# (c) 2005 Ian Bicking and contributors; written for Paste
# (http://pythonpaste.org)
# Licensed under the MIT license:
# http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php Also licenced under the
# Apache License, 2.0: http://opensource.org/licenses/apache2.0.php Licensed to
# PSF under a Contributor Agreement
"""
Middleware to check for obedience to the WSGI specification.
Some of the things this checks:
* Signature of the application and start_response (including that
keyword arguments are not used).
* Environment checks:
- Environment is a dictionary (and not a subclass).
- That all the required keys are in the environment: REQUEST_METHOD,
SERVER_NAME, SERVER_PORT, wsgi.version, wsgi.input, wsgi.errors,
wsgi.multithread, wsgi.multiprocess, wsgi.run_once
- That HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE and HTTP_CONTENT_LENGTH are not in the
environment (these headers should appear as CONTENT_LENGTH and
CONTENT_TYPE).
- Warns if QUERY_STRING is missing, as the cgi module acts
unpredictably in that case.
- That CGI-style variables (that don't contain a .) have
(non-unicode) string values
- That wsgi.version is a tuple
- That wsgi.url_scheme is 'http' or 'https' (@@: is this too
restrictive?)
- Warns if the REQUEST_METHOD is not known (@@: probably too
restrictive).
- That SCRIPT_NAME and PATH_INFO are empty or start with /
- That at least one of SCRIPT_NAME or PATH_INFO are set.
- That CONTENT_LENGTH is a positive integer.
- That SCRIPT_NAME is not '/' (it should be '', and PATH_INFO should
be '/').
- That wsgi.input has the methods read, readline, readlines, and
__iter__
- That wsgi.errors has the methods flush, write, writelines
* The status is a string, contains a space, starts with an integer,
and that integer is in range (> 100).
* That the headers is a list (not a subclass, not another kind of
sequence).
* That the items of the headers are tuples of 'native' strings (i.e.
bytestrings in Python2, and unicode strings in Python3).
* That there is no 'status' header (that is used in CGI, but not in
WSGI).
* That the headers don't contain newlines or colons, end in _ or -, or
contain characters codes below 037.
* That Content-Type is given if there is content (CGI often has a
default content type, but WSGI does not).
* That no Content-Type is given when there is no content (@@: is this
too restrictive?)
* That the exc_info argument to start_response is a tuple or None.
* That all calls to the writer are with strings, and no other methods
on the writer are accessed.
* That wsgi.input is used properly:
- .read() is called with zero or one argument
- That it returns a string
- That readline, readlines, and __iter__ return strings
- That .close() is not called
- No other methods are provided
* That wsgi.errors is used properly:
- .write() and .writelines() is called with a string, except
with python3
- That .close() is not called, and no other methods are provided.
* The response iterator:
- That it is not a string (it should be a list of a single string; a
string will work, but perform horribly).
- That .next() returns a string
- That the iterator is not iterated over until start_response has
been called (that can signal either a server or application
error).
- That .close() is called (doesn't raise exception, only prints to
sys.stderr, because we only know it isn't called when the object
is garbage collected).
"""
import re
import warnings
from webtest.compat import Iterable
header_re = re.compile(r'^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9\-_]*$')
bad_header_value_re = re.compile(r'[\000-\037]')
valid_methods = (
'GET', 'HEAD', 'POST', 'OPTIONS', 'PUT', 'DELETE',
'TRACE', 'PATCH',
)
METADATA_TYPE = (str, bytes)
# PEP-3333 says that environment variables must be "native strings",
# i.e. str(), which however is something *different* in py2 and py3.
SLASH = '/'
def to_string(value):
if not isinstance(value, str):
return value.decode('latin1')
else:
return value
class WSGIWarning(Warning):
"""
Raised in response to WSGI-spec-related warnings
"""
[docs]
def middleware(application, global_conf=None):
"""
When applied between a WSGI server and a WSGI application, this
middleware will check for WSGI compliancy on a number of levels.
This middleware does not modify the request or response in any
way, but will throw an AssertionError if anything seems off
(except for a failure to close the application iterator, which
will be printed to stderr -- there's no way to throw an exception
at that point).
"""
def lint_app(*args, **kw):
assert len(args) == 2, "Two arguments required"
assert not kw, "No keyword arguments allowed"
environ, start_response = args
check_environ(environ)
# We use this to check if the application returns without
# calling start_response:
start_response_started = []
def start_response_wrapper(*args, **kw):
assert len(args) == 2 or len(args) == 3, (
"Invalid number of arguments: %s" % args)
assert not kw, "No keyword arguments allowed"
status = args[0]
headers = args[1]
if len(args) == 3:
exc_info = args[2]
else:
exc_info = None
check_status(status)
check_headers(headers)
check_content_type(status, headers)
check_exc_info(exc_info)
start_response_started.append(None)
return WriteWrapper(start_response(*args))
environ['wsgi.input'] = InputWrapper(environ['wsgi.input'])
environ['wsgi.errors'] = ErrorWrapper(environ['wsgi.errors'])
iterator = application(environ, start_response_wrapper)
if not isinstance(iterator, Iterable):
raise AssertionError(
"The application must return an iterator, if only an empty list"
)
check_iterator(iterator)
return IteratorWrapper(iterator, start_response_started)
return lint_app
class InputWrapper:
def __init__(self, wsgi_input):
self.input = wsgi_input
def read(self, *args):
assert len(args) <= 1
v = self.input.read(*args)
assert type(v) is bytes
return v
def readline(self, *args):
v = self.input.readline(*args)
assert type(v) is bytes
return v
def readlines(self, *args):
assert len(args) <= 1
lines = self.input.readlines(*args)
assert isinstance(lines, list)
for line in lines:
assert type(line) is bytes
return lines
def __iter__(self):
while 1:
line = self.readline()
if not line:
return
yield line
def close(self):
raise AssertionError("input.close() must not be called")
def seek(self, *a, **kw):
return self.input.seek(*a, **kw)
class ErrorWrapper:
def __init__(self, wsgi_errors):
self.errors = wsgi_errors
def write(self, s):
self.errors.write(s)
def flush(self):
self.errors.flush()
def writelines(self, seq):
for line in seq:
self.write(line)
def close(self):
raise AssertionError("errors.close() must not be called")
class WriteWrapper:
def __init__(self, wsgi_writer):
self.writer = wsgi_writer
def __call__(self, s):
assert type(s) is bytes
self.writer(s)
class IteratorWrapper:
def __init__(self, wsgi_iterator, check_start_response):
self.original_iterator = wsgi_iterator
self.iterator = iter(wsgi_iterator)
self.closed = False
self.check_start_response = check_start_response
def __iter__(self):
return self
def next(self):
assert not self.closed, (
"Iterator read after closed")
v = next(self.iterator)
if self.check_start_response is not None:
assert self.check_start_response, (
"The application returns and we started iterating over its"
" body, but start_response has not yet been called")
self.check_start_response = None
assert isinstance(v, bytes), (
"Iterator %r returned a non-%r object: %r"
% (self.iterator, bytes, v))
return v
__next__ = next
def close(self):
self.closed = True
if hasattr(self.original_iterator, 'close'):
self.original_iterator.close()
def __del__(self):
assert self.closed, (
"Iterator garbage collected without being closed")
def check_environ(environ):
if type(environ) is not dict:
raise AssertionError(
"Environment is not of the right type: %r (environment: %r)"
% (type(environ), environ)
)
for key in ['REQUEST_METHOD', 'SERVER_NAME', 'SERVER_PORT',
'wsgi.version', 'wsgi.input', 'wsgi.errors',
'wsgi.multithread', 'wsgi.multiprocess',
'wsgi.run_once']:
if key not in environ:
raise AssertionError("Environment missing required key: %r" % key)
for key in ['HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE', 'HTTP_CONTENT_LENGTH']:
if key in environ:
raise AssertionError(
"Environment should not have the key: %s "
"(use %s instead)" % (key, key[5:])
)
if 'QUERY_STRING' not in environ:
warnings.warn(
'QUERY_STRING is not in the WSGI environment; the cgi '
'module will use sys.argv when this variable is missing, '
'so application errors are more likely',
WSGIWarning)
for key in environ:
if '.' in key:
# Extension, we don't care about its type
continue
if type(environ[key]) not in METADATA_TYPE:
raise AssertionError(
"Environmental variable %s is not a string: %r (value: %r)"
% (key, type(environ[key]), environ[key])
)
if type(environ['wsgi.version']) is not tuple:
raise AssertionError(
"wsgi.version should be a tuple (%r)" % environ['wsgi.version']
)
if environ['wsgi.url_scheme'] not in ('http', 'https'):
raise AssertionError(
"wsgi.url_scheme unknown: %r" % environ['wsgi.url_scheme']
)
check_input(environ['wsgi.input'])
check_errors(environ['wsgi.errors'])
# @@: these need filling out:
if environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] not in valid_methods:
warnings.warn(
"Unknown REQUEST_METHOD: %r" % environ['REQUEST_METHOD'],
WSGIWarning)
if environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME') and not environ['SCRIPT_NAME'].startswith(SLASH):
raise AssertionError(
"SCRIPT_NAME doesn't start with /: %r" % environ['SCRIPT_NAME']
)
if environ.get('PATH_INFO') and not environ['PATH_INFO'].startswith(SLASH):
raise AssertionError(
"PATH_INFO doesn't start with /: %r" % environ['PATH_INFO']
)
if environ.get('CONTENT_LENGTH'):
if int(environ['CONTENT_LENGTH']) < 0:
raise AssertionError(
"Invalid CONTENT_LENGTH: %r" % environ['CONTENT_LENGTH']
)
if not environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME'):
if 'PATH_INFO' not in environ:
raise AssertionError(
"One of SCRIPT_NAME or PATH_INFO are required (PATH_INFO "
"should at least be '/' if SCRIPT_NAME is empty)"
)
if environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME') == SLASH:
raise AssertionError(
"SCRIPT_NAME cannot be '/'; it should instead be '', and "
"PATH_INFO should be '/'"
)
def check_input(wsgi_input):
for attr in ['read', 'readline', 'readlines', '__iter__']:
if not hasattr(wsgi_input, attr):
raise AssertionError(
"wsgi.input (%r) doesn't have the attribute %s"
% (wsgi_input, attr)
)
def check_errors(wsgi_errors):
for attr in ['flush', 'write', 'writelines']:
if not hasattr(wsgi_errors, attr):
raise AssertionError(
"wsgi.errors (%r) doesn't have the attribute %s"
% (wsgi_errors, attr)
)
def check_status(status):
if type(status) not in METADATA_TYPE:
raise AssertionError("Status must be a %s (not %r)" % (METADATA_TYPE, status))
status = to_string(status)
if len(status) <= 5:
raise AssertionError(
"The status string (%r) should be a three-digit "
"integer followed by a single space and a status explanation" % status
)
if not status[:3].isdigit():
raise AssertionError(
"The status string (%r) should start with three digits" % status
)
status_int = int(status[:3])
if status_int < 100:
raise AssertionError(
"The status code must be greater or equal than 100 (got %d)" % status_int
)
if status[3] != ' ':
raise AssertionError(
"The status string (%r) should start with three"
"digits and a space (4th characters is not a space here)" % status
)
def _assert_latin1_str(string, message):
if type(string) is not str:
raise AssertionError(message)
if type(string) is str:
try:
string.encode('latin1')
except UnicodeEncodeError:
raise AssertionError(message)
return string
def check_headers(headers):
if type(headers) is not list:
raise AssertionError(
"Headers (%r) must be of type list: %r" % (headers, type(headers))
)
for item in headers:
if type(item) is not tuple:
raise AssertionError(
"Individual headers (%r) must be of type tuple: %r"
% (item, type(item))
)
assert len(item) == 2
name, value = item
_assert_latin1_str(
name,
"Header names must be latin1 string "
"(not Py2 unicode or Py3 bytes type). "
"%r is not a valid latin1 string" % (name,)
)
if name.lower() == 'status':
raise AssertionError(
"The Status header cannot be used; it conflicts with CGI "
"script, and HTTP status is not given through headers "
"(value: %r)." % value
)
if '\n' in name or ':' in name:
raise AssertionError(
"Header names may not contain ':' or '\\n': %r" % name
)
if not header_re.search(name):
raise AssertionError("Bad header name: %r" % name)
if name.endswith('-') or name.endswith('_'):
raise AssertionError("Names may not end in '-' or '_': %r" % name)
_assert_latin1_str(
value,
"Header values must be latin1 string "
"(not Py2 unicode or Py3 bytes type)."
"%r is not a valid latin1 string" % (value,)
)
if bad_header_value_re.search(value):
raise AssertionError(
"Bad header value: %r (bad char: %r)"
% (value, bad_header_value_re.search(value).group(0))
)
def check_content_type(status, headers):
code = int(status.split(None, 1)[0])
# @@: need one more person to verify this interpretation of RFC 2616
# http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html
NO_MESSAGE_BODY = (201, 204, 304)
NO_MESSAGE_TYPE = (204, 304)
length = None
for name, value in headers:
if name.lower() == 'content-length' and value.isdigit():
length = int(value)
break
for name, value in headers:
if name.lower() == 'content-type':
if code not in NO_MESSAGE_TYPE:
return
elif not length:
warnings.warn(("Content-Type header found in a %s response, "
"which should not return content.") % code,
WSGIWarning)
return
else:
raise AssertionError(
"Content-Type header found in a %s response, "
"which must not return content." % code
)
if code not in NO_MESSAGE_BODY and length is not None and length > 0:
raise AssertionError(
"No Content-Type header found in headers (%s)" % headers
)
def check_exc_info(exc_info):
if exc_info is not None and type(exc_info) is not tuple:
raise AssertionError(
"exc_info (%r) is not a tuple: %r" % (exc_info, type(exc_info))
)
# More exc_info checks?
def check_iterator(iterator):
valid_type = bytes
# Technically a bytes (str for py2.x) is legal, which is why it's a
# really bad idea, because it may cause the response to be returned
# character-by-character
if isinstance(iterator, valid_type):
raise AssertionError(
"You should not return a bytes as your application iterator, "
"instead return a single-item list containing that string."
)
__all__ = ['middleware']
