| profile(8) | System Manager's Manual | profile(8) |
profile - Profile CPU usage by sampling stack traces. Uses Linux eBPF/bcc.
profile [-adfh] [-p PID | -L TID] [-U | -K] [-F FREQUENCY | -c COUNT] [--stack-storage-size COUNT] [-C CPU] [--cgroupmap CGROUPMAP] [--mntnsmap MAPPATH] [duration]
This is a CPU profiler. It works by taking samples of stack traces at timed intervals. It will help you understand and quantify CPU usage: which code is executing, and by how much, including both user-level and kernel code.
By default this samples at 49 Hertz (samples per second), across all CPUs. This frequency can be tuned using a command line option. The reason for 49, and not 50, is to avoid lock-step sampling.
This is also an efficient profiler, as stack traces are frequency counted in kernel context, rather than passing each stack to user space for frequency counting there. Only the unique stacks and counts are passed to user space at the end of the profile, greatly reducing the kernel<->user transfer.
CONFIG_BPF and bcc.
This also requires Linux 4.9+ (BPF_PROG_TYPE_PERF_EVENT support). See tools/old for an older version that may work on Linux 4.6 - 4.8.
See "[unknown]" frames with bogus addresses? This can happen for different reasons. Your best approach is to get Linux perf to work first, and then to try this tool. Eg, "perf record -F 49 -a -g -- sleep 1; perf script", and to check for unknown frames there.
The most common reason for "[unknown]" frames is that the target software has not been compiled with frame pointers, and so we can't use that simple method for walking the stack. The fix in that case is to use software that does have frame pointers, eg, gcc -fno-omit-frame-pointer, or Java's -XX:+PreserveFramePointer.
Another reason for "[unknown]" frames is JIT compilers, which don't use a traditional symbol table. The fix in that case is to populate a /tmp/perf-PID.map file with the symbols, which this tool should read. How you do this depends on the runtime (Java, Node.js).
If you seem to have unrelated samples in the output, check for other sampling or tracing tools that may be running. The current version of this tool can include their events if profiling happened concurrently. Those samples may be filtered in a future version.
This is an efficient profiler, as stack traces are frequency counted in kernel context, and only the unique stacks and their counts are passed to user space. Contrast this with the current "perf record -F 99 -a" method of profiling, which writes each sample to user space (via a ring buffer), and then to the file system (perf.data), which must be post-processed.
This uses perf_event_open to setup a timer which is instrumented by BPF, and for efficiency it does not initialize the perf ring buffer, so the redundant perf samples are not collected.
It's expected that the overhead while sampling at 49 Hertz (the default), across all CPUs, should be negligible. If you increase the sample rate, the overhead might begin to be measurable.
This is from bcc.
Also look in the bcc distribution for a companion _examples.txt file containing example usage, output, and commentary for this tool.
Linux
Unstable - in development.
Brendan Gregg
| 2020-03-18 | USER COMMANDS |