Curves

class sympy.geometry.curve.Curve(function, limits)

A curve in space.

A curve is defined by parametric functions for the coordinates, a parameter and the lower and upper bounds for the parameter value.

Parameters

function : list of functions

limits : 3-tuple

Function parameter and lower and upper bounds.

Raises

ValueError

When \(functions\) are specified incorrectly. When \(limits\) are specified incorrectly.

Examples

>>> from sympy import sin, cos, interpolate
>>> from sympy.abc import t, a
>>> from sympy.geometry import Curve
>>> C = Curve((sin(t), cos(t)), (t, 0, 2))
>>> C.functions
(sin(t), cos(t))
>>> C.limits
(t, 0, 2)
>>> C.parameter
t
>>> C = Curve((t, interpolate([1, 4, 9, 16], t)), (t, 0, 1)); C
Curve((t, t**2), (t, 0, 1))
>>> C.subs(t, 4)
Point2D(4, 16)
>>> C.arbitrary_point(a)
Point2D(a, a**2)

See also

sympy.core.function.Function, sympy.polys.polyfuncs.interpolate

Attributes

functions
parameter
limits

property ambient_dimension

The dimension of the curve.

Returns

int :

the dimension of curve.

Examples

>>> from sympy.abc import t
>>> from sympy.geometry import Curve
>>> C = Curve((t, t**2), (t, 0, 2))
>>> C.ambient_dimension
2

arbitrary_point(parameter='t')

A parameterized point on the curve.

Parameters

parameter : str or Symbol, optional

Default value is ‘t’. The Curve’s parameter is selected with None or self.parameter otherwise the provided symbol is used.

Returns

Point :

Returns a point in parametric form.

Raises

ValueError

When \(parameter\) already appears in the functions.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Symbol
>>> from sympy.abc import s
>>> from sympy.geometry import Curve
>>> C = Curve([2*s, s**2], (s, 0, 2))
>>> C.arbitrary_point()
Point2D(2*t, t**2)
>>> C.arbitrary_point(C.parameter)
Point2D(2*s, s**2)
>>> C.arbitrary_point(None)
Point2D(2*s, s**2)
>>> C.arbitrary_point(Symbol('a'))
Point2D(2*a, a**2)

See also

sympy.geometry.point.Point

property free_symbols

Return a set of symbols other than the bound symbols used to parametrically define the Curve.

Returns

set :

Set of all non-parameterized symbols.

Examples

>>> from sympy.abc import t, a
>>> from sympy.geometry import Curve
>>> Curve((t, t**2), (t, 0, 2)).free_symbols
set()
>>> Curve((t, t**2), (t, a, 2)).free_symbols
{a}

property functions

The functions specifying the curve.

Returns

functions :

list of parameterized coordinate functions.

Examples

>>> from sympy.abc import t
>>> from sympy.geometry import Curve
>>> C = Curve((t, t**2), (t, 0, 2))
>>> C.functions
(t, t**2)

See also

parameter

property length

The curve length.

Examples

>>> from sympy.geometry.curve import Curve
>>> from sympy.abc import t
>>> Curve((t, t), (t, 0, 1)).length
sqrt(2)

property limits

The limits for the curve.

Returns

limits : tuple

Contains parameter and lower and upper limits.

Examples

>>> from sympy.abc import t
>>> from sympy.geometry import Curve
>>> C = Curve([t, t**3], (t, -2, 2))
>>> C.limits
(t, -2, 2)

See also

plot_interval

property parameter

The curve function variable.

Returns

Symbol :

returns a bound symbol.

Examples

>>> from sympy.abc import t
>>> from sympy.geometry import Curve
>>> C = Curve([t, t**2], (t, 0, 2))
>>> C.parameter
t

See also

functions

plot_interval(parameter='t')

The plot interval for the default geometric plot of the curve.

Parameters

parameter : str or Symbol, optional

Default value is ‘t’; otherwise the provided symbol is used.

Returns

List :

the plot interval as below:

[parameter, lower_bound, upper_bound]

Examples

>>> from sympy import Curve, sin
>>> from sympy.abc import x, s
>>> Curve((x, sin(x)), (x, 1, 2)).plot_interval()
[t, 1, 2]
>>> Curve((x, sin(x)), (x, 1, 2)).plot_interval(s)
[s, 1, 2]

See also

limits

Returns limits of the parameter interval

rotate(angle=0, pt=None)

This function is used to rotate a curve along given point pt at given angle(in radian).

Parameters

angle :

the angle at which the curve will be rotated(in radian) in counterclockwise direction. default value of angle is 0.

pt : Point

the point along which the curve will be rotated. If no point given, the curve will be rotated around origin.

Returns

Curve :

returns a curve rotated at given angle along given point.

Examples

>>> from sympy.geometry.curve import Curve
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> from sympy import pi
>>> Curve((x, x), (x, 0, 1)).rotate(pi/2)
Curve((-x, x), (x, 0, 1))

scale(x=1, y=1, pt=None)

Override GeometryEntity.scale since Curve is not made up of Points.

Returns

Curve :

returns scaled curve.

Examples

>>> from sympy.geometry.curve import Curve
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> Curve((x, x), (x, 0, 1)).scale(2)
Curve((2*x, x), (x, 0, 1))

translate(x=0, y=0)

Translate the Curve by (x, y).

Returns

Curve :

returns a translated curve.

Examples

>>> from sympy.geometry.curve import Curve
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> Curve((x, x), (x, 0, 1)).translate(1, 2)
Curve((x + 1, x + 2), (x, 0, 1))