Twisted provides a variety of implementations of the twisted.internet.reactor . The specialized
implementations are suited for different purposes and are
designed to integrate better with particular platforms.
The epoll()-based reactor is Twisted’s default on Linux. Other platforms use poll() , or the most cross-platform reactor, select() .
Platform-specific reactor implementations exist for:
The remaining custom reactor implementations provide support for integrating with the native event loops of various graphical toolkits. This lets your Twisted application use all of the usual Twisted APIs while still being a graphical application.
Twisted currently integrates with the following graphical toolkits:
When using applications that are runnable using twistd , e.g.
TACs or plugins, there is no need to choose a reactor explicitly, since
this can be chosen using twistd ‘s -r option.
In all cases, the event loop is started by calling reactor.run() . In all cases, the event loop
should be stopped with reactor.stop() .
IMPORTANT: installing a reactor should be the first thing
done in the app, since any code that does
from twisted.internet import reactor will automatically
install the default reactor if the code hasn’t already installed one.
Status |
TCP |
SSL |
UDP |
Threading |
Processes |
Scheduling |
Platforms |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
select() |
Stable |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Unix, Win32 |
poll |
Stable |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Unix |
WaitForMultipleObjects (WFMO) for Win32 |
Experimental |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Win32 |
Input/Output Completion Port (IOCP) for Win32 |
Experimental |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Win32 |
CoreFoundation |
Unmaintained |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
macOS |
epoll |
Stable |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Linux 2.6 |
GTK+ |
Stable |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Unix, Win32 |
wx |
Experimental |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Unix, Win32 |
kqueue |
Stable |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
FreeBSD |
The select reactor is the default on platforms that don’t
provide a better alternative that covers all use cases. If
the select reactor is desired, it may be installed via:
from twisted.internet import selectreactor
selectreactor.install()
from twisted.internet import reactor
The PollReactor will work on any platform that provides select.poll . With larger numbers of connected
sockets, it may provide for better performance than the SelectReactor.
from twisted.internet import pollreactor
pollreactor.install()
from twisted.internet import reactor
The KQueue Reactor allows Twisted to use FreeBSD’s kqueue mechanism for
event scheduling. See instructions in the twisted.internet.kqreactor ‘s
docstring for installation notes.
from twisted.internet import kqreactor
kqreactor.install()
from twisted.internet import reactor
The Win32 reactor is not yet complete and has various limitations and issues that need to be addressed. The reactor supports GUI integration with the win32gui module, so it can be used for native Win32 GUI applications.
from twisted.internet import win32eventreactor
win32eventreactor.install()
from twisted.internet import reactor
Windows provides a fast, scalable event notification system known as IO Completion Ports, or IOCP for short. Twisted includes a reactor based on IOCP which is nearly complete.
from twisted.internet import iocpreactor
iocpreactor.install()
from twisted.internet import reactor
The EPollReactor will work on any platform that provides
epoll , today only Linux 2.6 and over. The
implementation of the epoll reactor currently uses the Level Triggered
interface, which is basically like poll() but scales much better.
from twisted.internet import epollreactor
epollreactor.install()
from twisted.internet import reactor
Twisted integrates with PyGTK version
2.0 using the gtk2reactor . An example Twisted application that
uses GTK+ can be found
in doc/core/examples/pbgtk2.py .
GTK-2.0 split the event loop out of the GUI toolkit and into a separate
module called “glib” . To run an application using the glib event loop,
use the glib2reactor . This will be slightly faster
than gtk2reactor (and does not require a working X display),
but cannot be used to run GUI applications.
from twisted.internet import gtk2reactor # for gtk-2.0
gtk2reactor.install()
from twisted.internet import reactor
from twisted.internet import glib2reactor # for non-GUI apps
glib2reactor.install()
from twisted.internet import reactor
Twisted integrates with GTK+ 3 and GObject
through PyGObject’s
introspection using the gtk3reactor
and gireactor reactors.
from twisted.internet import gtk3reactor
gtk3reactor.install()
from twisted.internet import reactor
from twisted.internet import gireactor # for non-GUI apps
gireactor.install()
from twisted.internet import reactor
GLib 3.0 introduces the concept of GApplication , a class
that handles application uniqueness in a cross-platform way and provides
its own main loop. Its counterpart GtkApplication also
handles application lifetime with respect to open windows. Twisted
supports registering these objects with the event loop, which should be
done before running the reactor:
from twisted.internet import gtk3reactor
gtk3reactor.install()
from gi.repository import Gtk
app = Gtk.Application(...)
from twisted import reactor
reactor.registerGApplication(app)
reactor.run()
Twisted currently supports two methods of integrating wxPython. Unfortunately, neither method will work on all wxPython platforms (such as GTK2 or Windows). It seems that the only portable way to integrate with wxPython is to run it in a separate thread. One of these methods may be sufficient if your wx app is limited to a single platform.
As with Tkinter , the support for integrating Twisted with a wxPython application uses specialized support code rather than a simple reactor.
from wxPython.wx import *
from twisted.internet import wxsupport, reactor
myWxAppInstance = wxApp(0)
wxsupport.install(myWxAppInstance)
However, this has issues when running on Windows, so Twisted now comes with alternative wxPython support using a reactor. Using this method is probably better. Initialization is done in two stages. In the first, the reactor is installed:
from twisted.internet import wxreactor
wxreactor.install()
from twisted.internet import reactor
Later, once a wxApp instance has
been created, but before reactor.run()
is called:
from twisted.internet import reactor
myWxAppInstance = wxApp(0)
reactor.registerWxApp(myWxAppInstance)
An example Twisted application that uses wxPython can be found
in doc/core/examples/wxdemo.py .
Twisted integrates with PyObjC version 1.0. Sample applications using Cocoa and Twisted
are available in the examples directory under
doc/core/examples/threadedselect/Cocoa .
from twisted.internet import cfreactor
cfreactor.install()
from twisted.internet import reactor
The support for Tkinter doesn’t use a specialized reactor. Instead, there is some specialized support code:
from tkinter import *
from twisted.internet import tksupport, reactor
root = Tk()
# Install the Reactor support
tksupport.install(root)
# at this point build Tk app as usual using the root object,
# and start the program with "reactor.run()", and stop it
# with "reactor.stop()".
As with Tkinter , the support for integrating Twisted with a PyUI application uses specialized support code rather than a simple reactor.
from twisted.internet import pyuisupport, reactor
pyuisupport.install(args=(640, 480), kw={'renderer': 'gl'})
An example Twisted application that uses PyUI can be found in doc/core/examples/pyuidemo.py .