Django gives you a few ways to control how database transactions are managed.
Django’s default behavior is to run in autocommit mode. Each query is immediately committed to the database, unless a transaction is active. See below for details.
Django uses transactions or savepoints automatically to guarantee the integrity of ORM operations that require multiple queries, especially delete() and update() queries.
Django’s TestCase class also wraps each test in a
transaction for performance reasons.
A common way to handle transactions on the web is to wrap each request in a
transaction. Set ATOMIC_REQUESTS to
True in the configuration of each database for which you want to enable
this behavior.
It works like this. Before calling a view function, Django starts a transaction. If the response is produced without problems, Django commits the transaction. If the view produces an exception, Django rolls back the transaction.
You may perform subtransactions using savepoints in your view code, typically
with the atomic() context manager. However, at the end of the view,
either all or none of the changes will be committed.
Warning
While the simplicity of this transaction model is appealing, it also makes it inefficient when traffic increases. Opening a transaction for every view has some overhead. The impact on performance depends on the query patterns of your application and on how well your database handles locking.
Per-request transactions and streaming responses
When a view returns a StreamingHttpResponse, reading
the contents of the response will often execute code to generate the
content. Since the view has already returned, such code runs outside of
the transaction.
Generally speaking, it isn’t advisable to write to the database while generating a streaming response, since there’s no sensible way to handle errors after starting to send the response.
In practice, this feature wraps every view function in the atomic()
decorator described below.
Note that only the execution of your view is enclosed in the transactions. Middleware runs outside of the transaction, and so does the rendering of template responses.
When ATOMIC_REQUESTS is enabled, it’s
still possible to prevent views from running in a transaction.
This decorator will negate the effect of ATOMIC_REQUESTS for a given view:
from django.db import transaction
@transaction.non_atomic_requests
def my_view(request):
do_stuff()
@transaction.non_atomic_requests(using="other")
def my_other_view(request):
do_stuff_on_the_other_database()
It only works if it’s applied to the view itself.
Django provides a single API to control database transactions.
Atomicity is the defining property of database transactions. atomic
allows us to create a block of code within which the atomicity on the
database is guaranteed. If the block of code is successfully completed, the
changes are committed to the database. If there is an exception, the
changes are rolled back.
atomic blocks can be nested. In this case, when an inner block
completes successfully, its effects can still be rolled back if an
exception is raised in the outer block at a later point.
It is sometimes useful to ensure an atomic block is always the
outermost atomic block, ensuring that any database changes are
committed when the block is exited without errors. This is known as
durability and can be achieved by setting durable=True. If the
atomic block is nested within another it raises a RuntimeError.
atomic is usable both as a decorator:
from django.db import transaction
@transaction.atomic
def viewfunc(request):
# This code executes inside a transaction.
do_stuff()
and as a context manager:
from django.db import transaction
def viewfunc(request):
# This code executes in autocommit mode (Django's default).
do_stuff()
with transaction.atomic():
# This code executes inside a transaction.
do_more_stuff()
Wrapping atomic in a try/except block allows for natural handling of
integrity errors:
from django.db import IntegrityError, transaction
@transaction.atomic
def viewfunc(request):
create_parent()
try:
with transaction.atomic():
generate_relationships()
except IntegrityError:
handle_exception()
add_children()
In this example, even if generate_relationships() causes a database
error by breaking an integrity constraint, you can execute queries in
add_children(), and the changes from create_parent() are still
there and bound to the same transaction. Note that any operations attempted
in generate_relationships() will already have been rolled back safely
when handle_exception() is called, so the exception handler can also
operate on the database if necessary.
Avoid catching exceptions inside atomic!
When exiting an atomic block, Django looks at whether it’s exited
normally or with an exception to determine whether to commit or roll
back. If you catch and handle exceptions inside an atomic block,
you may hide from Django the fact that a problem has happened. This
can result in unexpected behavior.
This is mostly a concern for DatabaseError and its
subclasses such as IntegrityError. After such an
error, the transaction is broken and Django will perform a rollback at
the end of the atomic block. If you attempt to run database
queries before the rollback happens, Django will raise a
TransactionManagementError. You may
also encounter this behavior when an ORM-related signal handler raises
an exception.
The correct way to catch database errors is around an atomic block
as shown above. If necessary, add an extra atomic block for this
purpose. This pattern has another advantage: it delimits explicitly
which operations will be rolled back if an exception occurs.
If you catch exceptions raised by raw SQL queries, Django’s behavior is unspecified and database-dependent.
You may need to manually revert app state when rolling back a transaction.
The values of a model’s fields won’t be reverted when a transaction rollback happens. This could lead to an inconsistent model state unless you manually restore the original field values.
For example, given MyModel with an active field, this snippet
ensures that the if obj.active check at the end uses the correct
value if updating active to True fails in the transaction:
from django.db import DatabaseError, transaction
obj = MyModel(active=False)
obj.active = True
try:
with transaction.atomic():
obj.save()
except DatabaseError:
obj.active = False
if obj.active:
...
This also applies to any other mechanism that may hold app state, such as caching or global variables. For example, if the code proactively updates data in the cache after saving an object, it’s recommended to use transaction.on_commit() instead, to defer cache alterations until the transaction is actually committed.
In order to guarantee atomicity, atomic disables some APIs. Attempting
to commit, roll back, or change the autocommit state of the database
connection within an atomic block will raise an exception.
atomic takes a using argument which should be the name of a
database. If this argument isn’t provided, Django uses the "default"
database.
Under the hood, Django’s transaction management code:
opens a transaction when entering the outermost atomic block;
creates a savepoint when entering an inner atomic block;
releases or rolls back to the savepoint when exiting an inner block;
commits or rolls back the transaction when exiting the outermost block.
You can disable the creation of savepoints for inner blocks by setting the
savepoint argument to False. If an exception occurs, Django will
perform the rollback when exiting the first parent block with a savepoint
if there is one, and the outermost block otherwise. Atomicity is still
guaranteed by the outer transaction. This option should only be used if
the overhead of savepoints is noticeable. It has the drawback of breaking
the error handling described above.
You may use atomic when autocommit is turned off. It will only use
savepoints, even for the outermost block.
Performance considerations
Open transactions have a performance cost for your database server. To
minimize this overhead, keep your transactions as short as possible. This
is especially important if you’re using atomic() in long-running
processes, outside of Django’s request / response cycle.
In older versions, the durability check was disabled in
django.test.TestCase.
In the SQL standards, each SQL query starts a transaction, unless one is already active. Such transactions must then be explicitly committed or rolled back.
This isn’t always convenient for application developers. To alleviate this problem, most databases provide an autocommit mode. When autocommit is turned on and no transaction is active, each SQL query gets wrapped in its own transaction. In other words, not only does each such query start a transaction, but the transaction also gets automatically committed or rolled back, depending on whether the query succeeded.
PEP 249, the Python Database API Specification v2.0, requires autocommit to be initially turned off. Django overrides this default and turns autocommit on.
To avoid this, you can deactivate the transaction management, but it isn’t recommended.
You can totally disable Django’s transaction management for a given database
by setting AUTOCOMMIT to False in its
configuration. If you do this, Django won’t enable autocommit, and won’t
perform any commits. You’ll get the regular behavior of the underlying
database library.
This requires you to commit explicitly every transaction, even those started by Django or by third-party libraries. Thus, this is best used in situations where you want to run your own transaction-controlling middleware or do something really strange.
Sometimes you need to perform an action related to the current database transaction, but only if the transaction successfully commits. Examples might include a background task, an email notification, or a cache invalidation.
on_commit() allows you to register callbacks that will be executed after
the open transaction is successfully committed:
Pass a function, or any callable, to on_commit():
from django.db import transaction
def send_welcome_email():
...
transaction.on_commit(send_welcome_email)
Callbacks will not be passed any arguments, but you can bind them with
functools.partial():
from functools import partial
for user in users:
transaction.on_commit(partial(send_invite_email, user=user))
Callbacks are called after the open transaction is successfully committed. If
the transaction is instead rolled back (typically when an unhandled exception
is raised in an atomic() block), the callback will be discarded, and
never called.
If you call on_commit() while there isn’t an open transaction,
the callback will be executed immediately.
It’s sometimes useful to register callbacks that can fail. Passing
robust=True allows the next callbacks to be executed even if the current
one throws an exception. All errors derived from Python’s Exception class
are caught and logged to the django.db.backends.base logger.
You can use TestCase.captureOnCommitCallbacks() to test callbacks
registered with on_commit().
The robust argument was added.
Savepoints (i.e. nested atomic() blocks) are handled correctly. That is,
an on_commit() callable registered after a savepoint (in a nested
atomic() block) will be called after the outer transaction is committed,
but not if a rollback to that savepoint or any previous savepoint occurred
during the transaction:
with transaction.atomic(): # Outer atomic, start a new transaction
transaction.on_commit(foo)
with transaction.atomic(): # Inner atomic block, create a savepoint
transaction.on_commit(bar)
# foo() and then bar() will be called when leaving the outermost block
On the other hand, when a savepoint is rolled back (due to an exception being raised), the inner callable will not be called:
with transaction.atomic(): # Outer atomic, start a new transaction
transaction.on_commit(foo)
try:
with transaction.atomic(): # Inner atomic block, create a savepoint
transaction.on_commit(bar)
raise SomeError() # Raising an exception - abort the savepoint
except SomeError:
pass
# foo() will be called, but not bar()
On-commit functions for a given transaction are executed in the order they were registered.
If one on-commit function registered with robust=False within a given
transaction raises an uncaught exception, no later registered functions in that
same transaction will run. This is the same behavior as if you’d executed the
functions sequentially yourself without on_commit().
The robust argument was added.
Your callbacks are executed after a successful commit, so a failure in a
callback will not cause the transaction to roll back. They are executed
conditionally upon the success of the transaction, but they are not part of
the transaction. For the intended use cases (mail notifications, background
tasks, etc.), this should be fine. If it’s not (if your follow-up action is so
critical that its failure should mean the failure of the transaction itself),
then you don’t want to use the on_commit() hook. Instead, you may want
two-phase commit such as the psycopg Two-Phase Commit protocol support and the optional Two-Phase Commit Extensions
in the Python DB-API specification.
Callbacks are not run until autocommit is restored on the connection following the commit (because otherwise any queries done in a callback would open an implicit transaction, preventing the connection from going back into autocommit mode).
When in autocommit mode and outside of an atomic() block, the function
will run immediately, not on commit.
On-commit functions only work with autocommit mode
and the atomic() (or ATOMIC_REQUESTS) transaction API. Calling on_commit() when
autocommit is disabled and you are not within an atomic block will result in an
error.
Django’s TestCase class wraps each test in a transaction
and rolls back that transaction after each test, in order to provide test
isolation. This means that no transaction is ever actually committed, thus your
on_commit() callbacks will never be run.
You can overcome this limitation by using
TestCase.captureOnCommitCallbacks(). This captures your
on_commit() callbacks in a list, allowing you to make assertions on them,
or emulate the transaction committing by calling them.
Another way to overcome the limitation is to use
TransactionTestCase instead of
TestCase. This will mean your transactions are committed,
and the callbacks will run. However
TransactionTestCase flushes the database between tests,
which is significantly slower than TestCase's isolation.
A rollback hook is harder to implement robustly than a commit hook, since a variety of things can cause an implicit rollback.
For instance, if your database connection is dropped because your process was killed without a chance to shut down gracefully, your rollback hook will never run.
But there is a solution: instead of doing something during the atomic block
(transaction) and then undoing it if the transaction fails, use
on_commit() to delay doing it in the first place until after the
transaction succeeds. It’s a lot easier to undo something you never did in the
first place!
Warning
Always prefer atomic() if possible at all. It accounts for the
idiosyncrasies of each database and prevents invalid operations.
The low level APIs are only useful if you’re implementing your own transaction management.
Django provides an API in the django.db.transaction module to manage the
autocommit state of each database connection.
These functions take a using argument which should be the name of a
database. If it isn’t provided, Django uses the "default" database.
Autocommit is initially turned on. If you turn it off, it’s your responsibility to restore it.
Once you turn autocommit off, you get the default behavior of your database adapter, and Django won’t help you. Although that behavior is specified in PEP 249, implementations of adapters aren’t always consistent with one another. Review the documentation of the adapter you’re using carefully.
You must ensure that no transaction is active, usually by issuing a
commit() or a rollback(), before turning autocommit back on.
Django will refuse to turn autocommit off when an atomic() block is
active, because that would break atomicity.
A transaction is an atomic set of database queries. Even if your program crashes, the database guarantees that either all the changes will be applied, or none of them.
Django doesn’t provide an API to start a transaction. The expected way to
start a transaction is to disable autocommit with set_autocommit().
Once you’re in a transaction, you can choose either to apply the changes
you’ve performed until this point with commit(), or to cancel them with
rollback(). These functions are defined in django.db.transaction.
These functions take a using argument which should be the name of a
database. If it isn’t provided, Django uses the "default" database.
Django will refuse to commit or to rollback when an atomic() block is
active, because that would break atomicity.
A savepoint is a marker within a transaction that enables you to roll back part of a transaction, rather than the full transaction. Savepoints are available with the SQLite, PostgreSQL, Oracle, and MySQL (when using the InnoDB storage engine) backends. Other backends provide the savepoint functions, but they’re empty operations – they don’t actually do anything.
Savepoints aren’t especially useful if you are using autocommit, the default
behavior of Django. However, once you open a transaction with atomic(),
you build up a series of database operations awaiting a commit or rollback. If
you issue a rollback, the entire transaction is rolled back. Savepoints
provide the ability to perform a fine-grained rollback, rather than the full
rollback that would be performed by transaction.rollback().
When the atomic() decorator is nested, it creates a savepoint to allow
partial commit or rollback. You’re strongly encouraged to use atomic()
rather than the functions described below, but they’re still part of the
public API, and there’s no plan to deprecate them.
Each of these functions takes a using argument which should be the name of
a database for which the behavior applies. If no using argument is
provided then the "default" database is used.
Savepoints are controlled by three functions in django.db.transaction:
Creates a new savepoint. This marks a point in the transaction that is
known to be in a “good” state. Returns the savepoint ID (sid).
Releases savepoint sid. The changes performed since the savepoint was
created become part of the transaction.
Rolls back the transaction to savepoint sid.
These functions do nothing if savepoints aren’t supported or if the database is in autocommit mode.
In addition, there’s a utility function:
Resets the counter used to generate unique savepoint IDs.
The following example demonstrates the use of savepoints:
from django.db import transaction
# open a transaction
@transaction.atomic
def viewfunc(request):
a.save()
# transaction now contains a.save()
sid = transaction.savepoint()
b.save()
# transaction now contains a.save() and b.save()
if want_to_keep_b:
transaction.savepoint_commit(sid)
# open transaction still contains a.save() and b.save()
else:
transaction.savepoint_rollback(sid)
# open transaction now contains only a.save()
Savepoints may be used to recover from a database error by performing a partial
rollback. If you’re doing this inside an atomic() block, the entire block
will still be rolled back, because it doesn’t know you’ve handled the situation
at a lower level! To prevent this, you can control the rollback behavior with
the following functions.
Setting the rollback flag to True forces a rollback when exiting the
innermost atomic block. This may be useful to trigger a rollback without
raising an exception.
Setting it to False prevents such a rollback. Before doing that, make sure
you’ve rolled back the transaction to a known-good savepoint within the current
atomic block! Otherwise you’re breaking atomicity and data corruption may
occur.
While SQLite supports savepoints, a flaw in the design of the sqlite3
module makes them hardly usable.
When autocommit is enabled, savepoints don’t make sense. When it’s disabled,
sqlite3 commits implicitly before savepoint statements. (In fact, it
commits before any statement other than SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE,
DELETE and REPLACE.) This bug has two consequences:
If you’re using MySQL, your tables may or may not support transactions; it depends on your MySQL version and the table types you’re using. (By “table types,” we mean something like “InnoDB” or “MyISAM”.) MySQL transaction peculiarities are outside the scope of this article, but the MySQL site has information on MySQL transactions.
If your MySQL setup does not support transactions, then Django will always function in autocommit mode: statements will be executed and committed as soon as they’re called. If your MySQL setup does support transactions, Django will handle transactions as explained in this document.
Note
This section is relevant only if you’re implementing your own transaction
management. This problem cannot occur in Django’s default mode and
atomic() handles it automatically.
Inside a transaction, when a call to a PostgreSQL cursor raises an exception
(typically IntegrityError), all subsequent SQL in the same transaction
will fail with the error “current transaction is aborted, queries ignored
until end of transaction block”. While the basic use of save() is unlikely
to raise an exception in PostgreSQL, there are more advanced usage patterns
which might, such as saving objects with unique fields, saving using the
force_insert/force_update flag, or invoking custom SQL.
There are several ways to recover from this sort of error.
The first option is to roll back the entire transaction. For example:
a.save() # Succeeds, but may be undone by transaction rollback
try:
b.save() # Could throw exception
except IntegrityError:
transaction.rollback()
c.save() # Succeeds, but a.save() may have been undone
Calling transaction.rollback() rolls back the entire transaction. Any
uncommitted database operations will be lost. In this example, the changes
made by a.save() would be lost, even though that operation raised no error
itself.
You can use savepoints to control the extent of a rollback. Before performing a database operation that could fail, you can set or update the savepoint; that way, if the operation fails, you can roll back the single offending operation, rather than the entire transaction. For example:
a.save() # Succeeds, and never undone by savepoint rollback
sid = transaction.savepoint()
try:
b.save() # Could throw exception
transaction.savepoint_commit(sid)
except IntegrityError:
transaction.savepoint_rollback(sid)
c.save() # Succeeds, and a.save() is never undone
In this example, a.save() will not be undone in the case where
b.save() raises an exception.
Dec 25, 2023