| TCSH(1) | General Commands Manual | TCSH(1) |
tcsh - C shell with file name completion and command line editing
tcsh [-bcdefFimnqstvVxX] [-Dname[=value]]
[arg ...]
tcsh -l
tcsh is an enhanced but completely compatible version of the Berkeley UNIX C shell, csh(1). It is a command language interpreter usable both as an interactive login shell and a shell script command processor. It includes a command-line editor (see The command-line editor), programmable word completion (see Completion and listing), spelling correction (see Spelling correction), a history mechanism (see History substitution), job control (see Jobs) and a C-like syntax. The NEW FEATURES section describes major enhancements of tcsh over csh(1). Throughout this manual, features of tcsh not found in most csh(1) implementations (specifically, the 4.4BSD csh) are labeled with `(+)', and features which are present in csh(1) but not usually documented are labeled with `(u)'.
If the first argument (argument 0) to the shell is `-' then it is a login shell. A login shell can be also specified by invoking the shell with the -l flag as the only argument.
The rest of the flag arguments are interpreted as follows:
After processing of flag arguments, if arguments remain but none of the -c, -i, -s, or -t options were given, the first argument is taken as the name of a file of commands, or ``script'', to be executed. The shell opens this file and saves its name for possible resubstitution by `$0'. Because many systems use either the standard version 6 or version 7 shells whose shell scripts are not compatible with this shell, the shell uses such a `standard' shell to execute a script whose first character is not a `#', i.e., that does not start with a comment.
Remaining arguments are placed in the argv shell variable.
A login shell begins by executing commands from the system files /etc/csh.cshrc and /etc/csh.login. It then executes commands from files in the user's home directory: first ~/.tcshrc (+) or, if ~/.tcshrc is not found, ~/.cshrc, then the contents of ~/.history (or the value of the histfile shell variable) are loaded into memory, then ~/.login, and finally ~/.cshdirs (or the value of the dirsfile shell variable) (+). The shell may read /etc/csh.login before instead of after /etc/csh.cshrc, and ~/.login before instead of after ~/.tcshrc or ~/.cshrc and ~/.history, if so compiled; see the version shell variable. (+)
Non-login shells read only /etc/csh.cshrc and ~/.tcshrc or ~/.cshrc on startup.
For examples of startup files, please consult http://tcshrc.sourceforge.net.
Commands like stty(1) and tset(1), which need be run only once per login, usually go in one's ~/.login file. Users who need to use the same set of files with both csh(1) and tcsh can have only a ~/.cshrc which checks for the existence of the tcsh shell variable (q.v.) before using tcsh-specific commands, or can have both a ~/.cshrc and a ~/.tcshrc which sources (see the builtin command) ~/.cshrc. The rest of this manual uses `~/.tcshrc' to mean `~/.tcshrc or, if ~/.tcshrc is not found, ~/.cshrc'.
In the normal case, the shell begins reading commands from the terminal, prompting with `> '. (Processing of arguments and the use of the shell to process files containing command scripts are described later.) The shell repeatedly reads a line of command input, breaks it into words, places it on the command history list, parses it and executes each command in the line.
One can log out by typing `^D' on an empty line, `logout' or `login' or via the shell's autologout mechanism (see the autologout shell variable). When a login shell terminates it sets the logout shell variable to `normal' or `automatic' as appropriate, then executes commands from the files /etc/csh.logout and ~/.logout. The shell may drop DTR on logout if so compiled; see the version shell variable.
The names of the system login and logout files vary from system to system for compatibility with different csh(1) variants; see FILES.
We first describe The command-line editor. The Completion and listing and Spelling correction sections describe two sets of functionality that are implemented as editor commands but which deserve their own treatment. Finally, Editor commands lists and describes the editor commands specific to the shell and their default bindings.
Command-line input can be edited using key sequences much like those used in emacs(1) or vi(1). The editor is active only when the edit shell variable is set, which it is by default in interactive shells. The bindkey builtin can display and change key bindings. emacs(1)-style key bindings are used by default (unless the shell was compiled otherwise; see the version shell variable), but bindkey can change the key bindings to vi(1)-style bindings en masse.
The shell always binds the arrow keys (as defined in the TERMCAP environment variable) to
unless doing so would alter another single-character binding. One can set the arrow key escape sequences to the empty string with settc to prevent these bindings. The ANSI/VT100 sequences for arrow keys are always bound.
Other key bindings are, for the most part, what emacs(1) and vi(1) users would expect and can easily be displayed by bindkey, so there is no need to list them here. Likewise, bindkey can list the editor commands with a short description of each. Certain key bindings have different behavior depending if emacs(1) or vi(1) style bindings are being used; see vimode for more information.
Note that editor commands do not have the same notion of a ``word'' as does the shell. The editor delimits words with any non-alphanumeric characters not in the shell variable wordchars, while the shell recognizes only whitespace and some of the characters with special meanings to it, listed under Lexical structure.
The shell is often able to complete words when given a unique abbreviation. Type part of a word (for example `ls /usr/lost') and hit the tab key to run the complete-word editor command. The shell completes the filename `/usr/lost' to `/usr/lost+found/', replacing the incomplete word with the complete word in the input buffer. (Note the terminal `/'; completion adds a `/' to the end of completed directories and a space to the end of other completed words, to speed typing and provide a visual indicator of successful completion. The addsuffix shell variable can be unset to prevent this.) If no match is found (perhaps `/usr/lost+found' doesn't exist), the terminal bell rings. If the word is already complete (perhaps there is a `/usr/lost' on your system, or perhaps you were thinking too far ahead and typed the whole thing) a `/' or space is added to the end if it isn't already there.
Completion works anywhere in the line, not at just the end; completed text pushes the rest of the line to the right. Completion in the middle of a word often results in leftover characters to the right of the cursor that need to be deleted.
Commands and variables can be completed in much the same way. For example, typing `em[tab]' would complete `em' to `emacs' if emacs were the only command on your system beginning with `em'. Completion can find a command in any directory in path or if given a full pathname. Typing `echo $ar[tab]' would complete `$ar' to `$argv' if no other variable began with `ar'.
The shell parses the input buffer to determine whether the word you want to complete should be completed as a filename, command or variable. The first word in the buffer and the first word following `;', `|', `|&', `&&' or `||' is considered to be a command. A word beginning with `$' is considered to be a variable. Anything else is a filename. An empty line is `completed' as a filename.
You can list the possible completions of a word at any time by typing `^D' to run the delete-char-or-list-or-eof editor command. The shell lists the possible completions using the ls-F builtin (q.v.) and reprints the prompt and unfinished command line, for example:
If the autolist shell variable is set, the shell lists the remaining choices (if any) whenever completion fails:
If autolist is set to `ambiguous', choices are listed only when completion fails and adds no new characters to the word being completed.
A filename to be completed can contain variables, your own or others' home directories abbreviated with `~' (see Filename substitution) and directory stack entries abbreviated with `=' (see Directory stack substitution). For example,
or
Note that variables can also be expanded explicitly with the expand-variables editor command.
delete-char-or-list-or-eof lists at only the end of the line; in the middle of a line it deletes the character under the cursor and on an empty line it logs one out or, if ignoreeof is set, does nothing. `M-^D', bound to the editor command list-choices, lists completion possibilities anywhere on a line, and list-choices (or any one of the related editor commands that do or don't delete, list and/or log out, listed under delete-char-or-list-or-eof) can be bound to `^D' with the bindkey builtin command if so desired.
The complete-word-fwd and complete-word-back editor commands (not bound to any keys by default) can be used to cycle up and down through the list of possible completions, replacing the current word with the next or previous word in the list.
The shell variable fignore can be set to a list of suffixes to be ignored by completion. Consider the following:
`main.c~' and `main.o' are ignored by completion (but not listing), because they end in suffixes in fignore. Note that a `\' was needed in front of `~' to prevent it from being expanded to home as described under Filename substitution. fignore is ignored if only one completion is possible.
If the complete shell variable is set to `enhance', completion 1) ignores case and 2) considers periods, hyphens and underscores (`.', `-' and `_') to be word separators and hyphens and underscores to be equivalent. If you had the following files
and typed `mail -f c.l.c[tab]', it would be completed to `mail -f comp.lang.c', and ^D would list `comp.lang.c' and `comp.lang.c++'. `mail -f c..c++[^D]' would list `comp.lang.c++' and `comp.std.c++'. Typing `rm a--file[^D]' in the following directory
would list all three files, because case is ignored and hyphens and underscores are equivalent. Periods, however, are not equivalent to hyphens or underscores.
If the complete shell variable is set to `Enhance', completion ignores case and differences between a hyphen and an underscore word separator only when the user types a lowercase character or a hyphen. Entering an uppercase character or an underscore will not match the corresponding lowercase character or hyphen word separator. Typing `rm a--file[^D]' in the directory of the previous example would still list all three files, but typing `rm A--file' would match only `A_silly_file' and typing `rm a__file[^D]' would match just `A_silly_file' and `another_silly_file' because the user explicitly used an uppercase or an underscore character.
Completion and listing are affected by several other shell variables: recexact can be set to complete on the shortest possible unique match, even if more typing might result in a longer match:
just beeps, because `fo' could expand to `fod' or `foo', but if we type another `o',
the completion completes on `foo', even though `food' and `foonly' also match. autoexpand can be set to run the expand-history editor command before each completion attempt, autocorrect can be set to spelling-correct the word to be completed (see Spelling correction) before each completion attempt and correct can be set to complete commands automatically after one hits `return'. matchbeep can be set to make completion beep or not beep in a variety of situations, and nobeep can be set to never beep at all. nostat can be set to a list of directories and/or patterns that match directories to prevent the completion mechanism from stat(2)ing those directories. listmax and listmaxrows can be set to limit the number of items and rows (respectively) that are listed without asking first. recognize_only_executables can be set to make the shell list only executables when listing commands, but it is quite slow.
Finally, the complete builtin command can be used to tell the shell how to complete words other than filenames, commands and variables. Completion and listing do not work on glob-patterns (see Filename substitution), but the list-glob and expand-glob editor commands perform equivalent functions for glob-patterns.
The shell can sometimes correct the spelling of filenames, commands and variable names as well as completing and listing them.
Individual words can be spelling-corrected with the spell-word editor command (usually bound to M-s and M-S) and the entire input buffer with spell-line (usually bound to M-$). The correct shell variable can be set to `cmd' to correct the command name or `all' to correct the entire line each time return is typed, and autocorrect can be set to correct the word to be completed before each completion attempt.
When spelling correction is invoked in any of these ways and the shell thinks that any part of the command line is misspelled, it prompts with the corrected line:
One can answer `y' or space to execute the corrected line, `e' to leave the uncorrected command in the input buffer, `a' to abort the command as if `^C' had been hit, and anything else to execute the original line unchanged.
Spelling correction recognizes user-defined completions (see the complete builtin command). If an input word in a position for which a completion is defined resembles a word in the completion list, spelling correction registers a misspelling and suggests the latter word as a correction. However, if the input word does not match any of the possible completions for that position, spelling correction does not register a misspelling.
Like completion, spelling correction works anywhere in the line, pushing the rest of the line to the right and possibly leaving extra characters to the right of the cursor.
`bindkey' lists key bindings and `bindkey -l' lists and briefly describes editor commands. Only new or especially interesting editor commands are described here. See emacs(1) and vi(1) for descriptions of each editor's key bindings.
The character or characters to which each command is bound by default is given in parentheses. `^character' means a control character and `M-character' a meta character, typed as escape-character on terminals without a meta key. Case counts, but commands that are bound to letters by default are bound to both lower- and uppercase letters for convenience.
Any other character not bound to self-insert-command terminates the search, leaving the current line in the input buffer, and is then interpreted as normal input. In particular, a carriage return causes the current line to be executed. See also i-search-fwd and history-search-backward. Word boundary behavior modified by vimode.
The shell splits input lines into words at blanks and tabs. The special characters `&', `|', `;', `<', `>', `(', and `)' and the doubled characters `&&', `||', `<<' and `>>' are always separate words, whether or not they are surrounded by whitespace.
When the shell's input is not a terminal, the character `#' is taken to begin a comment. Each `#' and the rest of the input line on which it appears is discarded before further parsing.
A special character (including a blank or tab) may be prevented from having its special meaning, and possibly made part of another word, by preceding it with a backslash (`\') or enclosing it in single (`''), double (`"') or backward (``') quotes. When not otherwise quoted a newline preceded by a `\' is equivalent to a blank, but inside quotes this sequence results in a newline.
Furthermore, all Substitutions (see below) except History substitution can be prevented by enclosing the strings (or parts of strings) in which they appear with single quotes or by quoting the crucial character(s) (e.g., `$' or ``' for Variable substitution or Command substitution respectively) with `\'. (Alias substitution is no exception: quoting in any way any character of a word for which an alias has been defined prevents substitution of the alias. The usual way of quoting an alias is to precede it with a backslash.) History substitution is prevented by backslashes but not by single quotes. Strings quoted with double or backward quotes undergo Variable substitution and Command substitution, but other substitutions are prevented.
Text inside single or double quotes becomes a single word (or part of one). Metacharacters in these strings, including blanks and tabs, do not form separate words. Only in one special case (see Command substitution below) can a double-quoted string yield parts of more than one word; single-quoted strings never do. Backward quotes are special: they signal Command substitution (q.v.), which may result in more than one word.
Quoting complex strings, particularly strings which themselves contain quoting characters, can be confusing. Remember that quotes need not be used as they are in human writing! It may be easier to quote not an entire string, but only those parts of the string which need quoting, using different types of quoting to do so if appropriate.
The backslash_quote shell variable (q.v.) can be set to make backslashes always quote `\', `'', and `"'. (+) This may make complex quoting tasks easier, but it can cause syntax errors in csh(1) scripts.
We now describe the various transformations the shell performs on the input in the order in which they occur. We note in passing the data structures involved and the commands and variables which affect them. Remember that substitutions can be prevented by quoting as described under Lexical structure.
Each command, or ``event'', input from the terminal is saved in the history list. The previous command is always saved, and the history shell variable can be set to a number to save that many commands. The histdup shell variable can be set to not save duplicate events or consecutive duplicate events.
Saved commands are numbered sequentially from 1 and stamped with the time. It is not usually necessary to use event numbers, but the current event number can be made part of the prompt by placing an `!' in the prompt shell variable.
The shell actually saves history in expanded and literal (unexpanded) forms. If the histlit shell variable is set, commands that display and store history use the literal form.
The history builtin command can print, store in a file, restore and clear the history list at any time, and the savehist and histfile shell variables can be set to store the history list automatically on logout and restore it on login.
History substitutions introduce words from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, repeat arguments of a previous command in the current command, or fix spelling mistakes in the previous command with little typing and a high degree of confidence.
History substitutions begin with the character `!'. They may begin anywhere in the input stream, but they do not nest. The `!' may be preceded by a `\' to prevent its special meaning; for convenience, a `!' is passed unchanged when it is followed by a blank, tab, newline, `=' or `('. History substitutions also occur when an input line begins with `^'. This special abbreviation will be described later. The characters used to signal history substitution (`!' and `^') can be changed by setting the histchars shell variable. Any input line which contains a history substitution is printed before it is executed.
A history substitution may have an ``event specification'', which indicates the event from which words are to be taken, a ``word designator'', which selects particular words from the chosen event, and/or a ``modifier'', which manipulates the selected words.
An event specification can be
For example, consider this bit of someone's history list:
The commands are shown with their event numbers and time stamps. The current event, which we haven't typed in yet, is event 13. `!11' and `!-2' refer to event 11. `!!' refers to the previous event, 12. `!!' can be abbreviated `!' if it is followed by `:' (`:' is described below). `!n' refers to event 9, which begins with `n'. `!?old?' also refers to event 12, which contains `old'. Without word designators or modifiers history references simply expand to the entire event, so we might type `!cp' to redo the copy command or `!!|more' if the `diff' output scrolled off the top of the screen.
History references may be insulated from the surrounding text with braces if necessary. For example, `!vdoc' would look for a command beginning with `vdoc', and, in this example, not find one, but `!{v}doc' would expand unambiguously to `vi wumpus.mandoc'. Even in braces, history substitutions do not nest.
(+) While csh(1) expands, for example, `!3d' to event 3 with the letter `d' appended to it, tcsh expands it to the last event beginning with `3d'; only completely numeric arguments are treated as event numbers. This makes it possible to recall events beginning with numbers. To expand `!3d' as in csh(1) say `!{3}d'.
To select words from an event we can follow the event specification by a `:' and a designator for the desired words. The words of an input line are numbered from 0, the first (usually command) word being 0, the second word (first argument) being 1, etc. The basic word designators are:
Selected words are inserted into the command line separated by single blanks. For example, the `diff' command in the previous example might have been typed as `diff !!:1.old !!:1' (using `:1' to select the first argument from the previous event) or `diff !-2:2 !-2:1' to select and swap the arguments from the `cp' command. If we didn't care about the order of the `diff' we might have said `diff !-2:1-2' or simply `diff !-2:*'. The `cp' command might have been written `cp wumpus.man !#:1.old', using `#' to refer to the current event. `!n:- hurkle.man' would reuse the first two words from the `nroff' command to say `nroff -man hurkle.man'.
The `:' separating the event specification from the word designator can be omitted if the argument selector begins with a `^', `$', `*', `%' or `-'. For example, our `diff' command might have been `diff !!^.old !!^' or, equivalently, `diff !!$.old !!$'. However, if `!!' is abbreviated `!', an argument selector beginning with `-' will be interpreted as an event specification.
A history reference may have a word designator but no event specification. It then references the previous command. Continuing our `diff' example, we could have said simply `diff !^.old !^' or, to get the arguments in the opposite order, just `diff !*'.
The word or words in a history reference can be edited, or ``modified'', by following it with one or more modifiers, each preceded by a `:':
Modifiers are applied to only the first modifiable word (unless `g' is used). It is an error for no word to be modifiable.
For example, the `diff' command might have been written as `diff wumpus.man.old !#^:r', using `:r' to remove `.old' from the first argument on the same line (`!#^'). We could say `echo hello out there', then `echo !*:u' to capitalize `hello', `echo !*:au' to say it out loud, or `echo !*:agu' to really shout. We might follow `mail -s "I forgot my password" rot' with `!:s/rot/root' to correct the spelling of `root' (but see Spelling correction for a different approach).
There is a special abbreviation for substitutions. `^', when it is the first character on an input line, is equivalent to `!:s^'. Thus we might have said `^rot^root' to make the spelling correction in the previous example. This is the only history substitution which does not explicitly begin with `!'.
(+) In csh as such, only one modifier may be applied to each history or variable expansion. In tcsh, more than one may be used, for example
In csh, the result would be `wumpus.1:r'. A substitution followed by a colon may need to be insulated from it with braces:
The first attempt would succeed in csh but fails in tcsh, because tcsh expects another modifier after the second colon rather than `$'.
Finally, history can be accessed through the editor as well as through the substitutions just described. The up- and down-history, history-search-backward and -forward, i-search-back and -fwd, vi-search-back and -fwd, copy-prev-word and insert-last-word editor commands search for events in the history list and copy them into the input buffer. The toggle-literal-history editor command switches between the expanded and literal forms of history lines in the input buffer. expand-history and expand-line expand history substitutions in the current word and in the entire input buffer respectively.
The shell maintains a list of aliases which can be set, unset and printed by the alias and unalias commands. After a command line is parsed into simple commands (see Commands) the first word of each command, left-to-right, is checked to see if it has an alias. If so, the first word is replaced by the alias. If the alias contains a history reference, it undergoes History substitution (q.v.) as though the original command were the previous input line. If the alias does not contain a history reference, the argument list is left untouched.
Thus if the alias for `ls' were `ls -l' the command `ls /usr' would become `ls -l /usr', the argument list here being undisturbed. If the alias for `lookup' were `grep !^ /etc/passwd' then `lookup bill' would become `grep bill /etc/passwd'. Aliases can be used to introduce parser metasyntax. For example, `alias print 'pr \!* | lpr'' defines a ``command'' (`print') which pr(1)s its arguments to the line printer.
Alias substitution is repeated until the first word of the command has no alias. If an alias substitution does not change the first word (as in the previous example) it is flagged to prevent a loop. Other loops are detected and cause an error.
Some aliases are referred to by the shell; see Special aliases.
The shell maintains a list of variables, each of which has as value a list of zero or more words. The values of shell variables can be displayed and changed with the set and unset commands. The system maintains its own list of ``environment'' variables. These can be displayed and changed with printenv, setenv and unsetenv.
(+) Variables may be made read-only with `set -r' (q.v.). Read-only variables may not be modified or unset; attempting to do so will cause an error. Once made read-only, a variable cannot be made writable, so `set -r' should be used with caution. Environment variables cannot be made read-only.
Some variables are set by the shell or referred to by it. For instance, the argv variable is an image of the shell's argument list, and words of this variable's value are referred to in special ways. Some of the variables referred to by the shell are toggles; the shell does not care what their value is, only whether they are set or not. For instance, the verbose variable is a toggle which causes command input to be echoed. The -v command line option sets this variable. Special shell variables lists all variables which are referred to by the shell.
Other operations treat variables numerically. The `@' command permits numeric calculations to be performed and the result assigned to a variable. Variable values are, however, always represented as (zero or more) strings. For the purposes of numeric operations, the null string is considered to be zero, and the second and subsequent words of multi-word values are ignored.
After the input line is aliased and parsed, and before each command is executed, variable substitution is performed keyed by `$' characters. This expansion can be prevented by preceding the `$' with a `\' except within `"'s where it always occurs, and within `''s where it never occurs. Strings quoted by ``' are interpreted later (see Command substitution below) so `$' substitution does not occur there until later, if at all. A `$' is passed unchanged if followed by a blank, tab, or end-of-line.
Input/output redirections are recognized before variable expansion, and are variable expanded separately. Otherwise, the command name and entire argument list are expanded together. It is thus possible for the first (command) word (to this point) to generate more than one word, the first of which becomes the command name, and the rest of which become arguments.
Unless enclosed in `"' or given the `:q' modifier the results of variable substitution may eventually be command and filename substituted. Within `"', a variable whose value consists of multiple words expands to a (portion of a) single word, with the words of the variable's value separated by blanks. When the `:q' modifier is applied to a substitution the variable will expand to multiple words with each word separated by a blank and quoted to prevent later command or filename substitution.
The following metasequences are provided for introducing variable values into the shell input. Except as noted, it is an error to reference a variable which is not set.
$name
$name[selector]
$number
The `:' modifiers described under History substitution, except for `:p', can be applied to the substitutions above. More than one may be used. (+) Braces may be needed to insulate a variable substitution from a literal colon just as with History substitution (q.v.); any modifiers must appear within the braces.
The following substitutions can not be modified with `:' modifiers.
$?name
$#name
$%name
$%number
The editor command expand-variables, normally bound to `^X-$', can be used to interactively expand individual variables.
The remaining substitutions are applied selectively to the arguments of builtin commands. This means that portions of expressions which are not evaluated are not subjected to these expansions. For commands which are not internal to the shell, the command name is substituted separately from the argument list. This occurs very late, after input-output redirection is performed, and in a child of the main shell.
Command substitution is indicated by a command enclosed in ``'. The output from such a command is broken into separate words at blanks, tabs and newlines, and null words are discarded. The output is variable and command substituted and put in place of the original string.
Command substitutions inside double quotes (`"') retain blanks and tabs; only newlines force new words. The single final newline does not force a new word in any case. It is thus possible for a command substitution to yield only part of a word, even if the command outputs a complete line.
By default, the shell since version 6.12 replaces all newline and carriage return characters in the command by spaces. If this is switched off by unsetting csubstnonl, newlines separate commands as usual.
If a word contains any of the characters `*', `?', `[' or `{' or begins with the character `~' it is a candidate for filename substitution, also known as ``globbing''. This word is then regarded as a pattern (``glob-pattern''), and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of file names which match the pattern.
In matching filenames, the character `.' at the beginning of a filename or immediately following a `/', as well as the character `/' must be matched explicitly (unless either globdot or globstar or both are set(+)). The character `*' matches any string of characters, including the null string. The character `?' matches any single character. The sequence `[...]' matches any one of the characters enclosed. Within `[...]', a pair of characters separated by `-' matches any character lexically between the two.
(+) Some glob-patterns can be negated: The sequence `[^...]' matches any single character not specified by the characters and/or ranges of characters in the braces.
An entire glob-pattern can also be negated with `^':
Glob-patterns which do not use `?', `*', or `[]' or which use `{}' or `~' (below) are not negated correctly.
The metanotation `a{b,c,d}e' is a shorthand for `abe ace ade'. Left-to-right order is preserved: `/usr/source/s1/{oldls,ls}.c' expands to `/usr/source/s1/oldls.c /usr/source/s1/ls.c'. The results of matches are sorted separately at a low level to preserve this order: `../{memo,*box}' might expand to `../memo ../box ../mbox'. (Note that `memo' was not sorted with the results of matching `*box'.) It is not an error when this construct expands to files which do not exist, but it is possible to get an error from a command to which the expanded list is passed. This construct may be nested. As a special case the words `{', `}' and `{}' are passed undisturbed.
The character `~' at the beginning of a filename refers to home directories. Standing alone, i.e., `~', it expands to the invoker's home directory as reflected in the value of the home shell variable. When followed by a name consisting of letters, digits and `-' characters the shell searches for a user with that name and substitutes their home directory; thus `~ken' might expand to `/usr/ken' and `~ken/chmach' to `/usr/ken/chmach'. If the character `~' is followed by a character other than a letter or `/' or appears elsewhere than at the beginning of a word, it is left undisturbed. A command like `setenv MANPATH /usr/man:/usr/local/man:~/lib/man' does not, therefore, do home directory substitution as one might hope.
It is an error for a glob-pattern containing `*', `?', `[' or `~', with or without `^', not to match any files. However, only one pattern in a list of glob-patterns must match a file (so that, e.g., `rm *.a *.c *.o' would fail only if there were no files in the current directory ending in `.a', `.c', or `.o'), and if the nonomatch shell variable is set a pattern (or list of patterns) which matches nothing is left unchanged rather than causing an error.
The globstar shell variable can be set to allow `**' or `***' as a file glob pattern that matches any string of characters including `/', recursively traversing any existing sub-directories. For example, `ls **.c' will list all the .c files in the current directory tree. If used by itself, it will match zero or more sub-directories (e.g. `ls /usr/include/**/time.h' will list any file named `time.h' in the /usr/include directory tree; `ls /usr/include/**time.h' will match any file in the /usr/include directory tree ending in `time.h'; and `ls /usr/include/**time**.h' will match any .h file with `time' either in a subdirectory name or in the filename itself). To prevent problems with recursion, the `**' glob-pattern will not descend into a symbolic link containing a directory. To override this, use `***' (+)
The noglob shell variable can be set to prevent filename substitution, and the expand-glob editor command, normally bound to `^X-*', can be used to interactively expand individual filename substitutions.
The directory stack is a list of directories, numbered from zero, used by the pushd, popd and dirs builtin commands (q.v.). dirs can print, store in a file, restore and clear the directory stack at any time, and the savedirs and dirsfile shell variables can be set to store the directory stack automatically on logout and restore it on login. The dirstack shell variable can be examined to see the directory stack and set to put arbitrary directories into the directory stack.
The character `=' followed by one or more digits expands to an entry in the directory stack. The special case `=-' expands to the last directory in the stack. For example,
The noglob and nonomatch shell variables and the expand-glob editor command apply to directory stack as well as filename substitutions.
There are several more transformations involving filenames, not strictly related to the above but mentioned here for completeness. Any filename may be expanded to a full path when the symlinks variable (q.v.) is set to `expand'. Quoting prevents this expansion, and the normalize-path editor command does it on demand. The normalize-command editor command expands commands in PATH into full paths on demand. Finally, cd and pushd interpret `-' as the old working directory (equivalent to the shell variable owd). This is not a substitution at all, but an abbreviation recognized by only those commands. Nonetheless, it too can be prevented by quoting.
The next three sections describe how the shell executes commands and deals with their input and output.
A simple command is a sequence of words, the first of which specifies the command to be executed. A series of simple commands joined by `|' characters forms a pipeline. The output of each command in a pipeline is connected to the input of the next.
Simple commands and pipelines may be joined into sequences with `;', and will be executed sequentially. Commands and pipelines can also be joined into sequences with `||' or `&&', indicating, as in the C language, that the second is to be executed only if the first fails or succeeds respectively.
A simple command, pipeline or sequence may be placed in parentheses, `()', to form a simple command, which may in turn be a component of a pipeline or sequence. A command, pipeline or sequence can be executed without waiting for it to terminate by following it with an `&'.
Builtin commands are executed within the shell. If any component of a pipeline except the last is a builtin command, the pipeline is executed in a subshell.
Parenthesized commands are always executed in a subshell.
thus prints the home directory, leaving you where you were (printing this after the home directory), while
leaves you in the home directory. Parenthesized commands are most often used to prevent cd from affecting the current shell.
When a command to be executed is found not to be a builtin command the shell attempts to execute the command via execve(2). Each word in the variable path names a directory in which the shell will look for the command. If the shell is not given a -f option, the shell hashes the names in these directories into an internal table so that it will try an execve(2) in only a directory where there is a possibility that the command resides there. This greatly speeds command location when a large number of directories are present in the search path. This hashing mechanism is not used:
In the above four cases the shell concatenates each component of the path vector with the given command name to form a path name of a file which it then attempts to execute it. If execution is successful, the search stops.
If the file has execute permissions but is not an executable to the system (i.e., it is neither an executable binary nor a script that specifies its interpreter), then it is assumed to be a file containing shell commands and a new shell is spawned to read it. The shell special alias may be set to specify an interpreter other than the shell itself.
On systems which do not understand the `#!' script interpreter convention the shell may be compiled to emulate it; see the version shell variable. If so, the shell checks the first line of the file to see if it is of the form `#!interpreter arg ...'. If it is, the shell starts interpreter with the given args and feeds the file to it on standard input.
The standard input and standard output of a command may be redirected with the following syntax:
> name
>! name
>& name
If the shell variable noclobber is set, then the file must not exist or be a character special file (e.g., a terminal or `/dev/null') or an error results. This helps prevent accidental destruction of files. In this case the `!' forms can be used to suppress this check. If notempty is given in noclobber, `>' is allowed on empty files; if ask is set, an interacive confirmation is presented, rather than an error.
The forms involving `&' route the diagnostic output into the specified file as well as the standard output. name is expanded in the same way as `<' input filenames are.
>> name
>>& name
>>! name
A command receives the environment in which the shell was invoked as modified by the input-output parameters and the presence of the command in a pipeline. Thus, unlike some previous shells, commands run from a file of shell commands have no access to the text of the commands by default; rather they receive the original standard input of the shell. The `<<' mechanism should be used to present inline data. This permits shell command scripts to function as components of pipelines and allows the shell to block read its input. Note that the default standard input for a command run detached is not the empty file /dev/null, but the original standard input of the shell. If this is a terminal and if the process attempts to read from the terminal, then the process will block and the user will be notified (see Jobs).
Diagnostic output may be directed through a pipe with the standard output. Simply use the form `|&' rather than just `|'.
The shell cannot presently redirect diagnostic output without also redirecting standard output, but `(command > output-file) >& error-file' is often an acceptable workaround. Either output-file or error-file may be `/dev/tty' to send output to the terminal.
Having described how the shell accepts, parses and executes command lines, we now turn to a variety of its useful features.
The shell contains a number of commands which can be used to regulate the flow of control in command files (shell scripts) and (in limited but useful ways) from terminal input. These commands all operate by forcing the shell to reread or skip in its input and, due to the implementation, restrict the placement of some of the commands.
The foreach, switch, and while statements, as well as the if-then-else form of the if statement, require that the major keywords appear in a single simple command on an input line as shown below.
If the shell's input is not seekable, the shell buffers up input whenever a loop is being read and performs seeks in this internal buffer to accomplish the rereading implied by the loop. (To the extent that this allows, backward gotos will succeed on non-seekable inputs.)
The if, while and exit builtin commands use expressions with a common syntax. The expressions can include any of the operators described in the next three sections. Note that the @ builtin command (q.v.) has its own separate syntax.
These operators are similar to those of C and have the same precedence. They include
Here the precedence increases to the right, `==' `!=' `=~' and `!~', `<=' `>=' `<' and `>', `<<' and `>>', `+' and `-', `*' `/' and `%' being, in groups, at the same level. The `==' `!=' `=~' and `!~' operators compare their arguments as strings; all others operate on numbers. The operators `=~' and `!~' are like `!=' and `==' except that the right hand side is a glob-pattern (see Filename substitution) against which the left hand operand is matched. This reduces the need for use of the switch builtin command in shell scripts when all that is really needed is pattern matching.
Null or missing arguments are considered `0'. The results of all expressions are strings, which represent decimal numbers. It is important to note that no two components of an expression can appear in the same word; except when adjacent to components of expressions which are syntactically significant to the parser (`&' `|' `<' `>' `(' `)') they should be surrounded by spaces.
Commands can be executed in expressions and their exit status returned by enclosing them in braces (`{}'). Remember that the braces should be separated from the words of the command by spaces. Command executions succeed, returning true, i.e., `1', if the command exits with status 0, otherwise they fail, returning false, i.e., `0'. If more detailed status information is required then the command should be executed outside of an expression and the status shell variable examined.
Some of these operators perform true/false tests on files and related objects. They are of the form -op file, where op is one of
file is command and filename expanded and then tested to see if it has the specified relationship to the real user. If file does not exist or is inaccessible or, for the operators indicated by `*', if the specified file type does not exist on the current system, then all inquiries return false, i.e., `0'.
These operators may be combined for conciseness: `-xy file' is equivalent to `-x file && -y file'. (+) For example, `-fx' is true (returns `1') for plain executable files, but not for directories.
L may be used in a multiple-operator test to apply subsequent operators to a symbolic link rather than to the file to which the link points. For example, `-lLo' is true for links owned by the invoking user. Lr, Lw and Lx are always true for links and false for non-links. L has a different meaning when it is the last operator in a multiple-operator test; see below.
It is possible but not useful, and sometimes misleading, to combine operators which expect file to be a file with operators which do not (e.g., X and t). Following L with a non-file operator can lead to particularly strange results.
Other operators return other information, i.e., not just `0' or `1'. (+) They have the same format as before; op may be one of
Only one of these operators may appear in a multiple-operator test, and it must be the last. Note that L has a different meaning at the end of and elsewhere in a multiple-operator test. Because `0' is a valid return value for many of these operators, they do not return `0' when they fail: most return `-1', and F returns `:'.
If the shell is compiled with POSIX defined (see the version shell variable), the result of a file inquiry is based on the permission bits of the file and not on the result of the access(2) system call. For example, if one tests a file with -w whose permissions would ordinarily allow writing but which is on a file system mounted read-only, the test will succeed in a POSIX shell but fail in a non-POSIX shell.
File inquiry operators can also be evaluated with the filetest builtin command (q.v.) (+).
The shell associates a job with each pipeline. It keeps a table of current jobs, printed by the jobs command, and assigns them small integer numbers. When a job is started asynchronously with `&', the shell prints a line which looks like
indicating that the job which was started asynchronously was job number 1 and had one (top-level) process, whose process id was 1234.
If you are running a job and wish to do something else you may hit the suspend key (usually `^Z'), which sends a STOP signal to the current job. The shell will then normally indicate that the job has been `Suspended' and print another prompt. If the listjobs shell variable is set, all jobs will be listed like the jobs builtin command; if it is set to `long' the listing will be in long format, like `jobs -l'. You can then manipulate the state of the suspended job. You can put it in the ``background'' with the bg command or run some other commands and eventually bring the job back into the ``foreground'' with fg. (See also the run-fg-editor editor command.) A `^Z' takes effect immediately and is like an interrupt in that pending output and unread input are discarded when it is typed. The wait builtin command causes the shell to wait for all background jobs to complete.
The `^]' key sends a delayed suspend signal, which does not generate a STOP signal until a program attempts to read(2) it, to the current job. This can usefully be typed ahead when you have prepared some commands for a job which you wish to stop after it has read them. The `^Y' key performs this function in csh(1); in tcsh, `^Y' is an editing command. (+)
A job being run in the background stops if it tries to read from the terminal. Background jobs are normally allowed to produce output, but this can be disabled by giving the command `stty tostop'. If you set this tty option, then background jobs will stop when they try to produce output like they do when they try to read input.
There are several ways to refer to jobs in the shell. The character `%' introduces a job name. If you wish to refer to job number 1, you can name it as `%1'. Just naming a job brings it to the foreground; thus `%1' is a synonym for `fg %1', bringing job 1 back into the foreground. Similarly, saying `%1 &' resumes job 1 in the background, just like `bg %1'. A job can also be named by an unambiguous prefix of the string typed in to start it: `%ex' would normally restart a suspended ex(1) job, if there were only one suspended job whose name began with the string `ex'. It is also possible to say `%?string' to specify a job whose text contains string, if there is only one such job.
The shell maintains a notion of the current and previous jobs. In output pertaining to jobs, the current job is marked with a `+' and the previous job with a `-'. The abbreviations `%+', `%', and (by analogy with the syntax of the history mechanism) `%%' all refer to the current job, and `%-' refers to the previous job.
The job control mechanism requires that the stty(1) option `new' be set on some systems. It is an artifact from a `new' implementation of the tty driver which allows generation of interrupt characters from the keyboard to tell jobs to stop. See stty(1) and the setty builtin command for details on setting options in the new tty driver.
The shell learns immediately whenever a process changes state. It normally informs you whenever a job becomes blocked so that no further progress is possible, but only right before it prints a prompt. This is done so that it does not otherwise disturb your work. If, however, you set the shell variable notify, the shell will notify you immediately of changes of status in background jobs. There is also a shell command notify which marks a single process so that its status changes will be immediately reported. By default notify marks the current process; simply say `notify' after starting a background job to mark it.
When you try to leave the shell while jobs are stopped, you will be warned that `There are suspended jobs.' You may use the jobs command to see what they are. If you do this or immediately try to exit again, the shell will not warn you a second time, and the suspended jobs will be terminated.
There are various ways to run commands and take other actions automatically at various times in the ``life cycle'' of the shell. They are summarized here, and described in detail under the appropriate Builtin commands, Special shell variables and Special aliases.
The sched builtin command puts commands in a scheduled-event list, to be executed by the shell at a given time.
The beepcmd, cwdcmd, periodic, precmd, postcmd, and jobcmd Special aliases can be set, respectively, to execute commands when the shell wants to ring the bell, when the working directory changes, every tperiod minutes, before each prompt, before each command gets executed, after each command gets executed, and when a job is started or is brought into the foreground.
The autologout shell variable can be set to log out or lock the shell after a given number of minutes of inactivity.
The mail shell variable can be set to check for new mail periodically.
The printexitvalue shell variable can be set to print the exit status of commands which exit with a status other than zero.
The rmstar shell variable can be set to ask the user, when `rm *' is typed, if that is really what was meant.
The time shell variable can be set to execute the time builtin command after the completion of any process that takes more than a given number of CPU seconds.
The watch and who shell variables can be set to report when selected users log in or out, and the log builtin command reports on those users at any time.
The shell is eight bit clean (if so compiled; see the version shell variable) and thus supports character sets needing this capability. NLS support differs depending on whether or not the shell was compiled to use the system's NLS (again, see version). In either case, 7-bit ASCII is the default character code (e.g., the classification of which characters are printable) and sorting, and changing the LANG or LC_CTYPE environment variables causes a check for possible changes in these respects.
When using the system's NLS, the setlocale(3) function is called to determine appropriate character code/classification and sorting (e.g., a 'en_CA.UTF-8' would yield "UTF-8" as a character code). This function typically examines the LANG and LC_CTYPE environment variables; refer to the system documentation for further details. When not using the system's NLS, the shell simulates it by assuming that the ISO 8859-1 character set is used whenever either of the LANG and LC_CTYPE variables are set, regardless of their values. Sorting is not affected for the simulated NLS.
In addition, with both real and simulated NLS, all printable characters in the range \200-\377, i.e., those that have M-char bindings, are automatically rebound to self-insert-command. The corresponding binding for the escape-char sequence, if any, is left alone. These characters are not rebound if the NOREBIND environment variable is set. This may be useful for the simulated NLS or a primitive real NLS which assumes full ISO 8859-1. Otherwise, all M-char bindings in the range \240-\377 are effectively undone. Explicitly rebinding the relevant keys with bindkey is of course still possible.
Unknown characters (i.e., those that are neither printable nor control characters) are printed in the format \nnn. If the tty is not in 8 bit mode, other 8 bit characters are printed by converting them to ASCII and using standout mode. The shell never changes the 7/8 bit mode of the tty and tracks user-initiated changes of 7/8 bit mode. NLS users (or, for that matter, those who want to use a meta key) may need to explicitly set the tty in 8 bit mode through the appropriate stty(1) command in, e.g., the ~/.login file.
A number of new builtin commands are provided to support features in particular operating systems. All are described in detail in the Builtin commands section.
On systems that support TCF (aix-ibm370, aix-ps2), getspath and setspath get and set the system execution path, getxvers and setxvers get and set the experimental version prefix and migrate migrates processes between sites. The jobs builtin prints the site on which each job is executing.
Under BS2000, bs2cmd executes commands of the underlying BS2000/OSD operating system.
Under Domain/OS, inlib adds shared libraries to the current environment, rootnode changes the rootnode and ver changes the systype.
Under Mach, setpath is equivalent to Mach's setpath(1).
Under Masscomp/RTU and Harris CX/UX, universe sets the universe.
Under Harris CX/UX, ucb or att runs a command under the specified universe.
Under Convex/OS, warp prints or sets the universe.
The VENDOR, OSTYPE and MACHTYPE environment variables indicate respectively the vendor, operating system and machine type (microprocessor class or machine model) of the system on which the shell thinks it is running. These are particularly useful when sharing one's home directory between several types of machines; one can, for example,
in one's ~/.login and put executables compiled for each machine in the appropriate directory.
The version shell variable indicates what options were chosen when the shell was compiled.
Note also the newgrp builtin, the afsuser and echo_style shell variables and the system-dependent locations of the shell's input files (see FILES).
Login shells ignore interrupts when reading the file ~/.logout. The shell ignores quit signals unless started with -q. Login shells catch the terminate signal, but non-login shells inherit the terminate behavior from their parents. Other signals have the values which the shell inherited from its parent.
In shell scripts, the shell's handling of interrupt and terminate signals can be controlled with onintr, and its handling of hangups can be controlled with hup and nohup.
The shell exits on a hangup (see also the logout shell variable). By default, the shell's children do too, but the shell does not send them a hangup when it exits. hup arranges for the shell to send a hangup to a child when it exits, and nohup sets a child to ignore hangups.
The shell uses three different sets of terminal (``tty'') modes: `edit', used when editing, `quote', used when quoting literal characters, and `execute', used when executing commands. The shell holds some settings in each mode constant, so commands which leave the tty in a confused state do not interfere with the shell. The shell also matches changes in the speed and padding of the tty. The list of tty modes that are kept constant can be examined and modified with the setty builtin. Note that although the editor uses CBREAK mode (or its equivalent), it takes typed-ahead characters anyway.
The echotc, settc and telltc commands can be used to manipulate and debug terminal capabilities from the command line.
On systems that support SIGWINCH or SIGWINDOW, the shell adapts to window resizing automatically and adjusts the environment variables LINES and COLUMNS if set. If the environment variable TERMCAP contains li# and co# fields, the shell adjusts them to reflect the new window size.
The next sections of this manual describe all of the available Builtin commands, Special aliases and Special shell variables.
@
@ name = expr
@ name[index] = expr
@ name++|--
The second form assigns the value of expr to name. The third form assigns the value of expr to the index'th component of name; both name and its index'th component must already exist.
expr may contain the operators `*', `+', etc., as in C. If expr contains `<', `>', `&' or `' then at least that part of expr must be placed within `()'. Note that the syntax of expr has nothing to do with that described under Expressions.
The fourth and fifth forms increment (`++') or decrement (`--') name or its index'th component.
The space between `@' and name is required. The spaces between name and `=' and between `=' and expr are optional. Components of expr must be separated by spaces.
bindkey [-l|-d|-e|-v|-u]
(+)
bindkey [-a] [-b] [-k] [-r] [--]
key (+)
key may be a single character or a string. If a command is bound to a string, the first character of the string is bound to sequence-lead-in and the entire string is bound to the command.
Control characters in key can be literal (they can be typed by preceding them with the editor command quoted-insert, normally bound to `^V') or written caret-character style, e.g., `^A'. Delete is written `^?' (caret-question mark). key and command can contain backslashed escape sequences (in the style of System V echo(1)) as follows:
`\' nullifies the special meaning of the following character, if it has any, notably `\' and `^'.
With -p, prints the final directory stack, just like dirs. The -l, -n and -v flags have the same effect on cd as on dirs, and they imply -p. (+) Using -- forces a break from option processing so the next word is taken as the directory name even if it begins with '-'. (+)
See also the implicitcd and cdtohome shell variables.
command may be a full command name or a glob-pattern (see Filename substitution). It can begin with `-' to indicate that completion should be used only when command is ambiguous.
word specifies which word relative to the current word is to be completed, and may be one of the following:
list, the list of possible completions, may be one of the following:
select is an optional glob-pattern. If given, words from only list that match select are considered and the fignore shell variable is ignored. The last three types of completion may not have a select pattern, and x uses select as an explanatory message when the list-choices editor command is used.
suffix is a single character to be appended to a successful completion. If null, no character is appended. If omitted (in which case the fourth delimiter can also be omitted), a slash is appended to directories and a space to other words.
command invoked from `...` version has additional environment variable set, the variable name is COMMAND_LINE and contains (as its name indicates) contents of the current (already typed in) command line. One can examine and use contents of the COMMAND_LINE variable in her custom script to build more sophisticated completions (see completion for svn(1) included in this package).
Now for some examples. Some commands take only directories as arguments, so there's no point completing plain files.
completes only the first word following `cd' (`p/1') with a directory. p-type completion can also be used to narrow down command completion:
This completion completes commands (words in position 0, `p/0') which begin with `co' (thus matching `co*') to `compress' (the only word in the list). The leading `-' indicates that this completion is to be used with only ambiguous commands.
is an example of n-type completion. Any word following `find' and immediately following `-user' is completed from the list of users.
demonstrates c-type completion. Any word following `cc' and beginning with `-I' is completed as a directory. `-I' is not taken as part of the directory because we used lowercase c.
Different lists are useful with different commands.
These complete words following `alias' with aliases, `man' with commands, and `set' with shell variables. `true' doesn't have any options, so x does nothing when completion is attempted and prints `Truth has no options.' when completion choices are listed.
Note that the man example, and several other examples below, could just as well have used 'c/*' or 'n/*' as 'p/*'.
Words can be completed from a variable evaluated at completion time,
or from a command run at completion time:
Note that the complete command does not itself quote its arguments, so the braces, space and `$' in `{print $1}' must be quoted explicitly.
One command can have multiple completions:
completes the second argument to `dbx' with the word `core' and all other arguments with commands. Note that the positional completion is specified before the next-word completion. Because completions are evaluated from left to right, if the next-word completion were specified first it would always match and the positional completion would never be executed. This is a common mistake when defining a completion.
The select pattern is useful when a command takes files with only particular forms as arguments. For example,
completes `cc' arguments to files ending in only `.c', `.a', or `.o'. select can also exclude files, using negation of a glob-pattern as described under Filename substitution. One might use
to exclude precious source code from `rm' completion. Of course, one could still type excluded names manually or override the completion mechanism using the complete-word-raw or list-choices-raw editor commands (q.v.).
The `C', `D', `F' and `T' lists are like `c', `d', `f' and `t' respectively, but they use the select argument in a different way: to restrict completion to files beginning with a particular path prefix. For example, the Elm mail program uses `=' as an abbreviation for one's mail directory. One might use
to complete `elm -f =' as if it were `elm -f ~/Mail/'. Note that we used `@' instead of `/' to avoid confusion with the select argument, and we used `$HOME' instead of `~' because home directory substitution works at only the beginning of a word.
suffix is used to add a nonstandard suffix (not space or `/' for directories) to completed words.
completes arguments to `finger' from the list of users, appends an `@', and then completes after the `@' from the `hostnames' variable. Note again the order in which the completions are specified.
Finally, here's a complex example for inspiration:
This completes words following `-name', `-newer', `-cpio' or `ncpio' (note the pattern which matches both) to files, words following `-exec' or `-ok' to commands, words following `user' and `group' to users and groups respectively and words following `-fstype' or `-type' to members of the given lists. It also completes the switches themselves from the given list (note the use of c-type completion) and completes anything not otherwise completed to a directory. Whew.
Remember that programmed completions are ignored if the word being completed is a tilde substitution (beginning with `~') or a variable (beginning with `$'). See also the uncomplete builtin command.
dirs [-l] [-n|-v]
dirs -S|-L [filename] (+)
With -S, the second form saves the directory stack to filename as a series of cd and pushd commands. With -L, the shell sources filename, which is presumably a directory stack file saved by the -S option or the savedirs mechanism. In either case, dirsfile is used if filename is not given and ~/.cshdirs is used if dirsfile is unset.
Note that login shells do the equivalent of `dirs -L' on startup and, if savedirs is set, `dirs -S' before exiting. Because only ~/.tcshrc is normally sourced before ~/.cshdirs, dirsfile should be set in ~/.tcshrc rather than ~/.login.
The last form clears the directory stack.
If arg is 'baud', 'cols', 'lines', 'meta' or 'tabs', prints the value of that capability ("yes" or "no" indicating that the terminal does or does not have that capability). One might use this to make the output from a shell script less verbose on slow terminals, or limit command output to the number of lines on the screen:
Termcap strings may contain wildcards which will not echo correctly. One should use double quotes when setting a shell variable to a terminal capability string, as in the following example that places the date in the status line:
With -s, nonexistent capabilities return the empty string rather than causing an error. With -v, messages are verbose.
else
end
endif
foreach name (wordlist)
...
history [-hTr] [n]
history -S|-L|-M [filename] (+)
With -S, the second form saves the history list to filename. If the first word of the savehist shell variable is set to a number, at most that many lines are saved. If the second word of savehist is set to `merge', the history list is merged with the existing history file instead of replacing it (if there is one) and sorted by time stamp. (+) Merging is intended for an environment like the X Window System with several shells in simultaneous use. If the second word of savehist is `merge' and the third word is set to `lock', the history file update will be serialized with other shell sessions that would possibly like to merge history at exactly the same time.
With -L, the shell appends filename, which is presumably a history list saved by the -S option or the savehist mechanism, to the history list. -M is like -L, but the contents of filename are merged into the history list and sorted by timestamp. In either case, histfile is used if filename is not given and ~/.history is used if histfile is unset. `history -L' is exactly like 'source -h' except that it does not require a filename.
Note that login shells do the equivalent of `history -L' on startup and, if savehist is set, `history -S' before exiting. Because only ~/.tcshrc is normally sourced before ~/.history, histfile should be set in ~/.tcshrc rather than ~/.login.
If histlit is set, the first and second forms print and save the literal (unexpanded) form of the history list.
The last form clears the history list.
if (expr) then
...
else if (expr2) then
...
else
...
Controllable resources currently include (if supported by the OS):
maximum-use may be given as a (floating point or integer) number followed by a scale factor. For all limits other than cputime the default scale is `k' or `kilobytes' (1024 bytes); a scale factor of `m' or `megabytes' or `g' or `gigabytes' may also be used. For cputime the default scaling is `seconds', while `m' for minutes or `h' for hours, or a time of the form `mm:ss' giving minutes and seconds may be used.
If maximum-use is `unlimited', then the limitation on the specified resource is removed (this is equivalent to the unlimit builtin command).
For both resource names and scale factors, unambiguous prefixes of the names suffice.
If the listlinks shell variable is set, symbolic links are identified in more detail (on only systems that have them, of course):
listlinks also slows down ls-F and causes partitions holding files pointed to by symbolic links to be mounted.
If the listflags shell variable is set to `x', `a' or `A', or any combination thereof (e.g., `xA'), they are used as flags to ls-F, making it act like `ls -xF', `ls -Fa', `ls -FA' or a combination (e.g., `ls -FxA'). On machines where `ls -C' is not the default, ls-F acts like `ls -CF', unless listflags contains an `x', in which case it acts like `ls -xF'. ls-F passes its arguments to ls(1) if it is given any switches, so `alias ls ls-F' generally does the right thing.
The ls-F builtin can list files using different colors depending on the filetype or extension. See the color shell variable and the LS_COLORS environment variable.
migrate [-site] pid|%jobid ... (+)
sched (+)
sched [+]hh:mm command (+)
causes the shell to echo `It's eleven o'clock.' at 11 AM. The time may be in 12-hour AM/PM format
or may be relative to the current time:
A relative time specification may not use AM/PM format. The third form removes item n from the event list:
A command in the scheduled-event list is executed just before the first prompt is printed after the time when the command is scheduled. It is possible to miss the exact time when the command is to be run, but an overdue command will execute at the next prompt. A command which comes due while the shell is waiting for user input is executed immediately. However, normal operation of an already-running command will not be interrupted so that a scheduled-event list element may be run.
This mechanism is similar to, but not the same as, the at(1) command on some Unix systems. Its major disadvantage is that it may not run a command at exactly the specified time. Its major advantage is that because sched runs directly from the shell, it has access to shell variables and other structures. This provides a mechanism for changing one's working environment based on the time of day.
set
set name ...
set name=word ...
set [-r] [-f|-l] name=(wordlist) ... (+)
set name[index]=word ...
set -r (+)
set -r name ... (+)
switch (string)
case str1:
...
default:
while (expr)
...
If set, each of these aliases executes automatically at the indicated time. They are all initially undefined.
then the shell will change the title of the running xterm(1) to be the name of the host, a colon, and the full current working directory. A fancier way to do that is
This will put the hostname and working directory on the title bar but only the hostname in the icon manager menu.
Note that putting a cd, pushd or popd in cwdcmd may cause an infinite loop. It is the author's opinion that anyone doing so will get what they deserve.
then executing vi foo.c will put the command string in the xterm title bar.
then the help display of the command itself will be invoked, using the GNU help calling convention. Currently there is no easy way to account for various calling conventions (e.g., the customary Unix `-h'), except by using a table of many commands.
then the checknews(1) program runs every 30 minutes. If periodic is set but tperiod is unset or set to 0, periodic behaves like precmd.
then date(1) runs just before the shell prompts for each command. There are no limits on what precmd can be set to do, but discretion should be used.
then executing vi foo.c will put the command string in the xterm title bar.
The variables described in this section have special meaning to the shell.
The shell sets addsuffix, argv, autologout, csubstnonl, command, echo_style, edit, gid, group, home, loginsh, oid, path, prompt, prompt2, prompt3, shell, shlvl, tcsh, term, tty, uid, user and version at startup; they do not change thereafter unless changed by the user. The shell updates cwd, dirstack, owd and status when necessary, and sets logout on logout.
The shell synchronizes group, home, path, shlvl, term and user with the environment variables of the same names: whenever the environment variable changes the shell changes the corresponding shell variable to match (unless the shell variable is read-only) and vice versa. Note that although cwd and PWD have identical meanings, they are not synchronized in this manner, and that the shell automatically converts between the different formats of path and PATH.
The table requires just 256 bytes. Each character of 256
characters corresponds (from left to right) to the ASCII codes 0x00, 0x01,
... 0xff. Each character is set to number 0,1,2 and 3. Each number has the
following meaning:
0 ... not used for multi-byte characters.
1 ... used for the first byte of a multi-byte character.
2 ... used for the second byte of a multi-byte character.
3 ... used for both the first byte and second byte of a multi-byte
character.
Example:
If set to `001322', the first character (means 0x00 of the ASCII code) and
second character (means 0x01 of ASCII code) are set to `0'. Then, it is not
used for multi-byte characters. The 3rd character (0x02) is set to '1',
indicating that it is used for the first byte of a multi-byte character. The
4th character(0x03) is set '3'. It is used for both the first byte and the
second byte of a multi-byte character. The 5th and 6th characters
(0x04,0x05) are set to '2', indicating that they are used for the second
byte of a multi-byte character.
The GNU fileutils version of ls cannot display multi-byte filenames without the -N ( --literal ) option. If you are using this version, set the second word of dspmbyte to "ls". If not, for example, "ls-F -l" cannot display multi-byte filenames.
Note:
This variable can only be used if KANJI and DSPMBYTE has been defined at
compile time.
Set by default to the local system default. The BSD and System V options are described in the echo(1) man pages on the appropriate systems.
If you are in a login shell, then no mail file is reported unless it has been modified after the time the shell has started up, to prevent redundant notifications. Most login programs will tell you whether or not you have mail when you log in.
If a file specified in mail is a directory, the shell will count each file within that directory as a separate message, and will report `You have n mails.' or `You have n mails in name.' as appropriate. This functionality is provided primarily for those systems which store mail in this manner, such as the Andrew Mail System.
If the first word of mail is numeric it is taken as a different mail checking interval, in seconds.
Under very rare circumstances, the shell may report `You have mail.' instead of `You have new mail.'
`%B', `%S', `%U' and `%{string%}' are available in only eight-bit-clean shells; see the version shell variable.
The bold, standout and underline sequences are often used to distinguish a superuser shell. For example,
If `%t', `%@', `%T', `%p', or `%P' is used, and noding is not set, then print `DING!' on the change of hour (i.e, `:00' minutes) instead of the actual time.
Set by default to `%# ' in interactive shells.
If the anyerror variable is unset, the exit status of a pipeline is determined only from the last command in the pipeline, and the exit status of a backquote expansion is not propagated to status.
If a command terminated abnormally, then 0200 is added to the status. Builtin commands which fail return exit status `1', all other builtin commands return status `0'.
If set to `chase', whenever the current directory changes to a directory containing a symbolic link, it is expanded to the real name of the directory to which the link points. This does not work for the user's home directory; this is a bug.
If set to `ignore', the shell tries to construct a current directory relative to the current directory before the link was crossed. This means that cding through a symbolic link and then `cd ..'ing returns one to the original directory. This affects only builtin commands and filename completion.
If set to `expand', the shell tries to fix symbolic links by actually expanding arguments which look like path names. This affects any command, not just builtins. Unfortunately, this does not work for hard-to-recognize filenames, such as those embedded in command options. Expansion may be prevented by quoting. While this setting is usually the most convenient, it is sometimes misleading and sometimes confusing when it fails to recognize an argument which should be expanded. A compromise is to use `ignore' and use the editor command normalize-path (bound by default to ^X-n) when necessary.
Some examples are in order. First, let's set up some play directories:
Here's the behavior with symlinks unset,
here's the behavior with symlinks set to `chase',
here's the behavior with symlinks set to `ignore',
and here's the behavior with symlinks set to `expand'.
Note that `expand' expansion 1) works just like `ignore' for builtins like cd, 2) is prevented by quoting, and 3) happens before filenames are passed to non-builtin commands.
Only the first four sequences are supported on systems without BSD resource limit functions. The default time format is `%Uu %Ss %E %P %X+%Dk %I+%Oio %Fpf+%Ww' for systems that support resource usage reporting and `%Uu %Ss %E %P' for systems that do not.
Under Sequent's DYNIX/ptx, %X, %D, %K, %r and %s are not available, but the following additional sequences are:
and the default time format is `%Uu %Ss %E %P %I+%Oio %Fpf+%Ww'. Note that the CPU percentage can be higher than 100% on multi-processors.
An administrator may enter additional strings to indicate differences in the local version.
If set, various key bindings change behavior to be more vi(1)-style: word boundaries are determined by wordchars versus whitespace versus other characters; cursor behavior depends upon current vi mode (command, delete, insert, replace).
This variable is unset by bindkey -e and set by bindkey -v. vimode may be explicitly set or unset by the user after those bindkey operations if required.
reports activity of the user `george' on ttyd1, any user on the console, and oneself (or a trespasser) on any terminal.
Logins and logouts are checked every 10 minutes by default, but the first word of watch can be set to a number to check every so many minutes. For example,
reports any login/logout once every minute. For the impatient, the log builtin command triggers a watch report at any time. All current logins are reported (as with the log builtin) when watch is first set.
The who shell variable controls the format of watch reports.
%M and %m are available on only systems that store the remote hostname in /etc/utmp. If unset, `%n has %a %l from %m.' is used, or `%n has %a %l.' on systems which don't store the remote hostname.
You need to include only the variables you want to change from the default.
File names can also be colorized based on filename extension. This is specified in the LS_COLORS variable using the syntax "*ext=string". For example, using ISO 6429 codes, to color all C-language source files blue you would specify "*.c=34". This would color all files ending in .c in blue (34) color.
Control characters can be written either in C-style-escaped notation, or in stty-like ^-notation. The C-style notation adds ^[ for Escape, _ for a normal space character, and ? for Delete. In addition, the ^[ escape character can be used to override the default interpretation of ^[, ^, : and =.
Each file will be written as <lc> <color-code> <rc> <filename> <ec>. If the <ec> code is undefined, the sequence <lc> <no> <rc> will be used instead. This is generally more convenient to use, but less general. The left, right and end codes are provided so you don't have to type common parts over and over again and to support weird terminals; you will generally not need to change them at all unless your terminal does not use ISO 6429 color sequences but a different system.
If your terminal does use ISO 6429 color codes, you can compose the type codes (i.e., all except the lc, rc, and ec codes) from numerical commands separated by semicolons. The most common commands are:
Not all commands will work on all systems or display devices.
A few terminal programs do not recognize the default end code properly. If all text gets colorized after you do a directory listing, try changing the no and fi codes from 0 to the numerical codes for your standard fore- and background colors.
The order in which startup files are read may differ if the shell was so compiled; see Startup and shutdown and the version shell variable.
This manual describes tcsh as a single entity, but experienced csh(1) users will want to pay special attention to tcsh's new features.
A command-line editor, which supports emacs(1)-style or vi(1)-style key bindings. See The command-line editor and Editor commands.
Programmable, interactive word completion and listing. See Completion and listing and the complete and uncomplete builtin commands.
Spelling correction (q.v.) of filenames, commands and variables.
Editor commands (q.v.) which perform other useful functions in the middle of typed commands, including documentation lookup (run-help), quick editor restarting (run-fg-editor) and command resolution (which-command).
An enhanced history mechanism. Events in the history list are time-stamped. See also the history command and its associated shell variables, the previously undocumented `#' event specifier and new modifiers under History substitution, the *-history, history-search-*, i-search-*, vi-search-* and toggle-literal-history editor commands and the histlit shell variable.
Enhanced directory parsing and directory stack handling. See the cd, pushd, popd and dirs commands and their associated shell variables, the description of Directory stack substitution, the dirstack, owd and symlinks shell variables and the normalize-command and normalize-path editor commands.
Negation in glob-patterns. See Filename substitution.
New File inquiry operators (q.v.) and a filetest builtin which uses them.
A variety of Automatic, periodic and timed events (q.v.) including scheduled events, special aliases, automatic logout and terminal locking, command timing and watching for logins and logouts.
Support for the Native Language System (see Native Language System support), OS variant features (see OS variant support and the echo_style shell variable) and system-dependent file locations (see FILES).
Extensive terminal-management capabilities. See Terminal management.
New builtin commands including builtins, hup, ls-F, newgrp, printenv, which and where (q.v.).
New variables that make useful information easily available to the shell. See the gid, loginsh, oid, shlvl, tcsh, tty, uid and version shell variables and the HOST, REMOTEHOST, VENDOR, OSTYPE and MACHTYPE environment variables.
A new syntax for including useful information in the prompt string (see prompt), and special prompts for loops and spelling correction (see prompt2 and prompt3).
Read-only variables. See Variable substitution.
When a suspended command is restarted, the shell prints the directory it started in if this is different from the current directory. This can be misleading (i.e., wrong) as the job may have changed directories internally.
Shell builtin functions are not stoppable/restartable. Command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are also not handled gracefully when stopping is attempted. If you suspend `b', the shell will then immediately execute `c'. This is especially noticeable if this expansion results from an alias. It suffices to place the sequence of commands in ()'s to force it to a subshell, i.e., `( a ; b ; c )'.
Control over tty output after processes are started is primitive; perhaps this will inspire someone to work on a good virtual terminal interface. In a virtual terminal interface much more interesting things could be done with output control.
Alias substitution is most often used to clumsily simulate shell procedures; shell procedures should be provided rather than aliases.
Control structures should be parsed rather than being recognized as built-in commands. This would allow control commands to be placed anywhere, to be combined with `|', and to be used with `&' and `;' metasyntax.
foreach doesn't ignore here documents when looking for its end.
It should be possible to use the `:' modifiers on the output of command substitutions.
The screen update for lines longer than the screen width is very poor if the terminal cannot move the cursor up (i.e., terminal type `dumb').
HPATH and NOREBIND don't need to be environment variables.
Glob-patterns which do not use `?', `*' or `[]' or which use `{}' or `~' are not negated correctly.
The single-command form of if does output redirection even if the expression is false and the command is not executed.
ls-F includes file identification characters when sorting filenames and does not handle control characters in filenames well. It cannot be interrupted.
Command substitution supports multiple commands and conditions, but not cycles or backward gotos.
Report bugs at http://bugs.gw.com/, preferably with fixes. If you want to help maintain and test tcsh, send mail to tcsh-request@mx.gw.com with the text `subscribe tcsh' on a line by itself in the body.
In 1964, DEC produced the PDP-6. The PDP-10 was a later re-implementation. It was re-christened the DECsystem-10 in 1970 or so when DEC brought out the second model, the KI10.
TENEX was created at Bolt, Beranek & Newman (a Cambridge, Massachusetts think tank) in 1972 as an experiment in demand-paged virtual memory operating systems. They built a new pager for the DEC PDP-10 and created the OS to go with it. It was extremely successful in academia.
In 1975, DEC brought out a new model of the PDP-10, the KL10; they intended to have only a version of TENEX, which they had licensed from BBN, for the new box. They called their version TOPS-20 (their capitalization is trademarked). A lot of TOPS-10 users (`The OPerating System for PDP-10') objected; thus DEC found themselves supporting two incompatible systems on the same hardware--but then there were 6 on the PDP-11!
TENEX, and TOPS-20 to version 3, had command completion via a user-code-level subroutine library called ULTCMD. With version 3, DEC moved all that capability and more into the monitor (`kernel' for you Unix types), accessed by the COMND% JSYS (`Jump to SYStem' instruction, the supervisor call mechanism [are my IBM roots also showing?]).
The creator of tcsh was impressed by this feature and several others of TENEX and TOPS-20, and created a version of csh which mimicked them.
The system limits argument lists to ARG_MAX characters.
The number of arguments to a command which involves filename expansion is limited to 1/6th the number of characters allowed in an argument list.
Command substitutions may substitute no more characters than are allowed in an argument list.
To detect looping, the shell restricts the number of alias substitutions on a single line to 20.
csh(1), emacs(1), ls(1), newgrp(1), sh(1), setpath(1), stty(1), su(1), tset(1), vi(1), x(1), access(2), execve(2), fork(2), killpg(2), pipe(2), setrlimit(2), sigvec(2), stat(2), umask(2), vfork(2), wait(2), malloc(3), setlocale(3), tty(4), a.out(5), termcap(5), environ(7), termio(7), Introduction to the C Shell
This manual documents tcsh 6.20.00 (Astron) 2016-11-24.
Bryan Dunlap, Clayton Elwell, Karl Kleinpaste, Bob Manson, Steve Romig, Diana Smetters, Bob Sutterfield, Mark Verber, Elizabeth Zwicky and all the other people at Ohio State for suggestions and encouragement
All the people on the net, for putting up with, reporting bugs in, and suggesting new additions to each and every version
Richard M. Alderson III, for writing the `T in tcsh' section
| 24 November 2016 | Astron 6.20.00 |