ls, lc - list contents of directory
ls [ -dlmnpqrstuFQ ] name ...
lc [ -dlmnpqrstuFQ ] name ...
For each directory argument, ls lists the contents of the
directory; for each file argument, ls repeats its name and any other
information requested. When no argument is given, the current directory is
listed. By default, the output is sorted alphabetically by name.
Lc is the same as ls, but sets the -p option
and pipes the output through mc(1).
There are a number of options:
- -d
- If argument is a directory, list it, not its contents.
- -l
- List in long format, giving mode (see below), file system type (e.g., for
devices, the # code letter that names it; see intro(3)), the
instance or subdevice number, owner, group, size in bytes, and time of
last modification for each file.
- -m
- List the name of the user who most recently modified the file.
- -n
- Don't sort the listing.
- -p
- Print only the final path element of each file name.
- -q
- List the qid (see stat(3)) of each file; the printed fields
are in the order path, version, and type.
- -r
- Reverse the order of sort.
- -s
- Give size in Kbytes for each entry.
- -t
- Sort by time modified (latest first) instead of by name.
- -u
- Under -t sort by time of last access; under -l print time of
last access.
- -F
- Add the character / after all directory names and the character
* after all executable files.
- -L
- Print the character t before each file if it has the temporary flag
set, and - otherwise.
- -Q
- By default, printed file names are quoted if they contain characters
special to rc(1). The -Q flag disables this behavior.
The mode printed under the -l option contains 11
characters, interpreted as follows: the first character is
- d
- if the entry is a directory;
- a
- if the entry is an append-only file;
- D
- if the entry is a Unix device;
- L
- if the entry is a symbolic link;
- P
- if the entry is a named pipe;
- S
- if the entry is a socket;
- -
- if the entry is a plain file.
The next letter is l if the file is exclusive access (one
writer or reader at a time).
The last 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three bits
each. The first set refers to owner permissions; the next to permissions to
others in the same user-group; and the last to all others. Within each set
the three characters indicate permission respectively to read, to write, or
to execute the file as a program. For a directory, `execute' permission is
interpreted to mean permission to search the directory for a specified file.
The permissions are indicated as follows:
- r
- if the file is readable;
- w
- if the file is writable;
- x
- if the file is executable;
- -
- if none of the above permissions is granted.