This document discusses using various kinds of authentication with Requests.
Many web services require authentication, and there are many different types. Below, we outline various forms of authentication available in Requests, from the simple to the complex.
Many web services that require authentication accept HTTP Basic Auth. This is the simplest kind, and Requests supports it straight out of the box.
Making requests with HTTP Basic Auth is very simple:
>>> from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
>>> requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'pass'))
<Response [200]>
In fact, HTTP Basic Auth is so common that Requests provides a handy shorthand for using it:
>>> requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=('user', 'pass'))
<Response [200]>
Providing the credentials in a tuple like this is exactly the same as the
HTTPBasicAuth
example above.
If no authentication method is given with the auth
argument, Requests will
attempt to get the authentication credentials for the URL’s hostname from the
user’s netrc file. The netrc file overrides raw HTTP authentication headers
set with headers=.
If credentials for the hostname are found, the request is sent with HTTP Basic Auth.
Another very popular form of HTTP Authentication is Digest Authentication, and Requests supports this out of the box as well:
>>> from requests.auth import HTTPDigestAuth
>>> url = 'https://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass'
>>> requests.get(url, auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
<Response [200]>
A common form of authentication for several web APIs is OAuth. The requests-oauthlib
library allows Requests users to easily make OAuth 1 authenticated requests:
>>> import requests
>>> from requests_oauthlib import OAuth1
>>> url = 'https://api.twitter.com/1.1/account/verify_credentials.json'
>>> auth = OAuth1('YOUR_APP_KEY', 'YOUR_APP_SECRET',
... 'USER_OAUTH_TOKEN', 'USER_OAUTH_TOKEN_SECRET')
>>> requests.get(url, auth=auth)
<Response [200]>
For more information on how to OAuth flow works, please see the official OAuth website. For examples and documentation on requests-oauthlib, please see the requests_oauthlib repository on GitHub
The requests-oauthlib
library also handles OAuth 2, the authentication mechanism
underpinning OpenID Connect. See the requests-oauthlib OAuth2 documentation for
details of the various OAuth 2 credential management flows:
Requests is designed to allow other forms of authentication to be easily and quickly plugged in. Members of the open-source community frequently write authentication handlers for more complicated or less commonly-used forms of authentication. Some of the best have been brought together under the Requests organization, including:
If you want to use any of these forms of authentication, go straight to their GitHub page and follow the instructions.
If you can’t find a good implementation of the form of authentication you want, you can implement it yourself. Requests makes it easy to add your own forms of authentication.
To do so, subclass AuthBase
and implement the
__call__()
method:
>>> import requests
>>> class MyAuth(requests.auth.AuthBase):
... def __call__(self, r):
... # Implement my authentication
... return r
...
>>> url = 'https://httpbin.org/get'
>>> requests.get(url, auth=MyAuth())
<Response [200]>
When an authentication handler is attached to a request,
it is called during request setup. The __call__
method must therefore do
whatever is required to make the authentication work. Some forms of
authentication will additionally add hooks to provide further functionality.
Further examples can be found under the Requests organization and in the
auth.py
file.