List the virtual machines available

 virt-builder --list

will list out the operating systems available to install. A selection of freely redistributable OSes is available as standard. You can add your own too (see below).

After choosing a guest from the list, you may want to see if there are any installation notes:

 virt-builder --notes fedora-27

Build a virtual machine

 virt-builder fedora-27

will build a Fedora 25 image for the same architecture as virt-builder (so running it from an i686 installation will try to build an i686 image, if available). This will have all default configuration (minimal size, no user accounts, random root password, only the bare minimum installed software, etc.).

You do not need to run this command as root.

The first time this runs it has to download the template over the network, but this gets cached (see "CACHING").

The name of the output file is derived from the template name, so above it will be fedora-27.img. You can change the output filename using the -o option:

 virt-builder fedora-27 -o mydisk.img

You can also use the -o option to write to existing devices or logical volumes.

 virt-builder fedora-27 --format qcow2

As above, but write the output in qcow2 format to fedora-27.qcow2.

 virt-builder fedora-27 --size 20G

As above, but the output size will be 20 GB. The guest OS is resized as it is copied to the output (automatically, using virt-resize(1)).

 virt-builder fedora-27 --arch i686

As above, but using an i686 template, if available.

Setting the root password

 virt-builder fedora-27 --root-password file:/tmp/rootpw

Create a Fedora 25 image. The root password is taken from the file /tmp/rootpw.

Note if you don’t set --root-password then the guest is given a random root password which is printed on stdout.

You can also create user accounts. See "USERS AND PASSWORDS" below.

Set the hostname

 virt-builder fedora-27 --hostname virt.example.com

Set the hostname to "virt.example.com".

Installing software

To install packages from the ordinary (guest) software repository (eg. dnf or apt):

 virt-builder fedora-27 --install "inkscape,@Xfce Desktop"

(In Fedora, "@" is used to install groups of packages. On Debian you would install a meta-package instead.)

To update the installed packages to the latest version:

 virt-builder debian-7 --update

For guests which use SELinux, like Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux, you may need to do SELinux relabelling after installing or updating packages (see "SELINUX" below):

 virt-builder fedora-27 --update --selinux-relabel

Customizing the installation

There are many options that let you customize the installation. These include: --run/--run-command, which run a shell script or command while the disk image is being generated and lets you add or edit files that go into the disk image. --firstboot/--firstboot-command, which let you add scripts/commands that are run the first time the guest boots. --edit to edit files. --upload to upload files.

例:

 cat <<'EOF' > /tmp/dnf-update.sh
 dnf -y --best update
 EOF
 
 virt-builder fedora-27 --firstboot /tmp/dnf-update.sh

or simply:

 virt-builder fedora-27 --firstboot-command 'dnf -y --best update'

which makes the dnf(8) "update" command run once the first time the guest boots.

Or:

 virt-builder fedora-27 \
   --edit '/etc/dnf/dnf.conf:
             s/gpgcheck=1/gpgcheck=0/'

which edits /etc/dnf/dnf.conf inside the disk image (during disk image creation, long before boot).

You can combine these options, and have multiple options of all types.

Customization options

--append-line FILE:LINE

Append a single line of text to the "FILE". If the file does not already end with a newline, then one is added before the appended line. Also a newline is added to the end of the "LINE" string automatically.

For example (assuming ordinary shell quoting) this command:

 --append-line '/etc/hosts:10.0.0.1 foo'
    

will add either "10.0.0.1 foo⏎" or "⏎10.0.0.1 foo⏎" to the file, the latter only if the existing file does not already end with a newline.

"⏎" represents a newline character, which is guessed by looking at the existing content of the file, so this command does the right thing for files using Unix or Windows line endings. It also works for empty or non-existent files.

To insert several lines, use the same option several times:

 --append-line '/etc/hosts:10.0.0.1 foo'
 --append-line '/etc/hosts:10.0.0.2 bar'
    

To insert a blank line before the appended line, do:

 --append-line '/etc/hosts:'
 --append-line '/etc/hosts:10.0.0.1 foo'
    

--chmod PERMISSIONS:FILE

Change the permissions of "FILE" to "PERMISSIONS".

Note: "PERMISSIONS" by default would be decimal, unless you prefix it with 0 to get octal, ie. use 0700 not 700.

--commands-from-file FILENAME

Read the customize commands from a file, one (and its arguments) each line.

Each line contains a single customization command and its arguments, for example:

 delete /some/file
 install some-package
 password some-user:password:its-new-password
    

Empty lines are ignored, and lines starting with "#" are comments and are ignored as well. Furthermore, arguments can be spread across multiple lines, by adding a "\" (continuation character) at the of a line, for example

 edit /some/file:\
   s/^OPT=.*/OPT=ok/
    

The commands are handled in the same order as they are in the file, as if they were specified as --delete /some/file on the command line.

--copy SOURCE:DEST

Copy files or directories recursively inside the guest.

Wildcards cannot be used.

--copy-in LOCALPATH:REMOTEDIR

Copy local files or directories recursively into the disk image, placing them in the directory "REMOTEDIR" (which must exist).

Wildcards cannot be used.

--delete PATH

Delete a file from the guest. Or delete a directory (and all its contents, recursively).

You can use shell glob characters in the specified path. Be careful to escape glob characters from the host shell, if that is required. For example:

 virt-customize --delete '/var/log/*.log'.
    

See also: --upload, --scrub.

--edit FILE:EXPR

Edit "FILE" using the Perl expression "EXPR".

表現がシェルにより変更されるのを防ぐために、適切に引用符でくくるよう注意してください。

このオプションは Perl 5 がインストールされているときのみ利用可能であることに注意してください。

See "NON-INTERACTIVE EDITING" in virt-edit(1).

--firstboot SCRIPT

Install "SCRIPT" inside the guest, so that when the guest first boots up, the script runs (as root, late in the boot process).

The script is automatically chmod +x after installation in the guest.

The alternative version --firstboot-command is the same, but it conveniently wraps the command up in a single line script for you.

You can have multiple --firstboot options. They run in the same order that they appear on the command line.

Please take a look at "FIRST BOOT SCRIPTS" for more information and caveats about the first boot scripts.

See also --run.

--firstboot-command 'CMD+ARGS'

Run command (and arguments) inside the guest when the guest first boots up (as root, late in the boot process).

You can have multiple --firstboot options. They run in the same order that they appear on the command line.

Please take a look at "FIRST BOOT SCRIPTS" for more information and caveats about the first boot scripts.

See also --run.

--firstboot-install PKG,PKG..

Install the named packages (a comma-separated list). These are installed when the guest first boots using the guest’s package manager (eg. apt, yum, etc.) and the guest’s network connection.

For an overview on the different ways to install packages, see "INSTALLING PACKAGES".

--hostname HOSTNAME

Set the hostname of the guest to "HOSTNAME". You can use a dotted hostname.domainname (FQDN) if you want.

--install PKG,PKG..

Install the named packages (a comma-separated list). These are installed during the image build using the guest’s package manager (eg. apt, yum, etc.) and the host’s network connection.

For an overview on the different ways to install packages, see "INSTALLING PACKAGES".

See also --update, --uninstall.

--link TARGET:LINK[:LINK..]

Create symbolic link(s) in the guest, starting at "LINK" and pointing at "TARGET".

--mkdir DIR

Create a directory in the guest.

This uses "mkdir -p" so any intermediate directories are created, and it also works if the directory already exists.

--move SOURCE:DEST

Move files or directories inside the guest.

Wildcards cannot be used.

--no-logfile

Scrub "builder.log" (log file from build commands) from the image after building is complete. If you don't want to reveal precisely how the image was built, use this option.

See also: "LOG FILE".

--password USER:SELECTOR

Set the password for "USER". (Note this option does not create the user account).

See "USERS AND PASSWORDS" for the format of the "SELECTOR" field, and also how to set up user accounts.

--password-crypto md5|sha256|sha512

When the virt tools change or set a password in the guest, this option sets the password encryption of that password to "md5", "sha256" or "sha512".

"sha256" and "sha512" require glibc ≥ 2.7 (check crypt(3) inside the guest).

"md5" will work with relatively old Linux guests (eg. RHEL 3), but is not secure against modern attacks.

The default is "sha512" unless libguestfs detects an old guest that didn't have support for SHA-512, in which case it will use "md5". You can override libguestfs by specifying this option.

Note this does not change the default password encryption used by the guest when you create new user accounts inside the guest. If you want to do that, then you should use the --edit option to modify "/etc/sysconfig/authconfig" (Fedora, RHEL) or "/etc/pam.d/common-password" (Debian, Ubuntu).

--root-password SELECTOR

Set the root password.

See "USERS AND PASSWORDS" for the format of the "SELECTOR" field, and also how to set up user accounts.

Note: In virt-builder, if you don't set --root-password then the guest is given a random root password.

--run SCRIPT

Run the shell script (or any program) called "SCRIPT" on the disk image. The script runs virtualized inside a small appliance, chrooted into the guest filesystem.

The script is automatically chmod +x.

If libguestfs supports it then a limited network connection is available but it only allows outgoing network connections. You can also attach data disks (eg. ISO files) as another way to provide data (eg. software packages) to the script without needing a network connection (--attach). You can also upload data files (--upload).

You can have multiple --run options. They run in the same order that they appear on the command line.

See also: --firstboot, --attach, --upload.

--run-command 'CMD+ARGS'

Run the command and arguments on the disk image. The command runs virtualized inside a small appliance, chrooted into the guest filesystem.

If libguestfs supports it then a limited network connection is available but it only allows outgoing network connections. You can also attach data disks (eg. ISO files) as another way to provide data (eg. software packages) to the script without needing a network connection (--attach). You can also upload data files (--upload).

You can have multiple --run-command options. They run in the same order that they appear on the command line.

See also: --firstboot, --attach, --upload.

--scrub FILE

Scrub a file from the guest. This is like --delete except that:

--selinux-relabel

Relabel files in the guest so that they have the correct SELinux label.

This will attempt to relabel files immediately, but if the operation fails this will instead touch /.autorelabel on the image to schedule a relabel operation for the next time the image boots.

You should only use this option for guests which support SELinux.

--sm-attach SELECTOR

Attach to a pool using "subscription-manager".

See "SUBSCRIPTION-MANAGER" for the format of the "SELECTOR" field.

--sm-credentials SELECTOR

Set the credentials for "subscription-manager".

See "SUBSCRIPTION-MANAGER" for the format of the "SELECTOR" field.

--sm-register

Register the guest using "subscription-manager".

This requires credentials being set using --sm-credentials.

--sm-remove

Remove all the subscriptions from the guest using "subscription-manager".

--sm-unregister

Unregister the guest using "subscription-manager".

--ssh-inject USER[:SELECTOR]

Inject an ssh key so the given "USER" will be able to log in over ssh without supplying a password. The "USER" must exist already in the guest.

See "SSH KEYS" for the format of the "SELECTOR" field.

You can have multiple --ssh-inject options, for different users and also for more keys for each user.

--timezone TIMEZONE

Set the default timezone of the guest to "TIMEZONE". Use a location string like "Europe/London"

--touch FILE

This command performs a touch(1)-like operation on "FILE".

--truncate FILE

This command truncates "FILE" to a zero-length file. The file must exist already.

--truncate-recursive PATH

This command recursively truncates all files under "PATH" to zero-length.

--uninstall PKG,PKG..

Uninstall the named packages (a comma-separated list). These are removed during the image build using the guest’s package manager (eg. apt, yum, etc.). Dependent packages may also need to be uninstalled to satisfy the request.

See also --install, --update.

--update

Do the equivalent of "yum update", "apt-get upgrade", or whatever command is required to update the packages already installed in the template to their latest versions.

See also --install, --uninstall.

--upload FILE:DEST

Upload local file "FILE" to destination "DEST" in the disk image. File owner and permissions from the original are preserved, so you should set them to what you want them to be in the disk image.

"DEST" could be the final filename. This can be used to rename the file on upload.

If "DEST" is a directory name (which must already exist in the guest) then the file is uploaded into that directory, and it keeps the same name as on the local filesystem.

See also: --mkdir, --delete, --scrub.

--write FILE:CONTENT

Write "CONTENT" to "FILE".

INSTALLING PACKAGES

There are several approaches to installing packages or applications in the guest which have different trade-offs.

Installing packages at build time

If the guest OS you are installing is similar to the host OS (eg. both are Linux), and if libguestfs supports network connections, then you can use --install to install packages like this:

 virt-builder fedora-27 --install inkscape

This uses the guest’s package manager and the host’s network connection.

Updating packages at build time

To update the installed packages in the template at build time:

 virt-builder fedora-27 --update

Most of the templates that ship with virt-builder come with a very minimal selection of packages (known as a "JEOS" or "Just Enough Operating System"), which are up to date at the time the template is created, but could be out of date by the time you come to install an OS from the template. This option updates those template packages.

Installing packages at first boot

Another option is to install the packages when the guest first boots:

 virt-builder fedora-27 --firstboot-install inkscape

This uses the guest’s package manager and the guest’s network connection.

The downsides are that it will take the guest a lot longer to boot first time, and there’s nothing much you can do if package installation fails (eg. if a network problem means the guest can't reach the package repositories).

Installing packages at build time from a side repository

If the software you want to install is not available in the main package repository of the guest, then you can add a side repository. Usually this is presented as an ISO (CD disk image) file containing extra packages.

You can create the disk image using either genisoimage(1) or virt-make-fs(1). For genisoimage, use a command like this:

 genisoimage -o extra-packages.iso -R -J -V EXTRA cdcontents/

Create a script that mounts the ISO and sets up the repository. For dnf, create /tmp/install.sh containing:

 mkdir /tmp/mount
 mount LABEL=EXTRA /tmp/mount
 
 cat <<'EOF' > /etc/yum.repos.d/extra.repo
 [extra]
 name=extra
 baseurl=file:///tmp/mount
 enabled=1
 EOF
 
 dnf -y install famousdatabase

For apt, create /tmp/install.sh containing:

 mkdir /tmp/mount
 mount LABEL=EXTRA /tmp/mount
 
 apt-cdrom -d=/tmp/mount add
 apt-get -y install famousdatabase

Use the --attach option to attach the CD / disk image and the --run option to run the script:

 virt-builder fedora-27 \
   --attach extra-packages.iso \
   --run /tmp/install.sh

USERS AND PASSWORDS

The --root-password option is used to change the root password (otherwise a random password is used). This option takes a password "SELECTOR" in one of the following formats:

--root-password file:FILENAME

Read the root password from "FILENAME". The whole first line of this file is the replacement password. Any other lines are ignored. You should create the file with mode 0600 to ensure no one else can read it.

--root-password password:PASSWORD

Set the root password to the literal string "PASSWORD".

Note: this is not secure since any user on the same machine can see the cleartext password using ps(1).

--root-password random

Choose a random password, which is printed on stdout. The password has approximately 120 bits of randomness.

これがデフォルトです。

--root-password disabled

The root account password is disabled. This is like putting "*" in the password field.

--root-password locked:file:FILENAME

--root-password locked:password:PASSWORD

--root-password locked:random

The root account is locked, but a password is placed on the account. If first unlocked (using "passwd -u") then logins will use the given password.

--root-password locked

--root-password locked:disabled

The root account is locked and password is disabled.

Creating user accounts

To create user accounts, use the useradd(8) command with --firstboot-command like this:

 virt-builder --firstboot-command \
    'useradd -m -p "" rjones ; chage -d 0 rjones'

The above command will create an "rjones" account with no password, and force the user to set a password when they first log in. There are other ways to manage passwords, see useradd(8) for details.

KEYBOARD LAYOUT

Because there are so many different ways to set the keyboard layout in Linux distributions, virt-builder does not yet attempt to have a simple command line option. This section describes how to set the keyboard for some common Linux distributions.

Keyboard layout with systemd

For distros that use systemd "localectl", use a command like this:

 virt-builder fedora-27 \
   --firstboot-command 'localectl set-keymap uk'

See localectl(1) and https://www.happyassassin.net/2013/11/23/keyboard-layouts-in-fedora-20-and-previously/ for more details.

Keyboard layout using /etc/sysconfig/keyboard

For RHEL ≤ 6, Fedora ≤ 18 and similar, upload or modify the keyboard configuration file using the --upload, --write or --edit options. For example:

 virt-builder centos-6 \
   --edit '/etc/sysconfig/keyboard: s/^KEYTABLE=.*/KEYTABLE="uk"/'

The format of this file can be found documented in many places online.

Keyboard layout with Debian-derived distros

For Debian-derived distros using /etc/default/keyboard, upload or modify the keyboard file using the --upload, --write or --edit options. For example:

 virt-builder debian-8 \
   --edit '/etc/default/keyboard: s/^XKBLAYOUT=.*/XKBLAYOUT="gb"/'

See https://wiki.debian.org/Keyboard.

LANGUAGE

Most Linux distributions support multiple locale settings so that you can have guest messages printed in another language such as Russian.

However there is no single setting which controls this, since extra packages may need to be installed to support console and X fonts, and keyboard input methods. The packages required, and their configuration is highly distro-specific, and it is outside the scope of virt-builder to do this.

This section contains examples for some common Linux distributions.

Setting Japanese in Fedora 25

 virt-builder fedora-27 \
   --size 20G \
   --update \
   --install @japanese-support \
   --install @xfce \
   --install xorg-x11-server-Xorg,xorg-x11-drivers,rsyslog \
   --link /usr/lib/systemd/system/graphical.target:/etc/systemd/system/default.target \
   --firstboot-command 'localectl set-locale LANG=ja_JP.utf8' \
   --firstboot-command 'localectl set-keymap jp' \
   --firstboot-command 'systemctl isolate graphical.target'

Setting Japanese in Debian 8 (Jessie)

Note that although this enables Japanese in the text console too, it is unlikely that you will see properly rendered Japanese there. However Japanese is properly rendered in X applications and terminals.

 pkgs=locales,xfce4,\
 ibus,ibus-anthy,\
 fonts-ipafont-gothic,fonts-ipafont-mincho,\
 fonts-takao-mincho,\
 xfonts-intl-japanese,xfonts-intl-japanese-big,\
 iceweasel-l10n-ja,manpages-ja
 
 virt-builder debian-8 \
   --size 20G \
   --install $pkgs \
   --edit '/etc/locale.gen: s,^#\s*ja,ja,' \
   --write '/etc/default/locale:LANG="ja_JP.UTF-8"' \
   --run-command "locale-gen"

LOG FILE

Scripts and package installation that runs at build time (--run, --run-command, --install, --update, but not firstboot) is logged in one of the following locations:

/tmp/builder.log

On Linux, BSD, and other non-Windows guests.

C:\Temp\builder.log

On Windows, DOS guests.

/builder.log

If /tmp or C:\Temp is missing.

If you don’t want the log file to appear in the final image, then use the --no-logfile command line option.

SSH KEYS

The --ssh-inject option is used to inject ssh keys for users in the guest, so they can login without supplying a password.

The "SELECTOR" part of the option value is optional; in this case, --ssh-inject "USER" means that we look in the current user’s ~/.ssh directory to find the default public ID file. That key is uploaded. "default public ID" is the default_ID_file file described in ssh-copy-id(1).

If specified, the "SELECTOR" can be in one of the following formats:

--ssh-inject USER:file:FILENAME

Read the ssh key from FILENAME. FILENAME is usually a .pub file.

--ssh-inject USER:string:KEY_STRING

Use the specified "KEY_STRING". "KEY_STRING" is usually a public string like ssh-rsa AAAA.... user@localhost.

In any case, the ~USER/.ssh directory and the ~USER/.ssh/authorized_keys file will be created if not existing already.

FIRST BOOT SCRIPTS

The --firstboot and --firstboot-command options allow you to execute commands at the first boot of the guest. To do so, an init script for the guest init system is installed, which takes care of running all the added scripts and commands.

Supported operating systems are:

Linux

Init systems supported are: systemd, System-V init (known also as sysvinit), and Upstart (using the System-V scripts).

Note that usually init scripts run as root, but with a more limited environment than what could be available from a normal shell: for example, $HOME may be unset or empty.

The output of the first boot scripts is available in the guest as ~root/virt-sysprep-firstboot.log.

Windows

rhsrvany.exe, available from sources at https://github.com/rwmjones/rhsrvany, or pvvxsvc.exe, available with SUSE VMDP is installed to run the first boot scripts. It is required, and the setup of first boot scripts will fail if it is not present.

rhsrvany.exe or pvvxsvc.exe is copied from the location pointed to by the "VIRT_TOOLS_DATA_DIR" environment variable; if not set, a compiled-in default will be used (something like /usr/share/virt-tools).

The output of the first boot scripts is available in the guest as C:\Program Files\Guestfs\Firstboot\log.txt.

SUBSCRIPTION-MANAGER

It is possible to automate the registration and attaching of the system using "subscription-manager". This is typical on Red Hat Enterprise Linux guests. There are few options which ease this process, avoid executing commands manually and exposing passwords on command line.

--sm-register starts the registration process, and requires --sm-credentials to be specified; the format of the "SELECTOR" of --sm-credentials is one of the following formats:

--sm-credentials USER:file:FILENAME

Read the password for the specified "USER" from FILENAME.

--sm-credentials USER:password:PASSWORD

Use the literal string "PASSWORD" for the specified "USER".

--sm-attach attaches the system to subscriptions; the format of its "SELECTOR" is one of the following:

--sm-attach auto

"subscription-manager" attaches to the best-fitting subscriptions for the system.

--sm-attach file:FILENAME

Read the pool ID from FILENAME.

--sm-attach pool:POOL

Use the literal string "POOL" as pool ID.

--sm-remove removes all the subscriptions from the guest, while --sm-unregister completely unregister the system.

INSTALLATION PROCESS

When you invoke virt-builder, installation proceeds as follows:

• The template image is downloaded.

  If the template image is present in the cache, the cached version is used instead. (See "CACHING").

• The template signature is checked.
• The template is uncompressed to a tmp file.
• The template image is resized into the destination, using virt-resize(1).
• Extra disks are attached (--attach).
• A new random seed is generated for the guest.
• Guest customization is performed, in the order specified on the command line.
• SELinux relabelling is done (--selinux-relabel).

IMPORTING THE DISK IMAGE

Importing into libvirt

Import the disk image into libvirt using virt-install(1) --import option.

 virt-install --import \
   --name guest --ram 2048 \
   --disk path=disk.img,format=raw --os-variant fedora27

注:

1.

You must specify the correct format. The format is "raw" unless you used virt-builder’s --format option.

2.

--os-variant is highly recommended, because it will present optimum devices to enable the guest to run most efficiently. To get a list of all variants, do:

 osinfo-query os
    

The above tool is provided by libosinfo package.

3.

You can run virt-install as root or non-root. Each works slightly differently because libvirt manages a different set of virtual machines for each user. In particular virt-manager normally shows the root-owned VMs, whereas Boxes shows the user-owned VMs, and other tools probably work differently as well.

Importing into OpenStack

Import the image into Glance (the OpenStack image store) by doing:

 glance image-create --name fedora-27-image --file fedora-27.img \
   --disk-format raw --container-format bare \
   --is-public True

The --file parameter is the virt-builder-generated disk image. It should match virt-builder’s --output option. The --disk-format parameter should match virt-builder’s --format option (or "raw" if you didn't use that option). The --container-format should always be "bare" since virt-builder doesn't put images into containers.

You can use the "glance image-show fedora-27-image" command to display the properties of the image.

To boot up an instance of your image on a Nova compute node, do:

 nova boot fedora-27-server --image fedora-27-image \
   --flavor m1.medium

Use "nova flavor-list" to list possible machine flavors. Use "nova list" to list running instances.

Booting directly using qemu or KVM

The qemu command line is not very stable or easy to use, hence libvirt should be used if possible. However a command line similar to the following could be used to boot the virtual machine:

 qemu-system-x86_64 \
   -machine accel=kvm:tcg \
   -cpu host \
   -m 2048 \
   -drive file=disk.img,format=raw,if=virtio

As with libvirt, it is very important that the correct format is chosen. It will be "raw" unless the --format option was used.

CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT

Puppet

To enable the Puppet agent in a guest, install the package, point the configuration at your Puppetmaster, and ensure the agent runs at boot.

A typical virt-builder command would be:

 virt-builder fedora-27 \
   --hostname client.example.com \
   --update \
   --install puppet \
   --append-line '/etc/puppet/puppet.conf:[agent]' \
   --append-line '/etc/puppet/puppet.conf:server = puppetmaster.example.com/' \
   --run-command 'systemctl enable puppet' \
   --selinux-relabel

The precise instructions vary according to the Linux distro. For further information see: https://docs.puppet.com/puppet/latest/install_pre.html

DEBUGGING BUILDS

If virt-builder itself fails, then enable debugging (-v) and report a bug (see "BUGS" below).

If virt-builder fails because some script or package it is installing fails, try using --no-delete-on-failure to preserve the output file, and continue reading this section.

If virt-builder is successful but the image doesn't work, here are some things to try:

Use virt-rescue

Run virt-rescue(1) on the disk image:

 virt-rescue -a disk.img
    

This gives you a rescue shell. You can mount the filesystems from the disk image on /sysroot and examine them using ordinary Linux commands. You can also chroot into the guest to reinstall the bootloader. The virt-rescue man page has a lot more information and examples.

Use guestfish

Run guestfish(1) on the disk image:

 guestfish -a disk.img -i
    

Use guestfish commands like "ll /directory" and "cat /file" to examine directories and files.

Use guestmount

Mount the disk image safely on the host using FUSE and guestmount(1):

 mkdir /tmp/mp
 guestmount -a disk.img -i /tmp/mp
 cd /tmp/mp
    

To unmount the disk image do:

 fusermount -u /tmp/mp
    

Add a serial console

If the guest hangs during boot, it can be helpful to add a serial console to the guest, and direct kernel messages to the serial console. Adding the serial console will involve looking at the documentation for your hypervisor. To direct kernel messages to the serial console, add the following on the kernel command line:

 console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200
    

SOURCES OF TEMPLATES

virt-builder reads the available sources from configuration files, with the .conf extension and located in the following paths:

• $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/virt-builder/repos.d/ ($XDG_CONFIG_HOME is $HOME/.config if not set).
• $XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/virt-builder/repos.d/ (where $XDG_CONFIG_DIRS means any of the directories in that environment variable, or just /etc/xdg if not set)

Each .conf file in those paths has a simple text format like the following:

 [libguestfs.org]
 uri=http://libguestfs.org/download/builder/index.asc
 gpgkey=file:///etc/xdg/virt-builder/repos.d/libguestfs.gpg

The part in square brackets is the repository identifier, which is used as unique identifier.

The following fields can appear:

"uri=URI"

The URI of the index file which this repository refers to.

This field is required.

"gpgkey=URI"

This optional field represents the URI (although only file:// URIs are accepted) of the key used to sign the index file. If not present, the index file referred by uri=.. is not signed.

"proxy=MODE"

This optional field specifies the proxy mode, to be used when downloading the index file of this repository. The possible values are:

"format=FORMAT"

This optional field specifies the format of the repository. The possible values are:

For serious virt-builder use, you may want to create your own repository of templates.

Libguestfs.org repository

Out of the box, virt-builder downloads the file http://libguestfs.org/download/builder/index.asc which is an index of available templates plus some information about each one, wrapped up in a digital signature. The command "virt-builder --list" lists out the information in this index file.

The templates hosted on libguestfs.org were created using shell scripts, kickstart files and preseed files which can be found in the libguestfs source tree, in "builder/templates".

Setting up the repository

You can set up your own site containing an index file and some templates, and then point virt-builder at the site by creating a .conf file pointing to it.

Note that if your index is signed, you will need to properly fill gpgkey=.. in your .conf file, making sure to deploy also the GPG key file.

 virt-builder --source https://example.com/builder/index.asc \
    --fingerprint 'AAAA BBBB ...' \
    --list

You can host this on any web or FTP server, or a local or network filesystem.

Setting up a GPG key

If you don’t have a GnuPG key, you will need to set one up. (Strictly speaking this is optional, but if your index and template files are not signed then virt-builder users will have to use the --no-check-signature flag every time they use virt-builder.)

To create a key, see the GPG manual http://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html.

Export your GPG public key:

 gpg --export -a "you@example.com" > pubkey

Create the templates

There are many ways to create the templates. For example you could clone existing guests (see virt-sysprep(1)), or you could install a guest by hand (virt-install(1)). To see how the templates were created for virt-builder, look at the scripts in "builder/templates"

Virt-builder supports any image format (e.g. raw, qcow2, etc) as template, both as-is, and compressed as XZ. This way, existing images (e.g. cleaned using virt-sysprep(1)) can be used as templates.

For best results when compressing the templates, use the following xz options (see nbdkit-xz-plugin(1) for further explanation):

 xz --best --block-size=16777216 disk

Creating and signing the index file

The index file has a simple text format (shown here without the digital signature):

 [fedora-18]
 name=Fedora® 18
 osinfo=fedora18
 arch=x86_64
 file=fedora-18.xz
 checksum[sha512]=...
 format=raw
 size=6442450944
 compressed_size=148947524
 expand=/dev/sda3
 
 [fedora-19]
 name=Fedora® 19
 osinfo=fedora19
 arch=x86_64
 file=fedora-19.xz
 checksum[sha512]=...
 revision=3
 format=raw
 size=4294967296
 compressed_size=172190964
 expand=/dev/sda3

The part in square brackets is the "os-version", which is the same string that is used on the virt-builder command line to build that OS.

The index file creation and signature can be eased with the virt-builder-repository(1) tool.

After preparing the "index" file in the correct format, clearsign it using the following command:

 gpg --clearsign --armor index

This will create the final file called index.asc which can be uploaded to the server (and is the uri=.. URL). As noted above, signing the index file is optional, but recommended.

The following fields can appear:

"name=NAME"

The user-friendly name of this template. This is displayed in the --list output but is otherwise not significant.

"osinfo=ID"

This optional field maps the operating system to the associated libosinfo ID. Virt-builder does not use it (yet).

"arch=ARCH"

The architecture of the operating system installed within the template. This field is required.

"file=PATH"

The path (relative to the index) of the xz-compressed template.

Note that absolute paths or URIs are not permitted here. This is because virt-builder has a "same origin" policy for templates so they cannot come from other servers.

"sig=PATH"

This option is deprecated. Use the checksum field instead.

The path (relative to the index) of the GPG detached signature of the xz file.

Note that absolute paths or URIs are not permitted here. This is because virt-builder has a "same origin" policy for templates so they cannot come from other servers.

The file can be created as follows:

 gpg --detach-sign --armor -o disk.xz.sig disk.xz
    

"checksum[sha512]=7b882fe9b82eb0fef..."

The SHA-512 checksum of the file specified in file=.. is checked after it is downloaded. To work out the signature, do:

 sha512sum disk.xz
    

Note if you use this, you don’t need to sign the file, ie. don’t use "sig". This option overrides "sig".

"checksum=7b882fe9b82eb0fef..."

"checksum" is an alias for "checksum[sha512]".

If you need to interoperate with virt-builder = 1.24.0 then you have to use "checksum" because that version would give a parse error with square brackets and numbers in the key of a field. This is fixed in virt-builder ≥ 1.24.1.

"revision=N"

The revision is an integer which is used to control the template cache. Increasing the revision number causes clients to download the template again even if they have a copy in the cache.

The revision number is optional. If omitted it defaults to 1.

"format=raw"

"format=qcow2"

Specify the format of the disk image; in case it is compressed, that is the format before the compression. If not given, the format is autodetected, but generally it is better to be explicit about the intended format.

Note this is the source format, which is different from the --format option (requested output format). Virt-builder does on-the-fly conversion from the source format to the requested output format.

"size=NNN"

The virtual size of the image in bytes. This is the size of the image when uncompressed. If using a non-raw format such as qcow2 then it means the virtual disk size, not the size of the qcow2 file.

This field is required.

Virt-builder also uses this as the minimum size that users can request via the --size option, or as the default size if there is no --size option.

"compressed_size=NNN"

The actual size of the disk image in bytes, i.e. what was specified in file=... This is just used for information (when using "long", and "json" formats of --list).

"expand=/dev/sdaX"

When expanding the image to its final size, instruct virt-resize(1) to expand the named partition in the guest image to fill up all available space. This works like the virt-resize --expand option.

You should usually put the device name of the guest’s root filesystem here.

It’s a good idea to use this, but not required. If the field is omitted then virt-resize will create an extra partition at the end of the disk to cover the free space, which is much less user-friendly.

"lvexpand=/dev/VolGroup/LogVol"

When expanding the image to its final size, instruct virt-resize(1) to expand the named logical volume in the guest image to fill up all available space. This works like the virt-resize --lv-expand option.

If the guest uses LVM2 you should usually put the LV of the guest’s root filesystem here. If the guest does not use LVM2 or its root filesystem is not on an LV, don't use this option.

"notes=NOTES"

Any notes that go with this image, especially notes describing what packages are in the image, how the image was prepared, and licensing information.

This information is shown in the --notes and --list --long modes.

You can use multi-line notes here by indenting each new line with at least one character of whitespace (even on blank lines):

 notes=This image was prepared using
  the following kickstart script:
                                <-- one space at beginning of line
  part /boot --fstype ext3
  ...
    

"hidden=true"

Using the hidden flag prevents the template from being listed by the --list option (but it is still installable). This is used for test images.

"aliases=ALIAS1 ALIAS2 ..."

This optional field specifies a list of aliases, separated by spaces, for the image. For example, an alias could be used to always point to the latest version of a certain image, leaving the old versions available in the index instead of updating the same image (see the "revision" field).

Running virt-builder against multiple sources

It is possible to use multiple sources with virt-builder. The recommended way is to deploy .conf files pointing to the index files. Another way is to specify the sources using multiple --source and/or --fingerprint options:

 virt-builder \
   --source http://example.com/s1/index.asc \
   --source http://example.com/s2/index.asc

You can provide N or 1 fingerprints. In the case where you provide N fingerprints, N = number of sources and there is a 1-1 correspondence between each source and each fingerprint:

 virt-builder \
   --source http://example.com/s1/index.asc --fingerprint '0123 ...' \
   --source http://example.com/s2/index.asc --fingerprint '9876 ...'

In the case where you provide 1 fingerprint, the same fingerprint is used for all sources.

You "must" provide at least 1 fingerprint.

Licensing of templates

You should be aware of the licensing of images that you distribute. For open source guests, provide a link to the source code in the "notes" field and comply with other requirements (eg. around trademarks).

Formal specification of the index file

The index file format has a formal specification defined by the flex scanner and bison parser used to parse the file. This can be found in the following files in the libguestfs source tree:

 builder/index-scan.l
 builder/index-parse.y

A tool called virt-index-validate(1) is available to validate the index file to ensure it is correct.

Note that the parser and tool can work on either the signed or unsigned index file (ie. index or index.asc).

The index is always encoded in UTF-8.

CACHING

Caching templates

Since the templates are usually very large, downloaded templates are cached in the user’s home directory.

The location of the cache is $XDG_CACHE_HOME/virt-builder/ or $HOME/.cache/virt-builder.

You can print out information about the cache directory, including which guests are currently cached, by doing:

 virt-builder --print-cache

The cache can be deleted if you want to save space by doing:

 virt-builder --delete-cache

You can download all (current) templates to the local cache by doing:

 virt-builder --cache-all-templates

To disable the template cache, use --no-cache.

Only templates are cached. The index and detached digital signatures are not cached.

Caching packages

Virt-builder uses curl(1) to download files and it also uses the current "http_proxy" (etc) settings when installing packages (--install, --update).

You may therefore want to set those environment variables in order to maximize the amount of local caching that happens. See "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" and curl(1).

Local mirrors

To increase both speed and reliability of installing packages, you can set up a local mirror of the target distribution, and point the guest package manager at that.

Using a local mirror with Fedora

To install a Fedora guest using a local mirror:

 virt-builder fedora-27 \
   --edit '/etc/yum.repos.d/fedora.repo:
       s{.*baseurl=.*}{baseurl=http://example.com/mirror/};
       s{.*metalink=.*}{};
   ' \
   --edit '/etc/yum.repos.d/fedora-updates.repo:
       s{.*baseurl=.*}{baseurl=http://example.com/mirror-updates/};
       s{.*metalink=.*}{};
   ' \
   --run-command 'dnf -y update' \
   --install 'pkg1,pkg2,...'

Using a local mirror with Debian

Assuming that you are using "apt-proxy" to mirror the repository, you should create a new sources.list file to point to your proxy (see https://help.ubuntu.com/community/AptProxy) and then do:

 virt-builder debian-8 \
   --upload sources.list:/etc/apt/sources.list \
   --run-command 'apt-get -y update' \
   --install 'pkg1,pkg2,...'

DIGITAL SIGNATURES

Virt-builder uses GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG or gpg) to verify that the index and templates have not been tampered with.

The source points to an index file, which is optionally signed.

Virt-builder downloads the index and checks that the signature is valid and the signer’s fingerprint matches the specified fingerprint (ie. the one specified in gpgkey=.. in the .conf, or with --fingerprint, in that order).

For checking against the built-in public key/fingerprint, this requires importing the public key into the user’s local gpg keyring (that’s just the way that gpg works).

When a template is downloaded, its signature is checked in the same way.

Although the signatures are optional, if you don’t have them then virt-builder users will have to use --no-check-signature on the command line. This prevents an attacker from replacing the signed index file with an unsigned index file and having virt-builder silently work without checking the signature. In any case it is highly recommended that you always create signed index and templates.

アーキテクチャー

Virt-builder can build a guest for any architecture no matter what the host architecture is. For example an x86-64 guest on an ARM host.

However certain options may not work, specifically options that require running commands in the guest during the build process: --install, --update, --run, --run-command. You may need to replace these with their firstboot-equivalents.

An x86-64 host building 32 bit i686 guests should work without any special steps.

セキュリティ

Virt-builder does not need to run as root (in fact, should not be run as root), and doesn't use setuid, "sudo" or any similar mechanism.

--install, --update, --run and --run-command are implemented using an appliance (a small virtual machine) so these commands do not run on the host. If you are using the libguestfs libvirt backend and have SELinux enabled then the virtual machine is additionally encapsulated in an SELinux container (sVirt).

However these options will have access to the host’s network and since the template may contain untrusted code, the code might try to access host network resources which it should not. You can use --no-network to prevent this.

Firstboot commands run in the context of the guest when it is booted, and so the security of your hypervisor / cloud should be considered.

Virt-builder injects a random seed into every guest which it builds. This helps to ensure that TCP sequence numbers, UUIDs, ssh host keys etc are truly random when the guest boots.

You should check digital signatures and not ignore any signing errors.

CLONES

If you wish to create many new guests of the same type, it is tempting to run virt-builder once and then copy the output file. You should not do this. You should run virt-builder once for each new guest you need.

The reason is that each clone needs to have (at least) a separate random seed, and possibly other unique features (such as filesystem UUIDs) in future versions of virt-builder.

Another thing you should not do is to boot the guest, then clone the booted disk image. The reason is that some guests create unique machine IDs, SSH host keys and so on at first boot, and you would not want clones to have duplicate identities.

See also: virt-sysprep(1).

PERFORMANCE

The most important aspect of getting good performance is caching. Templates gets downloaded into the cache the first time they are used, or if you use the --cache-all-templates option. See "CACHING" above for further information.

Packages required for the --install and --update options are downloaded using the host network connection. Setting the "http_proxy", "https_proxy" and "ftp_proxy" environment variables to point to a local web cache may ensure they only need to be downloaded once. You can also try using a local package repository, although this can be complex to set up and varies according to which Linux distro you are trying to install.

Using --no-sync

Use --no-sync. However read the caveats in the "OPTIONS" section above, since this can cause disk corruption if not used correctly.

Skipping virt-resize

Virt-builder can skip the virt-resize step under certain conditions. This makes virt-builder much faster. The conditions are:

• the output must be a regular file (not a block device), and
• the user did not use the --size option, and
• the output format is the same as the template format (usually raw).

pxzcat

Virt-builder uses an internal implementation of pxzcat (parallel xzcat) if liblzma was found at build time. If liblzma was not found at build time, regular "xzcat" is used which is single-threaded.

User-Mode Linux

You can use virt-builder with the User-Mode Linux (UML) backend. This may be faster when running virt-builder inside a virtual machine (eg. in the cloud).

To enable the UML backend, read the instructions in "USER-MODE LINUX BACKEND" in guestfs(3).

Currently you have to use the --no-network option. This should be fixed in a future version.

The qcow2 output format is not supported by UML. You can only create raw-format guests.

SELinux

Guests which use SELinux (such as Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux) require that each file has a correct SELinux label.

Virt-builder does not know how to give new files a label, so there are two possible strategies it can use to ensure correct labelling:

Using --selinux-relabel

This runs setfiles(8) just before finalizing the guest, which sets SELinux labels correctly in the disk image.

This is the recommended method.

--touch /.autorelabel

Guest templates may already contain a file called /.autorelabel or you may touch it.

For guests that use SELinux, this causes restorecon(8) to run at first boot. Guests will reboot themselves once the first time you use them, which is normal and harmless.

Please note that if your guest uses SELinux, and you are doing operations on it which might create new files or change existing ones, you are recommended to use --selinux-relabel. This will help in making sure that files have the right SELinux labels.