MORSE CODE TIMINGS

In Morse code, a dot or dash is referred to as an element. The basic timing unit is the dot period. This is the time taken to send a dot, not including any space before or after the dot. The lengths of all other elements are then derived from this basic unit, using the following rules:

The duration of a dash is three dots.

The time between each element (dot or dash) is one dot length.

The space between characters is three dot lengths.

The space between words is seven dot lengths.

The following formula calculates the dot period in microseconds from the Morse code speed in words per minute:

dot period = ( 1200000 / speed )

This formula arises from the use of the word PARIS as a 'standard' word for calibrating Morse code speed. PARIS is 50 units long when sent in Morse code. Analysis of English plain-text indicates that the average word is 50 units, including spaces.

MORSE CODE CHARACTERS

The following list shows the IS0 8859-1 (Latin-1) characters that have commonly understood representations in Morse code:

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789"$()+-./:;=?_@ and space

In addition, following ISO 8859-1 and ISO 8859-2 accented characters are also part of the generally accepted international Morse code:

ÜÄÇÖÉÈÀÑ (S with cedilla), (Z with caron/hacek),

Finally, libcw adds the following ASCII characters as extensions to single character procedural signals:

<>!&^~

MORSE CODE CHARACTER TABLES

The following table shows the Morse code equivalents for the ISO 8859-1, accented ISO 8859-1, and accented ISO 8859-2 characters above. The ASCII portion of this table is taken from the ARRL Handbook, and the accented extensions from various other sources:

In addition to the above standard characters, the following characters are conventionally used for punctuation and procedural signals as follows:

and the following are non-conventional extensions implemented by libcw:

An alternative view of punctuation and procedural signals is as combination Morse characters: