| gen_tcp(3erl) | Erlang Module Definition | gen_tcp(3erl) |
gen_tcp - Interface to TCP/IP sockets.
This module provides functions for communicating with sockets using the TCP/IP protocol.
The following code fragment is a simple example of a client connecting to a server at port 5678, transferring a binary, and closing the connection:
client() ->
SomeHostInNet = "localhost", % to make it runnable on one machine
{ok, Sock} = gen_tcp:connect(SomeHostInNet, 5678,
[binary, {packet, 0}]),
ok = gen_tcp:send(Sock, "Some Data"),
ok = gen_tcp:close(Sock).
At the other end, a server is listening on port 5678, accepts the connection, and receives the binary:
server() ->
{ok, LSock} = gen_tcp:listen(5678, [binary, {packet, 0},
{active, false}]),
{ok, Sock} = gen_tcp:accept(LSock),
{ok, Bin} = do_recv(Sock, []),
ok = gen_tcp:close(Sock),
ok = gen_tcp:close(LSock),
Bin. do_recv(Sock, Bs) ->
case gen_tcp:recv(Sock, 0) of
{ok, B} ->
do_recv(Sock, [Bs, B]);
{error, closed} ->
{ok, list_to_binary(Bs)}
end.
For more examples, see section Examples.
option() =
{active, true | false | once | -32768..32767} |
{buffer, integer() >= 0} |
{delay_send, boolean()} |
{deliver, port | term} |
{dontroute, boolean()} |
{exit_on_close, boolean()} |
{header, integer() >= 0} |
{high_msgq_watermark, integer() >= 1} |
{high_watermark, integer() >= 0} |
{keepalive, boolean()} |
{linger, {boolean(), integer() >= 0}} |
{low_msgq_watermark, integer() >= 1} |
{low_watermark, integer() >= 0} |
{mode, list | binary} |
list |
binary |
{nodelay, boolean()} |
{packet,
0 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
raw |
sunrm |
asn1 |
cdr |
fcgi |
line |
tpkt |
http |
httph |
http_bin |
httph_bin} |
{packet_size, integer() >= 0} |
{priority, integer() >= 0} |
{raw,
Protocol :: integer() >= 0,
OptionNum :: integer() >= 0,
ValueBin :: binary()} |
{recbuf, integer() >= 0} |
{reuseaddr, boolean()} |
{send_timeout, integer() >= 0 | infinity} |
{send_timeout_close, boolean()} |
{show_econnreset, boolean()} |
{sndbuf, integer() >= 0} |
{tos, integer() >= 0} |
{tclass, integer() >= 0} |
{ttl, integer() >= 0} |
{recvtos, boolean()} |
{recvtclass, boolean()} |
{recvttl, boolean()} |
{ipv6_v6only, boolean()}
pktoptions_value() = {pktoptions, inet:ancillary_data()}
If the platform implements the IPv4 option IP_PKTOPTIONS, or the IPv6 option IPV6_PKTOPTIONS or IPV6_2292PKTOPTIONS for the socket this value is returned from inet:getopts/2 when called with the option name pktoptions.
option_name() =
active |
buffer |
delay_send |
deliver |
dontroute |
exit_on_close |
header |
high_msgq_watermark |
high_watermark |
keepalive |
linger |
low_msgq_watermark |
low_watermark |
mode |
nodelay |
packet |
packet_size |
pktoptions |
priority |
{raw,
Protocol :: integer() >= 0,
OptionNum :: integer() >= 0,
ValueSpec ::
(ValueSize :: integer() >= 0) | (ValueBin :: binary())} |
recbuf |
reuseaddr |
send_timeout |
send_timeout_close |
show_econnreset |
sndbuf |
tos |
tclass |
ttl |
recvtos |
recvtclass |
recvttl |
pktoptions |
ipv6_v6only
connect_option() =
{ip, inet:socket_address()} |
{fd, Fd :: integer() >= 0} |
{ifaddr, inet:socket_address()} |
inet:address_family() |
{port, inet:port_number()} |
{tcp_module, module()} |
{netns, file:filename_all()} |
{bind_to_device, binary()} |
option()
listen_option() =
{ip, inet:socket_address()} |
{fd, Fd :: integer() >= 0} |
{ifaddr, inet:socket_address()} |
inet:address_family() |
{port, inet:port_number()} |
{backlog, B :: integer() >= 0} |
{tcp_module, module()} |
{netns, file:filename_all()} |
{bind_to_device, binary()} |
option()
socket()
As returned by accept/1,2 and connect/3,4.
accept(ListenSocket) -> {ok, Socket} | {error, Reason}
accept(ListenSocket, Timeout) -> {ok, Socket} | {error, Reason}
Types:
Accepts an incoming connection request on a listening socket. Socket must be a socket returned from listen/2. Timeout specifies a time-out value in milliseconds. Defaults to infinity.
Returns:
Packets can be sent to the returned socket Socket using send/2. Packets sent from the peer are delivered as messages (unless {active, false} is specified in the option list for the listening socket, in which case packets are retrieved by calling recv/2):
{tcp, Socket, Data}
close(Socket) -> ok
Types:
Closes a TCP socket.
Note that in most implementations of TCP, doing a close does not guarantee that any data sent is delivered to the recipient before the close is detected at the remote side. If you want to guarantee delivery of the data to the recipient there are two common ways to achieve this.
connect(Address, Port, Options) -> {ok, Socket} | {error, Reason}
connect(Address, Port, Options, Timeout) ->
{ok, Socket} | {error, Reason}
Types:
Connects to a server on TCP port Port on the host with IP address Address. Argument Address can be a hostname or an IP address.
The following options are available:
Packets can be sent to the returned socket Socket using send/2. Packets sent from the peer are delivered as messages:
{tcp, Socket, Data}
If the socket is in {active, N} mode (see inet:setopts/2 for details) and its message counter drops to 0, the following message is delivered to indicate that the socket has transitioned to passive ({active, false}) mode:
{tcp_passive, Socket}
If the socket is closed, the following message is delivered:
{tcp_closed, Socket}
If an error occurs on the socket, the following message is delivered (unless {active, false} is specified in the option list for the socket, in which case packets are retrieved by calling recv/2):
{tcp_error, Socket, Reason}
The optional Timeout parameter specifies a time-out in milliseconds. Defaults to infinity.
controlling_process(Socket, Pid) -> ok | {error, Reason}
Types:
Assigns a new controlling process Pid to Socket. The controlling process is the process that receives messages from the socket. If called by any other process than the current controlling process, {error, not_owner} is returned. If the process identified by Pid is not an existing local pid, {error, badarg} is returned. {error, badarg} may also be returned in some cases when Socket is closed during the execution of this function.
If the socket is set in active mode, this function will transfer any messages in the mailbox of the caller to the new controlling process. If any other process is interacting with the socket while the transfer is happening, the transfer may not work correctly and messages may remain in the caller's mailbox. For instance changing the sockets active mode before the transfere is complete may cause this.
listen(Port, Options) -> {ok, ListenSocket} | {error, Reason}
Types:
Sets up a socket to listen on port Port on the local host.
If Port == 0, the underlying OS assigns an available port number, use inet:port/1 to retrieve it.
The following options are available:
The returned socket ListenSocket should be used in calls to accept/1,2 to accept incoming connection requests.
recv(Socket, Length) -> {ok, Packet} | {error, Reason}
recv(Socket, Length, Timeout) -> {ok, Packet} | {error, Reason}
Types:
Receives a packet from a socket in passive mode. A closed socket is indicated by return value {error, closed}.
Argument Length is only meaningful when the socket is in raw mode and denotes the number of bytes to read. If Length is 0, all available bytes are returned. If Length > 0, exactly Length bytes are returned, or an error; possibly discarding less than Length bytes of data when the socket is closed from the other side.
The optional Timeout parameter specifies a time-out in milliseconds. Defaults to infinity.
send(Socket, Packet) -> ok | {error, Reason}
Types:
Sends a packet on a socket.
There is no send call with a time-out option, use socket option send_timeout if time-outs are desired. See section Examples.
shutdown(Socket, How) -> ok | {error, Reason}
Types:
Closes a socket in one or two directions.
How == write means closing the socket for writing, reading from it is still possible.
If How == read or there is no outgoing data buffered in the Socket port, the socket is shut down immediately and any error encountered is returned in Reason.
If there is data buffered in the socket port, the attempt to shutdown the socket is postponed until that data is written to the kernel socket send buffer. If any errors are encountered, the socket is closed and {error, closed} is returned on the next recv/2 or send/2.
Option {exit_on_close, false} is useful if the peer has done a shutdown on the write side.
The following example illustrates use of option {active,once} and multiple accepts by implementing a server as a number of worker processes doing accept on a single listening socket. Function start/2 takes the number of worker processes and the port number on which to listen for incoming connections. If LPort is specified as 0, an ephemeral port number is used, which is why the start function returns the actual port number allocated:
start(Num,LPort) ->
case gen_tcp:listen(LPort,[{active, false},{packet,2}]) of
{ok, ListenSock} ->
start_servers(Num,ListenSock),
{ok, Port} = inet:port(ListenSock),
Port;
{error,Reason} ->
{error,Reason}
end. start_servers(0,_) ->
ok; start_servers(Num,LS) ->
spawn(?MODULE,server,[LS]),
start_servers(Num-1,LS). server(LS) ->
case gen_tcp:accept(LS) of
{ok,S} ->
loop(S),
server(LS);
Other ->
io:format("accept returned ~w - goodbye!~n",[Other]),
ok
end. loop(S) ->
inet:setopts(S,[{active,once}]),
receive
{tcp,S,Data} ->
Answer = process(Data), % Not implemented in this example
gen_tcp:send(S,Answer),
loop(S);
{tcp_closed,S} ->
io:format("Socket ~w closed [~w]~n",[S,self()]),
ok
end.
Example of a simple client:
client(PortNo,Message) ->
{ok,Sock} = gen_tcp:connect("localhost",PortNo,[{active,false},
{packet,2}]),
gen_tcp:send(Sock,Message),
A = gen_tcp:recv(Sock,0),
gen_tcp:close(Sock),
A.
The send call does not accept a time-out option because time-outs on send is handled through socket option send_timeout. The behavior of a send operation with no receiver is mainly defined by the underlying TCP stack and the network infrastructure. To write code that handles a hanging receiver that can eventually cause the sender to hang on a send do like the following.
Consider a process that receives data from a client process to be forwarded to a server on the network. The process is connected to the server through TCP/IP and does not get any acknowledge for each message it sends, but has to rely on the send time-out option to detect that the other end is unresponsive. Option send_timeout can be used when connecting:
...
{ok,Sock} = gen_tcp:connect(HostAddress, Port,
[{active,false},
{send_timeout, 5000},
{packet,2}]),
loop(Sock), % See below
...
In the loop where requests are handled, send time-outs can now be detected:
loop(Sock) ->
receive
{Client, send_data, Binary} ->
case gen_tcp:send(Sock,[Binary]) of
{error, timeout} ->
io:format("Send timeout, closing!~n",
[]),
handle_send_timeout(), % Not implemented here
Client ! {self(),{error_sending, timeout}},
%% Usually, it's a good idea to give up in case of a
%% send timeout, as you never know how much actually
%% reached the server, maybe only a packet header?!
gen_tcp:close(Sock);
{error, OtherSendError} ->
io:format("Some other error on socket (~p), closing",
[OtherSendError]),
Client ! {self(),{error_sending, OtherSendError}},
gen_tcp:close(Sock);
ok ->
Client ! {self(), data_sent},
loop(Sock)
end
end.
Usually it suffices to detect time-outs on receive, as most protocols include some sort of acknowledgment from the server, but if the protocol is strictly one way, option send_timeout comes in handy.
| kernel 6.2 | Ericsson AB |