Limits of Sequences

Provides methods to compute limit of terms having sequences at infinity.

sympy.series.limitseq.difference_delta(expr, n=None, step=1)

Difference Operator.

Discrete analog of differential operator. Given a sequence x[n], returns the sequence x[n + step] - x[n].

References

R455

https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/DifferenceDelta.html

Examples

>>> from sympy import difference_delta as dd
>>> from sympy.abc import n
>>> dd(n*(n + 1), n)
2*n + 2
>>> dd(n*(n + 1), n, 2)
4*n + 6

sympy.series.limitseq.dominant(expr, n)

Finds the dominant term in a sum, that is a term that dominates every other term.

If limit(a/b, n, oo) is oo then a dominates b. If limit(a/b, n, oo) is 0 then b dominates a. Otherwise, a and b are comparable.

If there is no unique dominant term, then returns None.

See also

sympy.series.limitseq.dominant

Examples

>>> from sympy import Sum
>>> from sympy.series.limitseq import dominant
>>> from sympy.abc import n, k
>>> dominant(5*n**3 + 4*n**2 + n + 1, n)
5*n**3
>>> dominant(2**n + Sum(k, (k, 0, n)), n)
2**n

sympy.series.limitseq.limit_seq(expr, n=None, trials=5)

Finds limits of terms having sequences at infinity.

Parameters

expr : Expr

SymPy expression for the n-th term of the sequence

n : Symbol

The index of the sequence, an integer that tends to positive infinity.

trials: int, optional

The algorithm is highly recursive. trials is a safeguard from infinite recursion in case the limit is not easily computed by the algorithm. Try increasing trials if the algorithm returns None.

See also

sympy.series.limitseq.dominant

References

R456

Computing Limits of Sequences - Manuel Kauers

Examples

>>> from sympy import limit_seq, Sum, binomial
>>> from sympy.abc import n, k, m
>>> limit_seq((5*n**3 + 3*n**2 + 4) / (3*n**3 + 4*n - 5), n)
5/3
>>> limit_seq(binomial(2*n, n) / Sum(binomial(2*k, k), (k, 1, n)), n)
3/4
>>> limit_seq(Sum(k**2 * Sum(2**m/m, (m, 1, k)), (k, 1, n)) / (2**n*n), n)
4

Admissible Terms

The algorithm is designed for sequences built from rational functions, indefinite sums, and indefinite products over an indeterminate n. Terms of alternating sign are also allowed, but more complex oscillatory behavior is not supported.