Prufer Sequences¶
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class
sympy.combinatorics.prufer.Prufer[source]¶ The Prufer correspondence is an algorithm that describes the bijection between labeled trees and the Prufer code. A Prufer code of a labeled tree is unique up to isomorphism and has a length of n - 2.
Prufer sequences were first used by Heinz Prufer to give a proof of Cayley’s formula.
References
[R35] http://mathworld.wolfram.com/LabeledTree.html -
static
edges(*runs)[source]¶ Return a list of edges and the number of nodes from the given runs that connect nodes in an integer-labelled tree.
All node numbers will be shifted so that the minimum node is 0. It is not a problem if edges are repeated in the runs; only unique edges are returned. There is no assumption made about what the range of the node labels should be, but all nodes from the smallest through the largest must be present.
Examples
>>> from sympy.combinatorics.prufer import Prufer >>> Prufer.edges([1, 2, 3], [2, 4, 5]) # a T ([[0, 1], [1, 2], [1, 3], [3, 4]], 5)
Duplicate edges are removed:
>>> Prufer.edges([0, 1, 2, 3], [1, 4, 5], [1, 4, 6]) # a K ([[0, 1], [1, 2], [1, 4], [2, 3], [4, 5], [4, 6]], 7)
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next(delta=1)[source]¶ Generates the Prufer sequence that is delta beyond the current one.
See also
prufer_rank,rank,prev,sizeExamples
>>> from sympy.combinatorics.prufer import Prufer >>> a = Prufer([[0, 1], [0, 2], [0, 3]]) >>> b = a.next(1) # == a.next() >>> b.tree_repr [[0, 2], [0, 1], [1, 3]] >>> b.rank 1
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nodes¶ Returns the number of nodes in the tree.
Examples
>>> from sympy.combinatorics.prufer import Prufer >>> Prufer([[0, 3], [1, 3], [2, 3], [3, 4], [4, 5]]).nodes 6 >>> Prufer([1, 0, 0]).nodes 5
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prev(delta=1)[source]¶ Generates the Prufer sequence that is -delta before the current one.
See also
prufer_rank,rank,next,sizeExamples
>>> from sympy.combinatorics.prufer import Prufer >>> a = Prufer([[0, 1], [1, 2], [2, 3], [1, 4]]) >>> a.rank 36 >>> b = a.prev() >>> b Prufer([1, 2, 0]) >>> b.rank 35
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prufer_rank()[source]¶ Computes the rank of a Prufer sequence.
Examples
>>> from sympy.combinatorics.prufer import Prufer >>> a = Prufer([[0, 1], [0, 2], [0, 3]]) >>> a.prufer_rank() 0
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prufer_repr¶ Returns Prufer sequence for the Prufer object.
This sequence is found by removing the highest numbered vertex, recording the node it was attached to, and continuing until only two vertices remain. The Prufer sequence is the list of recorded nodes.
See also
Examples
>>> from sympy.combinatorics.prufer import Prufer >>> Prufer([[0, 3], [1, 3], [2, 3], [3, 4], [4, 5]]).prufer_repr [3, 3, 3, 4] >>> Prufer([1, 0, 0]).prufer_repr [1, 0, 0]
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rank¶ Returns the rank of the Prufer sequence.
See also
prufer_rank,next,prev,sizeExamples
>>> from sympy.combinatorics.prufer import Prufer >>> p = Prufer([[0, 3], [1, 3], [2, 3], [3, 4], [4, 5]]) >>> p.rank 778 >>> p.next(1).rank 779 >>> p.prev().rank 777
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size¶ Return the number of possible trees of this Prufer object.
See also
prufer_rank,rank,next,prevExamples
>>> from sympy.combinatorics.prufer import Prufer >>> Prufer([0]*4).size == Prufer([6]*4).size == 1296 True
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static
to_prufer(tree, n)[source]¶ Return the Prufer sequence for a tree given as a list of edges where
nis the number of nodes in the tree.See also
prufer_repr- returns Prufer sequence of a Prufer object.
Examples
>>> from sympy.combinatorics.prufer import Prufer >>> a = Prufer([[0, 1], [0, 2], [0, 3]]) >>> a.prufer_repr [0, 0] >>> Prufer.to_prufer([[0, 1], [0, 2], [0, 3]], 4) [0, 0]
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static
to_tree(prufer)[source]¶ Return the tree (as a list of edges) of the given Prufer sequence.
See also
tree_repr- returns tree representation of a Prufer object.
References
Examples
>>> from sympy.combinatorics.prufer import Prufer >>> a = Prufer([0, 2], 4) >>> a.tree_repr [[0, 1], [0, 2], [2, 3]] >>> Prufer.to_tree([0, 2]) [[0, 1], [0, 2], [2, 3]]
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tree_repr¶ Returns the tree representation of the Prufer object.
See also
Examples
>>> from sympy.combinatorics.prufer import Prufer >>> Prufer([[0, 3], [1, 3], [2, 3], [3, 4], [4, 5]]).tree_repr [[0, 3], [1, 3], [2, 3], [3, 4], [4, 5]] >>> Prufer([1, 0, 0]).tree_repr [[1, 2], [0, 1], [0, 3], [0, 4]]
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static
