user instance that just logged in.
Sent when the logout method is called.
senderAs above: the class of the user that just logged out or None
if the user was not authenticated.
requestThe current HttpRequest instance.
userThe user instance that just logged out or None if the
user was not authenticated.
Sent when the user failed to login successfully
senderThe name of the module used for authentication.
credentialsA dictionary of keyword arguments containing the user credentials that were
passed to authenticate() or your own custom
authentication backend. Credentials matching a set of ‘sensitive’ patterns,
(including password) will not be sent in the clear as part of the signal.
requestThe HttpRequest object, if one was provided to
authenticate().
This section details the authentication backends that come with Django. For information on how to use them and how to write your own authentication backends, see the Other authentication sources section of the User authentication guide.
The following backends are available in django.contrib.auth.backends:
A base class that provides default implementations for all required methods. By default, it will reject any user and provide no permissions.
Returns an empty set.
Returns an empty set.
Uses get_user_permissions() and get_group_permissions() to
get the set of permission strings the user_obj has.
Uses get_all_permissions() to check if user_obj has the
permission string perm.
This is the default authentication backend used by Django. It authenticates using credentials consisting of a user identifier and password. For Django’s default user model, the user identifier is the username, for custom user models it is the field specified by USERNAME_FIELD (see Customizing Users and authentication).
It also handles the default permissions model as defined for
User and
PermissionsMixin.
has_perm(), get_all_permissions(), get_user_permissions(),
and get_group_permissions() allow an object to be passed as a
parameter for object-specific permissions, but this backend does not
implement them other than returning an empty set of permissions if
obj is not None.
with_perm() also allows an object to be passed as a parameter, but
unlike others methods it returns an empty queryset if obj is not None.
Tries to authenticate username with password by calling
User.check_password. If no username
is provided, it tries to fetch a username from kwargs using the
key CustomUser.USERNAME_FIELD. Returns an
authenticated user or None.
request is an HttpRequest and may be None
if it wasn’t provided to authenticate()
(which passes it on to the backend).
Returns the set of permission strings the user_obj has from their
own user permissions. Returns an empty set if
is_anonymous or
is_active is False.
Returns the set of permission strings the user_obj has from the
permissions of the groups they belong. Returns an empty set if
is_anonymous or
is_active is False.
Returns the set of permission strings the user_obj has, including both
user permissions and group permissions. Returns an empty set if
is_anonymous or
is_active is False.
Uses get_all_permissions() to check if user_obj has the
permission string perm. Returns False if the user is not
is_active.
Returns whether the user_obj has any permissions on the app
app_label.
Returns whether the user is allowed to authenticate. To match the
behavior of AuthenticationForm
which prohibits inactive users from logging in,
this method returns False for users with is_active=False. Custom user models that
don’t have an is_active
field are allowed.
Returns all active users who have the permission perm either in
the form of "<app label>.<permission codename>" or a
Permission instance. Returns an
empty queryset if no users who have the perm found.
If is_active is True (default), returns only active users, or
if False, returns only inactive users. Use None to return all
users irrespective of active state.
If include_superusers is True (default), the result will
include superusers.
Same as ModelBackend except that it doesn’t reject inactive users
because user_can_authenticate() always returns True.
When using this backend, you’ll likely want to customize the
AuthenticationForm used by the
LoginView by overriding the
confirm_login_allowed()
method as it rejects inactive users.
Use this backend to take advantage of external-to-Django-handled
authentication. It authenticates using usernames passed in
request.META['REMOTE_USER']. See
the Authenticating against REMOTE_USER
documentation.
If you need more control, you can create your own authentication backend that inherits from this class and override these attributes or methods:
True or False. Determines whether or not a user object is
created if not already in the database Defaults to True.
The username passed as remote_user is considered trusted. This
method returns the user object with the given username, creating a new
user object if create_unknown_user is
True.
Returns None if create_unknown_user is
False and a User object with the given username is not found in
the database.
request is an HttpRequest and may be None
if it wasn’t provided to authenticate()
(which passes it on to the backend).
Performs any cleaning on the username (e.g. stripping LDAP DN
information) prior to using it to get or create a user object. Returns
the cleaned username.
Configures the user on each authentication attempt. This method is called immediately after fetching or creating the user being authenticated, and can be used to perform custom setup actions, such as setting the user’s groups based on attributes in an LDAP directory. Returns the user object.
The setup can be performed either once when the user is created
(created is True) or on existing users (created is
False) as a way of synchronizing attributes between the remote and
the local systems.
request is an HttpRequest and may be None
if it wasn’t provided to authenticate()
(which passes it on to the backend).
The created argument was added.
Returns whether the user is allowed to authenticate. This method
returns False for users with is_active=False. Custom user models that
don’t have an is_active
field are allowed.
Same as RemoteUserBackend except that it doesn’t reject inactive
users because user_can_authenticate always
returns True.
Returns the user model instance associated with the given request’s
session.
It checks if the authentication backend stored in the session is present in
AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS. If so, it uses the backend’s
get_user() method to retrieve the user model instance and then verifies
the session by calling the user model’s
get_session_auth_hash()
method. If the verification fails and SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS are
provided, it verifies the session against each fallback key using
get_session_auth_fallback_hash().
Returns an instance of AnonymousUser
if the authentication backend stored in the session is no longer in
AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS, if a user isn’t returned by the
backend’s get_user() method, or if the session auth hash doesn’t
validate.
Fallback verification with SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS was added.
Dec 25, 2023