music21.expressions

This module provides object representations of expressions, that is notational symbols such as Fermatas, Mordents, Trills, Turns, etc. which are stored under a Music21Object’s .expressions attribute.

A sub-category of Expressions are Ornaments.

Unlike articulations, expressions can be attached to the Stream itself. For instance, TextExpressions.

TextExpression

class music21.expressions.TextExpression(content=None)

A TextExpression is a word, phrase, or similar bit of text that is positioned in a Stream or Measure. Conventional expressive indications are text like “agitato” or “con fuoco.”

>>> te = expressions.TextExpression('Con fuoco')
>>> te.content
'Con fuoco'

Most configuration of style is done on the .style TextStyle object itself.

>>> te.style.fontSize = 24.0
>>> te.style.fontSize
24
>>> te.style.fontStyle = 'italic'
>>> te.style.fontWeight = 'bold'
>>> te.style.letterSpacing = 0.5

TextExpression bases

TextExpression read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

TextExpression read/write properties

TextExpression.content

Get or set the content.

>>> te = expressions.TextExpression('dolce')
>>> te.content
'dolce'
TextExpression.enclosure

Returns or sets the enclosure on the Style object stored on .style.

Exposed directly on the expression for backwards compatibility. Does not create a .style object if one does not exist and the value is None.

>>> te = expressions.TextExpression('Bridge')
>>> te.enclosure is None
True
>>> te.enclosure = style.Enclosure.RECTANGLE
>>> te.enclosure
<Enclosure.RECTANGLE>

Note that this is also set on .style.

>>> te.style.enclosure
<Enclosure.RECTANGLE>

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

TextExpression methods

TextExpression.getRepeatExpression()

If this TextExpression can be a RepeatExpression, return a new RepeatExpression. object, otherwise, return None.

TextExpression.getTempoText()

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

TextExpression instance variables

TextExpression.placement

Staff placement: ‘above’, ‘below’, or None.

A setting of None implies that the placement will be determined by notation software and no particular placement is demanded.

This is not placed in the .style property, since for some expressions, the placement above or below an object has semantic meaning and is not purely presentational.

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

Appoggiatura

class music21.expressions.Appoggiatura

Appoggiatura bases

Appoggiatura read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Appoggiatura read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

Appoggiatura methods

Methods inherited from GeneralAppoggiatura:

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Appoggiatura instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

ArpeggioMark

class music21.expressions.ArpeggioMark(arpeggioType: str | None = None)

ArpeggioMark must be applied to a Chord (not to a single Note).

The parameter arpeggioType can be ‘normal’ (a squiggly line), ‘up’ (a squiggly line with an up arrow), ‘down’ (a squiggly line with a down arrow), or ‘non-arpeggio’ (a bracket instead of a squiggly line, used to indicate a non-arpeggiated chord intervening in a sequence of arpeggiated ones).

>>> am = expressions.ArpeggioMark('normal')
>>> am.type
'normal'

>>> am = expressions.ArpeggioMark('down')
>>> am.type
'down'

ArpeggioMark bases

ArpeggioMark read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

ArpeggioMark read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

ArpeggioMark methods

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

ArpeggioMark instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

ArpeggioMarkSpanner

class music21.expressions.ArpeggioMarkSpanner(*spannedElements, arpeggioType: str = 'normal', **keywords)

ArpeggioMarkSpanner is a multi-staff or multi-voice (i.e. multi-chord) arpeggio. The spanner should contain all the simultaneous Chords that are to be arpeggiated together. If there is only one arpeggiated note in a particular staff or voice (i.e. the rest are in other staves/voices), then in that case only the spanner can contain a Note. Do not ever put a Note that is within a Chord into a spanner; put the Chord in instead. And do not ever put an ArpeggioMark in a note or chord’s .expressions.

The parameter arpeggioType can be ‘normal’ (a squiggly line), ‘up’ (a squiggly line with an up arrow), ‘down’ (a squiggly line with a down arrow), or ‘non-arpeggio’ (a bracket instead of a squiggly line, used to indicate a non-arpeggiated multi-chord intervening in a sequence of arpeggiated ones).

>>> ams = expressions.ArpeggioMarkSpanner(arpeggioType='non-arpeggio')
>>> c1 = chord.Chord('C3 E3 G3')
>>> c2 = chord.Chord('C4 E4 G4')
>>> ams.addSpannedElements([c1, c2])
>>> ams.type
'non-arpeggio'
>>> ams
<music21.expressions.ArpeggioMarkSpanner
 <music21.chord.Chord C3 E3 G3><music21.chord.Chord C4 E4 G4>>

ArpeggioMarkSpanner bases

ArpeggioMarkSpanner read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

ArpeggioMarkSpanner read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

ArpeggioMarkSpanner methods

ArpeggioMarkSpanner.noteExtremes() → Tuple[music21.note.Note | None, music21.note.Note | None]

Return the lowest and highest note spanned by the element, extracting them from Chords if need be.

>>> ch = chord.Chord(['C4', 'E4', 'G4'])
>>> n = note.Note('C#3')
>>> nonArp = expressions.ArpeggioMarkSpanner([ch, n])
>>> nonArp.noteExtremes()
(<music21.note.Note C#>, <music21.note.Note G>)

Methods inherited from Spanner:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

ArpeggioMarkSpanner instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

Expression

class music21.expressions.Expression

This base class is inherited by many diverse expressions.

Expression bases

Expression read-only properties

Expression.name

returns the name of the expression, which is generally the class name lowercased and spaces where a new capital occurs.

Subclasses can override this as necessary.

>>> sc = expressions.Schleifer()
>>> sc.name
'schleifer'

>>> iTurn = expressions.InvertedTurn()
>>> iTurn.name
'inverted turn'

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Expression read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

Expression methods

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Expression instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

Fermata

class music21.expressions.Fermata

Fermatas by default get appended to the last note if a note is split because of measures.

To override this (for Fermatas or for any expression) set .tieAttach to ‘all’ or ‘first’ instead of ‘last’.

>>> p1 = stream.Part()
>>> p1.append(meter.TimeSignature('6/8'))
>>> n1 = note.Note('D-2')
>>> n1.quarterLength = 6
>>> n1.expressions.append(expressions.Fermata())
>>> p1.append(n1)
>>> p1.show()
.. image:: images/expressionsFermata.*
     :width: 193

Fermata bases

Fermata read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Fermata read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

Fermata methods

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Fermata instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

GeneralAppoggiatura

class music21.expressions.GeneralAppoggiatura

GeneralAppoggiatura bases

GeneralAppoggiatura read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

GeneralAppoggiatura read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

GeneralAppoggiatura methods

GeneralAppoggiatura.realize(srcObj: music21.note.Note, *, inPlace=False)

realize an appoggiatura

returns a three-element tuple. The first is the list of notes that the grace note was converted to. The second is the rest of the note The third is an empty list (since there are no notes at the end of an appoggiatura)

>>> n1 = note.Note('C4')
>>> n1.quarterLength = 0.5
>>> a1 = expressions.Appoggiatura()
>>> a1.realize(n1)
([<music21.note.Note D>], <music21.note.Note C>, [])

>>> n2 = note.Note('C4')
>>> n2.quarterLength = 1
>>> a2 = expressions.HalfStepInvertedAppoggiatura()
>>> a2.realize(n2)
([<music21.note.Note B>], <music21.note.Note C>, [])

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

GeneralAppoggiatura instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

GeneralMordent

class music21.expressions.GeneralMordent

Base class for all Mordent types.

GeneralMordent bases

GeneralMordent read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

GeneralMordent read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

GeneralMordent methods

GeneralMordent.realize(srcObj: music21.note.Note, *, inPlace=False)

Realize a mordent.

returns a three-element tuple. The first is a list of the two notes that the beginning of the note were converted to. The second is the rest of the note The third is an empty list (since there are no notes at the end of a mordent)

>>> n1 = note.Note('C4')
>>> n1.quarterLength = 0.5
>>> m1 = expressions.Mordent()
>>> m1.realize(n1)
([<music21.note.Note C>, <music21.note.Note B>], <music21.note.Note C>, [])

Note: use one of the subclasses, not the GeneralMordent class

>>> n2 = note.Note('C4')
>>> n2.quarterLength = 0.125
>>> m2 = expressions.GeneralMordent()
>>> m2.realize(n2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
music21.expressions.ExpressionException: Cannot realize a mordent if I do not
    know its direction

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

GeneralMordent instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

HalfStepAppoggiatura

class music21.expressions.HalfStepAppoggiatura

HalfStepAppoggiatura bases

HalfStepAppoggiatura read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

HalfStepAppoggiatura read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

HalfStepAppoggiatura methods

Methods inherited from GeneralAppoggiatura:

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

HalfStepAppoggiatura instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

HalfStepInvertedAppoggiatura

class music21.expressions.HalfStepInvertedAppoggiatura

HalfStepInvertedAppoggiatura bases

HalfStepInvertedAppoggiatura read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

HalfStepInvertedAppoggiatura read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

HalfStepInvertedAppoggiatura methods

Methods inherited from GeneralAppoggiatura:

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

HalfStepInvertedAppoggiatura instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

HalfStepInvertedMordent

class music21.expressions.HalfStepInvertedMordent

A half-step inverted Mordent.

>>> m = expressions.HalfStepInvertedMordent()
>>> m.direction
'up'
>>> m.size
<music21.interval.Interval m2>

HalfStepInvertedMordent bases

HalfStepInvertedMordent read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

HalfStepInvertedMordent read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

HalfStepInvertedMordent methods

Methods inherited from GeneralMordent:

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

HalfStepInvertedMordent instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

HalfStepMordent

class music21.expressions.HalfStepMordent

A half step normal Mordent.

>>> m = expressions.HalfStepMordent()
>>> m.direction
'down'
>>> m.size
<music21.interval.Interval m2>

HalfStepMordent bases

HalfStepMordent read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

HalfStepMordent read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

HalfStepMordent methods

Methods inherited from GeneralMordent:

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

HalfStepMordent instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

HalfStepTrill

class music21.expressions.HalfStepTrill

A trill confined to half steps.

>>> halfTrill = expressions.HalfStepTrill()
>>> halfTrill.placement
'above'
>>> halfTrill.size
<music21.interval.Interval m2>

Here the key signature of 2 sharps will not affect the trill:

>>> n = note.Note('B4', type='eighth')
>>> m = stream.Measure()
>>> m.insert(0, key.KeySignature(2))
>>> m.append(n)
>>> halfTrill.realize(n)
([<music21.note.Note B>,
  <music21.note.Note C>,
  <music21.note.Note B>,
  <music21.note.Note C>], None, [])

HalfStepTrill bases

HalfStepTrill read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

HalfStepTrill read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

HalfStepTrill methods

Methods inherited from Trill:

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

HalfStepTrill instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

InvertedAppoggiatura

class music21.expressions.InvertedAppoggiatura

InvertedAppoggiatura bases

InvertedAppoggiatura read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

InvertedAppoggiatura read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

InvertedAppoggiatura methods

Methods inherited from GeneralAppoggiatura:

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

InvertedAppoggiatura instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

InvertedMordent

class music21.expressions.InvertedMordent

An inverted Mordent – goes upwards and has no line through it.

Note that some computer terminology calls this one a (normal) mordent, but this is a modern term. See Apel, Harvard Dictionary of Music, “Inverted Mordent”:

An 18th-century ornament involving alternation of the
written note with the note immediately above it.

An inverted mordent has the size of a generic second, of some form.

>>> m = expressions.InvertedMordent()
>>> m.direction
'up'
>>> m.size
<music21.interval.GenericInterval 2>

Changed in v7: InvertedMordent sizes are GenericIntervals – as was originally intended but programmed incorrectly.

InvertedMordent bases

InvertedMordent read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

InvertedMordent read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

InvertedMordent methods

Methods inherited from GeneralMordent:

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

InvertedMordent instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

InvertedTurn

class music21.expressions.InvertedTurn

InvertedTurn bases

InvertedTurn read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

InvertedTurn read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

InvertedTurn methods

Methods inherited from Turn:

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

InvertedTurn instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

Mordent

class music21.expressions.Mordent

A normal Mordent – goes downwards and has a line through it.

Note that some computer terminology calls this one an inverted mordent, but this is a modern term. See Apel, Harvard Dictionary of Music, “Mordent”:

A musical ornament consisting of the alternation of the written note
with the note immediately below it.

>>> m = expressions.Mordent()
>>> m.direction
'down'
>>> m.size
<music21.interval.GenericInterval 2>

Changed in v7: Mordent sizes are GenericIntervals – as was originally intended but programmed incorrectly.

Mordent bases

Mordent read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Mordent read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

Mordent methods

Methods inherited from GeneralMordent:

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Mordent instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

Ornament

class music21.expressions.Ornament

Ornament bases

Ornament read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Ornament read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

Ornament methods

Ornament.fillListOfRealizedNotes(srcObj: music21.note.Note, fillObjects: List[music21.note.Note], transposeInterval: IntervalBase, *, useQL: float | Fraction | None = None) → None

Used by trills and mordents to fill out their realization.

Ornament.realize(srcObj: music21.note.Note, *, inPlace: bool = False) → Tuple[List[music21.note.Note], music21.note.Note | None, List[music21.note.Note]]

subclassable method call that takes a sourceObject and returns a three-element tuple of a list of notes before the “main note” or the result of the expression if it gobbles up the entire note, the “main note” itself (or None) to keep processing for ornaments, and a list of notes after the “main note”.

Added in v.8 – inPlace boolean; note that some ornaments might not return a Note in the second position at all (such as trills) so inPlace does nothing.

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Ornament instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

RehearsalMark

class music21.expressions.RehearsalMark(content=None, *, numbering=None)

A rehearsal mark is a type of Expression that designates a rehearsal marking, such as A., B., etc.

Takes two inputs, content (‘B’, 5, ‘III’) and an optional numbering system which is helpful for getting the next rehearsal mark.

>>> rm = expressions.RehearsalMark('B')
>>> rm
<music21.expressions.RehearsalMark 'B'>

RehearsalMark bases

RehearsalMark read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

RehearsalMark read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

RehearsalMark methods

RehearsalMark.nextContent()

Return the next content based on the numbering

>>> expressions.RehearsalMark('A').nextContent()
'B'

>>> expressions.RehearsalMark('II').nextContent()
'III'

>>> expressions.RehearsalMark('IV').nextContent()
'V'

>>> expressions.RehearsalMark(7).nextContent()
8

>>> expressions.RehearsalMark('Z').nextContent()
'AA'

With rehearsal mark ‘I’ default is to consider it as a roman numeral:

>>> expressions.RehearsalMark('I').nextContent()
'II'

Specify numbering directly to avoid problems:

>>> expressions.RehearsalMark('I', numbering='alphabetical').nextContent()
'J'
RehearsalMark.nextMark()

Return the next rehearsal mark.

>>> rm = expressions.RehearsalMark('C')
>>> rm.nextMark()
<music21.expressions.RehearsalMark 'D'>

>>> rm = expressions.RehearsalMark('IV', numbering='roman')
>>> nm = rm.nextMark()
>>> nm.content
'V'
>>> nm.numbering
'roman'

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

RehearsalMark instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

Schleifer

class music21.expressions.Schleifer

A slide or culee

Changed in v.7 – size is a Generic second. removed unused nachschlag component.

Schleifer bases

Schleifer read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Schleifer read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

Schleifer methods

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Schleifer instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

Shake

class music21.expressions.Shake

A slower trill.

>>> shake = expressions.Shake()
>>> shake.quarterLength
0.25

Shake bases

Shake read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Shake read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

Shake methods

Methods inherited from Trill:

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Shake instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

Tremolo

class music21.expressions.Tremolo

A tremolo ornament represents a single-note tremolo, whether measured or unmeasured.

>>> n = note.Note(type='quarter')
>>> trem = expressions.Tremolo()
>>> trem.measured = True  # default
>>> trem.numberOfMarks = 3  # default

>>> trem.numberOfMarks = 'Hi'
Traceback (most recent call last):
music21.expressions.TremoloException: Number of marks must be a number from 0 to 8

>>> trem.numberOfMarks = -1
Traceback (most recent call last):
music21.expressions.TremoloException: Number of marks must be a number from 0 to 8

TODO: (someday) realize triplet Tremolos, etc. differently from other tremolos. TODO: deal with unmeasured tremolos.

Tremolo bases

Tremolo read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Tremolo read/write properties

Tremolo.numberOfMarks

The number of marks on the note. Currently, completely controls playback.

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

Tremolo methods

Tremolo.realize(srcObj: music21.note.Note, *, inPlace=False)

Realize the ornament

>>> n = note.Note(type='quarter')
>>> trem = expressions.Tremolo()
>>> trem.measured = True  # default
>>> trem.numberOfMarks = 3  # default
>>> trem.realize(n)
([<music21.note.Note C>, <music21.note.Note C>, <music21.note.Note C>,
  <music21.note.Note C>, <music21.note.Note C>, <music21.note.Note C>,
  <music21.note.Note C>, <music21.note.Note C>], None, [])
>>> c2 = trem.realize(n)[0]
>>> [ts.quarterLength for ts in c2]
[0.125, 0.125, 0.125, 0.125, 0.125, 0.125, 0.125, 0.125]

Same thing with Streams:

>>> n = note.Note(type='quarter')
>>> trem = expressions.Tremolo()
>>> n.expressions.append(trem)
>>> s = stream.Stream()
>>> s.append(n)
>>> s.show('text')
{0.0} <music21.note.Note C>

>>> y = stream.makeNotation.realizeOrnaments(s)
>>> y.show('text')
{0.0} <music21.note.Note C>
{0.125} <music21.note.Note C>
{0.25} <music21.note.Note C>
{0.375} <music21.note.Note C>
{0.5} <music21.note.Note C>
{0.625} <music21.note.Note C>
{0.75} <music21.note.Note C>
{0.875} <music21.note.Note C>

>>> trem.numberOfMarks = 1
>>> y = stream.makeNotation.realizeOrnaments(s)
>>> y.show('text')
{0.0} <music21.note.Note C>
{0.5} <music21.note.Note C>

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Tremolo instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

TremoloSpanner

class music21.expressions.TremoloSpanner(*spannedElements, **keywords)

A tremolo that spans multiple notes

>>> ts = expressions.TremoloSpanner()
>>> n1 = note.Note('C')
>>> n2 = note.Note('D')
>>> ts.addSpannedElements([n1, n2])
>>> ts.numberOfMarks = 2
>>> ts
<music21.expressions.TremoloSpanner <music21.note.Note C><music21.note.Note D>>

>>> ts.numberOfMarks = -1
Traceback (most recent call last):
music21.expressions.TremoloException: Number of marks must be a number from 0 to 8

TremoloSpanner bases

TremoloSpanner read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

TremoloSpanner read/write properties

TremoloSpanner.numberOfMarks

The number of marks on the note. Will eventually control playback.

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

TremoloSpanner methods

Methods inherited from Spanner:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

TremoloSpanner instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

Trill

class music21.expressions.Trill

A basic trill marker without the trill extension

>>> tr = expressions.Trill()
>>> tr.placement
'above'
>>> tr.size
<music21.interval.GenericInterval 2>

Trills have a .nachschlag attribute which determines whether there should be extra gracenotes at the end of the trill.

>>> tr.nachschlag
False
>>> tr.nachschlag = True

The Trill also has a “quarterLength” attribute that sets how long each trill note should be. Defaults to 32nd note:

>>> tr.quarterLength
0.125
>>> tr.quarterLength == duration.Duration('32nd').quarterLength
True

Changed in v.7 – the size should be a generic second.

Trill bases

Trill read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Trill read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

Trill methods

Trill.realize(srcObj: music21.note.Note, *, inPlace=False) → Tuple[List[music21.note.Note], None, List[music21.note.Note]]

realize a trill.

Returns a three-element tuple:

  • The first is a list of the notes that the note was converted to.

  • The second is None because the trill “eats up” the whole note.

  • The third is a list of the notes at the end if nachschlag is True, and empty list if False.

>>> n1 = note.Note('C4')
>>> n1.duration.type = 'eighth'
>>> t1 = expressions.Trill()
>>> n1.expressions.append(t1)
>>> realization = t1.realize(n1)
>>> realization
([<music21.note.Note C>,
  <music21.note.Note D>,
  <music21.note.Note C>,
  <music21.note.Note D>], None, [])
>>> realization[0][0].quarterLength
0.125
>>> realization[0][0].pitch.octave
4

When inside a stream, the realizations will consult the current key to see if it should be a whole-step or half-step trill:

>>> m = stream.Measure()
>>> k1 = key.Key('D-')
>>> m.insert(0, k1)
>>> m.append(n1)
>>> t1.realize(n1)
([<music21.note.Note C>,
  <music21.note.Note D->,
  <music21.note.Note C>,
  <music21.note.Note D->], None, [])

Note that if the key contradicts the note of the trill, for instance, here having a C-natural rather than a C-sharp, we do not correct the C to C#.

>>> k2 = key.Key('A')
>>> m.replace(k1, k2)
>>> t1.realize(n1)
([<music21.note.Note C>,
  <music21.note.Note D>,
  <music21.note.Note C>,
  <music21.note.Note D>], None, [])

This can lead to certain unusual circumstances such as augmented second trills which are technically correct, but probably not what a performer exprects.

>>> k3 = key.Key('E')
>>> m.replace(k2, k3)
>>> t1.realize(n1)
([<music21.note.Note C>,
  <music21.note.Note D#>,
  <music21.note.Note C>,
  <music21.note.Note D#>], None, [])

To avoid this case, create a HalfStepTrill or WholeStepTrill.

If there is a nachschlag, it will appear in the third element of the list.

>>> n1.duration.type = 'quarter'
>>> m.replace(k3, k1)  # back to D-flat major
>>> t1.nachschlag = True
>>> t1.realize(n1)
([<music21.note.Note C>,
  <music21.note.Note D->,
  <music21.note.Note C>,
  <music21.note.Note D->,
  <music21.note.Note C>,
  <music21.note.Note D->], None, [<music21.note.Note C>, <music21.note.Note B->])

Some notes can be too short to realize if autoscale is off.

>>> n2 = note.Note('D4')
>>> n2.duration.type = '32nd'
>>> t2 = expressions.Trill()
>>> t2.autoScale = False
>>> t2.realize(n2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
music21.expressions.ExpressionException: The note is not long enough to realize a trill

A quicker trill makes it possible:

>>> t2.quarterLength = duration.Duration('64th').quarterLength
>>> t2.realize(n2)
([<music21.note.Note D>,
  <music21.note.Note E>], None, [])

inPlace is not used for Trills.

Trill.splitClient(noteList)

splitClient is called by base.splitAtQuarterLength() to support splitting trills.

>>> n = note.Note(type='whole')
>>> n.expressions.append(expressions.Trill())
>>> st = n.splitAtQuarterLength(3.0)
>>> n1, n2 = st
>>> st.spannerList
[<music21.expressions.TrillExtension <music21.note.Note C><music21.note.Note C>>]
>>> n1.getSpannerSites()
[<music21.expressions.TrillExtension <music21.note.Note C><music21.note.Note C>>]

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Trill instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

TrillExtension

class music21.expressions.TrillExtension(*spannedElements, **keywords)

A wavy line trill extension, placed between two notes. N ote that some MusicXML readers include a trill symbol with the wavy line.

>>> s = stream.Stream()
>>> s.repeatAppend(note.Note(), 8)

Create TrillExtension between notes 2 and 3

>>> te = expressions.TrillExtension(s.notes[1], s.notes[2])
>>> s.append(te)  # spanner can go anywhere in the Stream
>>> print(te)
<music21.expressions.TrillExtension <music21.note.Note C><music21.note.Note C>>

TrillExtension bases

TrillExtension read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

TrillExtension read/write properties

TrillExtension.placement

Get or set the placement as either above, below, or None.

>>> s = stream.Stream()
>>> s.repeatAppend(note.Note(), 8)
>>> te = expressions.TrillExtension(s.notes[1], s.notes[2])
>>> te.placement = 'above'
>>> te.placement
'above'

A setting of None implies that the placement will be determined by notation software and no particular placement is demanded.

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

TrillExtension methods

Methods inherited from Spanner:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

TrillExtension instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

Turn

class music21.expressions.Turn

A turn or Gruppetto.

Changed in v.7 – size is a Generic second. removed unused nachschlag component.

Turn bases

Turn read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Turn read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

Turn methods

Turn.realize(srcObj: music21.note.Note, *, inPlace=False)

realize a turn.

returns a three-element tuple. The first is a list of the four notes that the beginning of the note was converted to. The second is a note of duration 0 because the turn “eats up” the whole note. The third is a list of the notes at the end if nachschlag is True, and empty list if False.

>>> from  music21 import *
>>> m1 = stream.Measure()
>>> m1.append(key.Key('F', 'major'))
>>> n1 = note.Note('C5')
>>> m1.append(n1)
>>> t1 = expressions.Turn()
>>> t1.realize(n1)
([], <music21.note.Note C>, [<music21.note.Note D>,
                             <music21.note.Note C>,
                             <music21.note.Note B->,
                             <music21.note.Note C>])

>>> m2 = stream.Measure()
>>> m2.append(key.KeySignature(5))
>>> n2 = note.Note('B4', type='quarter')
>>> m2.append(n2)
>>> t2 = expressions.InvertedTurn()
>>> n2.expressions.append(t2)
>>> t2.realize(n2)
([], <music21.note.Note B>, [<music21.note.Note A#>,
                             <music21.note.Note B>,
                             <music21.note.Note C#>,
                             <music21.note.Note B>])

Realizing an expression leaves the original note and expression alone

>>> n2.duration.type
'quarter'
>>> n2.expressions
[<music21.expressions.InvertedTurn>]

If inPlace is True then the note is affected and the turn is removed from .expressions:

>>> n2 = note.Note('C4')
>>> n2.duration.type = '32nd'
>>> t2 = expressions.Turn()
>>> _empty, _, turnNotes = t2.realize(n2, inPlace=True)
>>> for turnNote in turnNotes:
...     print(turnNote, turnNote.duration.type)
<music21.note.Note D> 128th
<music21.note.Note C> 128th
<music21.note.Note B> 128th
<music21.note.Note C> 128th
>>> n2.duration.type
'zero'
>>> n2.expressions
[]

If .autoScale is off and the note is not long enough to realize 4 32nd notes, then an exception is raised.

>>> n2 = note.Note('C4')
>>> n2.duration.type = '32nd'
>>> t2 = expressions.Turn()
>>> t2.autoScale = False
>>> t2.realize(n2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
music21.expressions.ExpressionException: The note is not long enough to realize a turn

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

Turn instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

WholeStepAppoggiatura

class music21.expressions.WholeStepAppoggiatura

WholeStepAppoggiatura bases

WholeStepAppoggiatura read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

WholeStepAppoggiatura read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

WholeStepAppoggiatura methods

Methods inherited from GeneralAppoggiatura:

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

WholeStepAppoggiatura instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

WholeStepInvertedAppoggiatura

class music21.expressions.WholeStepInvertedAppoggiatura

WholeStepInvertedAppoggiatura bases

WholeStepInvertedAppoggiatura read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

WholeStepInvertedAppoggiatura read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

WholeStepInvertedAppoggiatura methods

Methods inherited from GeneralAppoggiatura:

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

WholeStepInvertedAppoggiatura instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

WholeStepInvertedMordent

class music21.expressions.WholeStepInvertedMordent

A whole-step inverted Mordent.

>>> m = expressions.WholeStepInvertedMordent()
>>> m.direction
'up'
>>> m.size
<music21.interval.Interval M2>

WholeStepInvertedMordent bases

WholeStepInvertedMordent read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

WholeStepInvertedMordent read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

WholeStepInvertedMordent methods

Methods inherited from GeneralMordent:

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

WholeStepInvertedMordent instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

WholeStepMordent

class music21.expressions.WholeStepMordent

A whole step normal Mordent.

>>> m = expressions.WholeStepMordent()
>>> m.direction
'down'
>>> m.size
<music21.interval.Interval M2>

WholeStepMordent bases

WholeStepMordent read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

WholeStepMordent read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

WholeStepMordent methods

Methods inherited from GeneralMordent:

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

WholeStepMordent instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

WholeStepTrill

class music21.expressions.WholeStepTrill

A trill that yields whole steps no matter what.

>>> wholeTrill = expressions.WholeStepTrill()
>>> wholeTrill.placement
'above'
>>> wholeTrill.size
<music21.interval.Interval M2>

Here the key signature of one sharp will not affect the trill:

>>> n = note.Note('B4', type='eighth')
>>> m = stream.Measure()
>>> m.insert(0, key.KeySignature(1))
>>> m.append(n)
>>> wholeTrill.realize(n)
([<music21.note.Note B>,
  <music21.note.Note C#>,
  <music21.note.Note B>,
  <music21.note.Note C#>], None, [])

WholeStepTrill bases

WholeStepTrill read-only properties

Read-only properties inherited from Expression:

Read-only properties inherited from Music21Object:

Read-only properties inherited from ProtoM21Object:

WholeStepTrill read/write properties

Read/write properties inherited from Music21Object:

WholeStepTrill methods

Methods inherited from Trill:

Methods inherited from Ornament:

Methods inherited from Music21Object:

Methods inherited from ProtoM21Object:

WholeStepTrill instance variables

Instance variables inherited from Music21Object:

Functions

music21.expressions.realizeOrnaments(srcObject)

given a Music21Object with Ornament expressions, convert them into a list of objects that represents the performed version of the object:

>>> n1 = note.Note('D5')
>>> n1.quarterLength = 1
>>> n1.expressions.append(expressions.WholeStepMordent())
>>> expList = expressions.realizeOrnaments(n1)
>>> st1 = stream.Stream()
>>> st1.append(expList)
>>> st1.show()
../_images/expressionsMordentRealize.png