Plaintext
Cheat Sheet: Writing Python 2-3 compatible
code
Copyright (c): 2013-2015 Python Charmers Pty Ltd, Australia.
Author: Ed Schofield.
Licence: Creative Commons Attribution.
A PDF version is here: http://python-future.org/compatible_idioms.pdf (http://python-
future.org/compatible_idioms.pdf)
This notebook shows you idioms for writing future-proof code that is compatible with both versions
of Python: 2 and 3. It accompanies Ed Schofield's talk at PyCon AU 2014, "Writing 2/3 compatible
code". (The video is here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOqk8j11aAI&t=10m14s
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOqk8j11aAI&t=10m14s).)
Minimum versions:
Python 2: 2.6+
Python 3: 3.3+
Setup
The imports below refer to these pip-installable packages on PyPI:
import future # pip install future
import builtins # pip install future
import past # pip install future
import six # pip install six
The following scripts are also pip-installable:
futurize # pip install future
pasteurize # pip install future
See http://python-future.org (http://python-future.org) and https://pythonhosted.org/six/
(https://pythonhosted.org/six/) for more information.
Essential syntax differences
print
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
print 'Hello'
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
print('Hello')
To print multiple strings, import print_function to prevent Py2 from interpreting it as a tuple:
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
print 'Hello', 'Guido'
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
from __future__ import print_function # (at top of module)
print('Hello', 'Guido')
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
print >> sys.stderr, 'Hello'
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
from __future__ import print_function
print('Hello', file=sys.stderr)
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
print 'Hello',
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
from __future__ import print_function
print('Hello', end='')
Raising exceptions
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
raise ValueError, "dodgy value"
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
raise ValueError("dodgy value")
Raising exceptions with a traceback:
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
traceback = sys.exc_info()[2]
raise ValueError, "dodgy value", traceback
In [ ]:
# Python 3 only:
raise ValueError("dodgy value").with_traceback()
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 1
from six import reraise as raise_
# or
from future.utils import raise_
traceback = sys.exc_info()[2]
raise_(ValueError, "dodgy value", traceback)
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 2
from future.utils import raise_with_traceback
raise_with_traceback(ValueError("dodgy value"))
Exception chaining (PEP 3134):
In [3]:
# Setup:
class DatabaseError(Exception):
pass
In [ ]:
# Python 3 only
class FileDatabase:
def __init__(self, filename):
try:
self.file = open(filename)
except IOError as exc:
raise DatabaseError('failed to open') from exc
In [16]:
# Python 2 and 3:
from future.utils import raise_from
class FileDatabase:
def __init__(self, filename):
try:
self.file = open(filename)
except IOError as exc:
raise_from(DatabaseError('failed to open'), exc)
In [17]:
# Testing the above:
try:
fd = FileDatabase('non_existent_file.txt')
except Exception as e:
assert isinstance(e.__cause__, IOError) # FileNotFoundError on Py
3.3+ inherits from IOError
Catching exceptions
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
try:
...
except ValueError, e:
...
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
try:
...
except ValueError as e:
...
Division
Integer division (rounding down):
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
assert 2 / 3 == 0
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
assert 2 // 3 == 0
"True division" (float division):
In [ ]:
# Python 3 only:
assert 3 / 2 == 1.5
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
from __future__ import division # (at top of module)
assert 3 / 2 == 1.5
"Old division" (i.e. compatible with Py2 behaviour):
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
a = b / c # with any types
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
from past.utils import old_div
a = old_div(b, c) # always same as / on Py2
Long integers
Short integers are gone in Python 3 and long has become int (without the trailing L in the repr).
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only
k = 9223372036854775808L
# Python 2 and 3:
k = 9223372036854775808
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only
bigint = 1L
# Python 2 and 3
from builtins import int
bigint = int(1)
To test whether a value is an integer (of any kind):
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
if isinstance(x, (int, long)):
...
# Python 3 only:
if isinstance(x, int):
...
# Python 2 and 3: option 1
from builtins import int # subclass of long on Py2
if isinstance(x, int): # matches both int and long on Py2
...
# Python 2 and 3: option 2
from past.builtins import long
if isinstance(x, (int, long)):
...
Octal constants
In [ ]:
0644 # Python 2 only
In [ ]:
0o644 # Python 2 and 3
Backtick repr
In [ ]:
`x` # Python 2 only
In [ ]:
repr(x) # Python 2 and 3
Metaclasses
In [ ]:
class BaseForm(object):
pass
class FormType(type):
pass
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
class Form(BaseForm):
__metaclass__ = FormType
pass
In [ ]:
# Python 3 only:
class Form(BaseForm, metaclass=FormType):
pass
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
from six import with_metaclass
# or
from future.utils import with_metaclass
class Form(with_metaclass(FormType, BaseForm)):
pass
Strings and bytes
Unicode (text) string literals
If you are upgrading an existing Python 2 codebase, it may be preferable to mark up all string literals
as unicode explicitly with u prefixes:
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only
s1 = 'The Zen of Python'
s2 = u' 方 \n'
# Python 2 and 3
s1 = u'The Zen of Python'
s2 = u' 方 \n'
The futurize and python-modernize tools do not currently offer an option to do this
automatically.
If you are writing code for a new project or new codebase, you can use this idiom to make all string
literals in a module unicode strings:
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3
from __future__ import unicode_literals # at top of module
s1 = 'The Zen of Python'
s2 = ' 方 \n'
See http://python-future.org/unicode_literals.html (http://python-future.org/unicode_literals.html) for
more discussion on which style to use.
Byte-string literals
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only
s = 'This must be a byte-string'
# Python 2 and 3
s = b'This must be a byte-string'
To loop over a byte-string with possible high-bit characters, obtaining each character as a byte-
string of length 1:
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
for bytechar in 'byte-string with high-bit chars like \xf9':
...
# Python 3 only:
for myint in b'byte-string with high-bit chars like \xf9':
bytechar = bytes([myint])
# Python 2 and 3:
from builtins import bytes
for myint in bytes(b'byte-string with high-bit chars like \xf9'):
bytechar = bytes([myint])
As an alternative, chr() and .encode('latin-1') can be used to convert an int into a 1-char
byte string:
In [ ]:
# Python 3 only:
for myint in b'byte-string with high-bit chars like \xf9':
char = chr(myint) # returns a unicode string
bytechar = char.encode('latin-1')
# Python 2 and 3:
from builtins import bytes, chr
for myint in bytes(b'byte-string with high-bit chars like \xf9'):
char = chr(myint) # returns a unicode string
bytechar = char.encode('latin-1') # forces returning a byte str
basestring
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
a = u'abc'
b = 'def'
assert (isinstance(a, basestring) and isinstance(b, basestring))
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 1
from past.builtins import basestring # pip install future
a = u'abc'
b = b'def'
assert (isinstance(a, basestring) and isinstance(b, basestring))
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 2: refactor the code to avoid considering
# byte-strings as strings.
from builtins import str
a = u'abc'
b = b'def'
c = b.decode()
assert isinstance(a, str) and isinstance(c, str)
# ...
unicode
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
templates = [u"blog/blog_post_detail_%s.html" % unicode(slug)]
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 1
from builtins import str
templates = [u"blog/blog_post_detail_%s.html" % str(slug)]
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 2
from builtins import str as text
templates = [u"blog/blog_post_detail_%s.html" % text(slug)]
StringIO
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
from StringIO import StringIO
# or:
from cStringIO import StringIO
# Python 2 and 3:
from io import BytesIO # for handling byte strings
from io import StringIO # for handling unicode strings
Imports relative to a package
Suppose the package is:
mypackage/
__init__.py
submodule1.py
submodule2.py
and the code below is in submodule1.py:
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
import submodule2
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
from . import submodule2
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
# To make Py2 code safer (more like Py3) by preventing
# implicit relative imports, you can also add this to the top:
from __future__ import absolute_import
Dictionaries
In [ ]:
heights = {'Fred': 175, 'Anne': 166, 'Joe': 192}
Iterating through dict keys/values/items
Iterable dict keys:
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
for key in heights.iterkeys():
...
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
for key in heights:
...
Iterable dict values:
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
for value in heights.itervalues():
...
In [ ]:
# Idiomatic Python 3
for value in heights.values(): # extra memory overhead on Py2
...
In [8]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 1
from builtins import dict
heights = dict(Fred=175, Anne=166, Joe=192)
for key in heights.values(): # efficient on Py2 and Py3
...
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 2
from builtins import itervalues
# or
from six import itervalues
for key in itervalues(heights):
...
Iterable dict items:
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
for (key, value) in heights.iteritems():
...
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 1
for (key, value) in heights.items(): # inefficient on Py2
...
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 2
from future.utils import viewitems
for (key, value) in viewitems(heights): # also behaves like a set
...
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 3
from future.utils import iteritems
# or
from six import iteritems
for (key, value) in iteritems(heights):
...
dict keys/values/items as a list
dict keys as a list:
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
keylist = heights.keys()
assert isinstance(keylist, list)
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
keylist = list(heights)
assert isinstance(keylist, list)
dict values as a list:
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
heights = {'Fred': 175, 'Anne': 166, 'Joe': 192}
valuelist = heights.values()
assert isinstance(valuelist, list)
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 1
valuelist = list(heights.values()) # inefficient on Py2
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 2
from builtins import dict
heights = dict(Fred=175, Anne=166, Joe=192)
valuelist = list(heights.values())
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 3
from future.utils import listvalues
valuelist = listvalues(heights)
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 4
from future.utils import itervalues
# or
from six import itervalues
valuelist = list(itervalues(heights))
dict items as a list:
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 1
itemlist = list(heights.items()) # inefficient on Py2
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 2
from future.utils import listitems
itemlist = listitems(heights)
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 3
from future.utils import iteritems
# or
from six import iteritems
itemlist = list(iteritems(heights))
Custom class behaviour
Custom iterators
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only
class Upper(object):
def __init__(self, iterable):
self._iter = iter(iterable)
def next(self): # Py2-style
return self._iter.next().upper()
def __iter__(self):
return self
itr = Upper('hello')
assert itr.next() == 'H' # Py2-style
assert list(itr) == list('ELLO')
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 1
from builtins import object
class Upper(object):
def __init__(self, iterable):
self._iter = iter(iterable)
def __next__(self): # Py3-style iterator interface
return next(self._iter).upper() # builtin next() function calls
def __iter__(self):
return self
itr = Upper('hello')
assert next(itr) == 'H' # compatible style
assert list(itr) == list('ELLO')
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 2
from future.utils import implements_iterator
@implements_iterator
class Upper(object):
def __init__(self, iterable):
self._iter = iter(iterable)
def __next__(self): # Py3-style iterator interface
return next(self._iter).upper() # builtin next() function calls
def __iter__(self):
return self
itr = Upper('hello')
assert next(itr) == 'H'
assert list(itr) == list('ELLO')
Custom __str__ methods
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
class MyClass(object):
def __unicode__(self):
return 'Unicode string: \u5b54\u5b50'
def __str__(self):
return unicode(self).encode('utf-8')
a = MyClass()
print(a) # prints encoded string
In [11]:
# Python 2 and 3:
from future.utils import python_2_unicode_compatible
@python_2_unicode_compatible
class MyClass(object):
def __str__(self):
return u'Unicode string: \u5b54\u5b50'
a = MyClass()
print(a) # prints string encoded as utf-8 on Py2
Unicode string: 孔子
Custom __nonzero__ vs __bool__ method:
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
class AllOrNothing(object):
def __init__(self, l):
self.l = l
def __nonzero__(self):
return all(self.l)
container = AllOrNothing([0, 100, 200])
assert not bool(container)
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
from builtins import object
class AllOrNothing(object):
def __init__(self, l):
self.l = l
def __bool__(self):
return all(self.l)
container = AllOrNothing([0, 100, 200])
assert not bool(container)
Lists versus iterators
xrange
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
for i in xrange(10**8):
...
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: forward-compatible
from builtins import range
for i in range(10**8):
...
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: backward-compatible
from past.builtins import xrange
for i in xrange(10**8):
...
range
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only
mylist = range(5)
assert mylist == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: forward-compatible: option 1
mylist = list(range(5)) # copies memory on Py2
assert mylist == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: forward-compatible: option 2
from builtins import range
mylist = list(range(5))
assert mylist == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 3
from future.utils import lrange
mylist = lrange(5)
assert mylist == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: backward compatible
from past.builtins import range
mylist = range(5)
assert mylist == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
map
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
mynewlist = map(f, myoldlist)
assert mynewlist == [f(x) for x in myoldlist]
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 1
# Idiomatic Py3, but inefficient on Py2
mynewlist = list(map(f, myoldlist))
assert mynewlist == [f(x) for x in myoldlist]
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 2
from builtins import map
mynewlist = list(map(f, myoldlist))
assert mynewlist == [f(x) for x in myoldlist]
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 3
try:
import itertools.imap as map
except ImportError:
pass
mynewlist = list(map(f, myoldlist)) # inefficient on Py2
assert mynewlist == [f(x) for x in myoldlist]
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 4
from future.utils import lmap
mynewlist = lmap(f, myoldlist)
assert mynewlist == [f(x) for x in myoldlist]
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 5
from past.builtins import map
mynewlist = map(f, myoldlist)
assert mynewlist == [f(x) for x in myoldlist]
imap
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
from itertools import imap
myiter = imap(func, myoldlist)
assert isinstance(myiter, iter)
In [ ]:
# Python 3 only:
myiter = map(func, myoldlist)
assert isinstance(myiter, iter)
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 1
from builtins import map
myiter = map(func, myoldlist)
assert isinstance(myiter, iter)
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 2
try:
import itertools.imap as map
except ImportError:
pass
myiter = map(func, myoldlist)
assert isinstance(myiter, iter)
zip, izip
As above with zip and itertools.izip.
filter, ifilter
As above with filter and itertools.ifilter too.
Other builtins
File IO with open()
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only
f = open('myfile.txt')
data = f.read() # as a byte string
text = data.decode('utf-8')
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 1
from io import open
f = open('myfile.txt', 'rb')
data = f.read() # as bytes
text = data.decode('utf-8') # unicode, not bytes
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 2
from io import open
f = open('myfile.txt', encoding='utf-8')
text = f.read() # unicode, not bytes
reduce()
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
assert reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) == 1+2+3+4+5
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
from functools import reduce
assert reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) == 1+2+3+4+5
raw_input()
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
name = raw_input('What is your name? ')
assert isinstance(name, str) # native str
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
from builtins import input
name = input('What is your name? ')
assert isinstance(name, str) # native str on Py2 and Py3
input()
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
input("Type something safe please: ")
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3
from builtins import input
eval(input("Type something safe please: "))
Warning: using either of these is unsafe with untrusted input.
file()
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
f = file(pathname)
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
f = open(pathname)
# But preferably, use this:
from io import open
f = open(pathname, 'rb') # if f.read() should return bytes
# or
f = open(pathname, 'rt') # if f.read() should return unicode text
execfile()
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
execfile('myfile.py')
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 1
from past.builtins import execfile
execfile('myfile.py')
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 2
exec(compile(open('myfile.py').read()))
# This can sometimes cause this:
# SyntaxError: function ... uses import * and bare exec ...
# See https://github.com/PythonCharmers/python-future/issues/37
unichr()
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
assert unichr(8364) == '€'
In [ ]:
# Python 3 only:
assert chr(8364) == '€'
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
from builtins import chr
assert chr(8364) == '€'
intern()
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
intern('mystring')
In [ ]:
# Python 3 only:
from sys import intern
intern('mystring')
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 1
from past.builtins import intern
intern('mystring')
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 2
from six.moves import intern
intern('mystring')
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 3
from future.standard_library import install_aliases
install_aliases()
from sys import intern
intern('mystring')
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 2
try:
from sys import intern
except ImportError:
pass
intern('mystring')
apply()
In [ ]:
args = ('a', 'b')
kwargs = {'kwarg1': True}
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
apply(f, args, kwargs)
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 1
f(*args, **kwargs)
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 2
from past.builtins import apply
apply(f, args, kwargs)
chr()
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
assert chr(64) == b'@'
assert chr(200) == b'\xc8'
In [ ]:
# Python 3 only: option 1
assert chr(64).encode('latin-1') == b'@'
assert chr(0xc8).encode('latin-1') == b'\xc8'
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 1
from builtins import chr
assert chr(64).encode('latin-1') == b'@'
assert chr(0xc8).encode('latin-1') == b'\xc8'
In [ ]:
# Python 3 only: option 2
assert bytes([64]) == b'@'
assert bytes([0xc8]) == b'\xc8'
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: option 2
from builtins import bytes
assert bytes([64]) == b'@'
assert bytes([0xc8]) == b'\xc8'
cmp()
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
assert cmp('a', 'b') < 0 and cmp('b', 'a') > 0 and cmp('c', 'c') == 0
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 1
from past.builtins import cmp
assert cmp('a', 'b') < 0 and cmp('b', 'a') > 0 and cmp('c', 'c') == 0
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 2
cmp = lambda(x, y): (x > y) - (x < y)
assert cmp('a', 'b') < 0 and cmp('b', 'a') > 0 and cmp('c', 'c') == 0
reload()
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
reload(mymodule)
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3
from imp import reload
reload(mymodule)
Standard library
dbm modules
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only
import anydbm
import whichdb
import dbm
import dumbdbm
import gdbm
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 1
from future import standard_library
standard_library.install_aliases()
import dbm
import dbm.ndbm
import dbm.dumb
import dbm.gnu
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 2
from future.moves import dbm
from future.moves.dbm import dumb
from future.moves.dbm import ndbm
from future.moves.dbm import gnu
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 3
from six.moves import dbm_gnu
# (others not supported)
commands / subprocess modules
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only
from commands import getoutput, getstatusoutput
# Python 2 and 3
from future import standard_library
standard_library.install_aliases()
from subprocess import getoutput, getstatusoutput
subprocess.check_output()
In [ ]:
# Python 2.7 and above
from subprocess import check_output
# Python 2.6 and above: alternative 1
from future.moves.subprocess import check_output
# Python 2.6 and above: alternative 2
from future import standard_library
standard_library.install_aliases()
from subprocess import check_output
collections: Counter, OrderedDict, ChainMap
In [6]:
# Python 2.7 and above
from collections import Counter, OrderedDict, ChainMap
# Python 2.6 and above: alternative 1
from future.backports import Counter, OrderedDict, ChainMap
# Python 2.6 and above: alternative 2
from future import standard_library
standard_library.install_aliases()
from collections import Counter, OrderedDict, ChainMap
StringIO module
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only
from StringIO import StringIO
from cStringIO import StringIO
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3
from io import BytesIO
# and refactor StringIO() calls to BytesIO() if passing byte-strings
http module
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
import httplib
import Cookie
import cookielib
import BaseHTTPServer
import SimpleHTTPServer
import CGIHttpServer
# Python 2 and 3 (after ``pip install future``):
import http.client
import http.cookies
import http.cookiejar
import http.server
xmlrpc module
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
import DocXMLRPCServer
import SimpleXMLRPCServer
# Python 2 and 3 (after ``pip install future``):
import xmlrpc.server
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
import xmlrpclib
# Python 2 and 3 (after ``pip install future``):
import xmlrpc.client
html escaping and entities
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3:
from cgi import escape
# Safer (Python 2 and 3, after ``pip install future``):
from html import escape
# Python 2 only:
from htmlentitydefs import codepoint2name, entitydefs, name2codepoint
# Python 2 and 3 (after ``pip install future``):
from html.entities import codepoint2name, entitydefs, name2codepoint
html parsing
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
from HTMLParser import HTMLParser
# Python 2 and 3 (after ``pip install future``)
from html.parser import HTMLParser
# Python 2 and 3 (alternative 2):
from future.moves.html.parser import HTMLParser
urllib module
urllib is the hardest module to use from Python 2/3 compatible code. You may like to use
Requests (http://python-requests.org (http://python-requests.org)) instead.
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
from urlparse import urlparse
from urllib import urlencode
from urllib2 import urlopen, Request, HTTPError
In [2]:
# Python 3 only:
from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlencode
from urllib.request import urlopen, Request
from urllib.error import HTTPError
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: easiest option
from future.standard_library import install_aliases
install_aliases()
from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlencode
from urllib.request import urlopen, Request
from urllib.error import HTTPError
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 2
from future.standard_library import hooks
with hooks():
from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlencode
from urllib.request import urlopen, Request
from urllib.error import HTTPError
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 3
from future.moves.urllib.parse import urlparse, urlencode
from future.moves.urllib.request import urlopen, Request
from future.moves.urllib.error import HTTPError
# or
from six.moves.urllib.parse import urlparse, urlencode
from six.moves.urllib.request import urlopen
from six.moves.urllib.error import HTTPError
In [ ]:
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 4
try:
from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlencode
from urllib.request import urlopen, Request
from urllib.error import HTTPError
except ImportError:
from urlparse import urlparse
from urllib import urlencode
from urllib2 import urlopen, Request, HTTPError
Tkinter
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
import Tkinter
import Dialog
import FileDialog
import ScrolledText
import SimpleDialog
import Tix
import Tkconstants
import Tkdnd
import tkColorChooser
import tkCommonDialog
import tkFileDialog
import tkFont
import tkMessageBox
import tkSimpleDialog
# Python 2 and 3 (after ``pip install future``):
import tkinter
import tkinter.dialog
import tkinter.filedialog
import tkinter.scolledtext
import tkinter.simpledialog
import tkinter.tix
import tkinter.constants
import tkinter.dnd
import tkinter.colorchooser
import tkinter.commondialog
import tkinter.filedialog
import tkinter.font
import tkinter.messagebox
import tkinter.simpledialog
import tkinter.ttk
socketserver
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
import SocketServer
# Python 2 and 3 (after ``pip install future``):
import socketserver
copy_reg, copyreg
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
import copy_reg
# Python 2 and 3 (after ``pip install future``):
import copyreg
configparser
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
from ConfigParser import ConfigParser
# Python 2 and 3 (after ``pip install future``):
from configparser import ConfigParser
queue
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
from Queue import Queue, heapq, deque
# Python 2 and 3 (after ``pip install future``):
from queue import Queue, heapq, deque
repr, reprlib
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
from repr import aRepr, repr
# Python 2 and 3 (after ``pip install future``):
from reprlib import aRepr, repr
UserDict, UserList, UserString
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
from UserDict import UserDict
from UserList import UserList
from UserString import UserString
# Python 3 only:
from collections import UserDict, UserList, UserString
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 1
from future.moves.collections import UserDict, UserList, UserString
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 2
from six.moves import UserDict, UserList, UserString
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 3
from future.standard_library import install_aliases
install_aliases()
from collections import UserDict, UserList, UserString
itertools: filterfalse, zip_longest
In [ ]:
# Python 2 only:
from itertools import ifilterfalse, izip_longest
# Python 3 only:
from itertools import filterfalse, zip_longest
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 1
from future.moves.itertools import filterfalse, zip_longest
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 2
from six.moves import filterfalse, zip_longest
# Python 2 and 3: alternative 3
from future.standard_library import install_aliases
install_aliases()
from itertools import filterfalse, zip_longest