| Alzabo::Intro(3pm) | User Contributed Perl Documentation | Alzabo::Intro(3pm) |
Alzabo::Intro - Introductory information about Alzabo
This document provides an introduction to the basics of using Alzabo, primarily focused on the RDBMS-OO mapping functionality.
The first thing you'll want to do is create a schema. The easiest way to do this is to reverse engineer an existing schema. The Mason GUI, available in the separate "Alzabo::GUI::Mason" distribution, provides another means of creating a schema.
And of course, you can create one through a custom Perl script which uses the various "Alzabo::Create::*" classes. Here's the beginning of such a script:
use Alzabo::Create::Schema;
eval
{
my $s = Alzabo::Create::Schema->new( name => 'foo',
rdbms => 'MySQL' );
my $table = $s->make_table( name => 'some_table' );
my $a_col = $table->make_column( name => 'a_column',
type => 'int',
nullable => 0,
sequenced => 0,
attributes => [ 'unsigned' ] );
$table->add_primary_key($a_col);
my $b_col = $table->make_column( name => 'b_column',
type => 'varchar',
length => 240,
nullable => 0 );
$table->make_index( columns => [ { column => $b_col,
prefix => 10 } ] );
...
$s->save_to_file;
};
if ($@) { handle exceptions }
Alzabo is a powerful tool but as with many powerful tools it can also be a bit overwhelming at first. The easiest way to understand some of its basic capabilities is through some examples. Let's first assume that you've created the following schema:
TABLE: Movie movie_id tinyint -- primary key title varchar(200) release_year year TABLE: Person person_id tinyint -- primary key name varchar(200) birthdate date birthplace_location_id tinyint -- foreign key to location TABLE: Job job_id tinyint -- primary key job varchar(200) -- something like 'actor' or 'director' TABLE: Credit movie_id tinyint -- primary key part 1, foreign key to movie person_id tinyint -- primary key part 2, foreign key to person job_id tinyint -- primary key part 3, foreign key to job TABLE: Location location_id tinyint -- primary key location varchar(200) -- 'New York City' or 'USA' parent_location_id tinyint -- foreign key to location
In Alzabo, data is returned in the form of a row object. This object can be used to access the data for an individual row.
Unless you are retrieving a row via a unique identifier (usually its primary key), you will be given a cursor object. This is quite similar to how "DBI" uses statement handles and is done for similar reasons.
First of all, let's do something simple. Let's assume I have a person_id value and I want to find all the movies that they were in and print the title, year of release, and the job they did in the movie. Here's what it looks like:
my $schema = Alzabo::Runtime::Schema->load_from_file( name => 'movies' );
my $person_t = $schema->table('Person');
my $credit_t = $schema->table('Credit');
my $movie_t = $schema->table('Movie');
my $job_t = $schema->table('Job');
# returns a row representing this person.
my $person = $person_t->row_by_pk( pk => 42 );
# all the rows in the credit table that have the person_id of 42.
my $cursor =
$person->rows_by_foreign_key
( foreign_key =>
$person_t->foreign_keys_by_table($credit_t) );
print $person->select('name'), " was in the following films:\n\n";
while (my $credit = $cursor->next)
{
# rows_by_foreign_key returns a RowCursor object. We immediately
# call its next method, knowing it will only have one row (if
# it doesn't then our referential integrity is in trouble!)
my $movie =
$credit->rows_by_foreign_key
( foreign_key =>
$credit_t->foreign_keys_by_table($movie_t) )->next;
my $job =
$credit->rows_by_foreign_key
( foreign_key =>
$credit_t->foreign_keys_by_table($job_t) )->next;
print $movie->select('title'), " released in ", $movie->select('release_year'), "\n";
print ' ', $job->('job'), "\n";
}
A more sophisticated version of this code would take into account that a person can do more than one job in the same movie.
The method names are quite verbose, so let's redo the example using "Alzabo::MethodMaker":
# Assume that the method_namer() subroutine pluralizes things as one
# would expect.
use Alzabo::MethodMaker( schema => 'movies',
all => 1,
name_maker => \&method_namer );
my $schema = Alzabo::Runtime::Schema->load_from_file( name => 'movies' );
# instantiates a row representing this person.
my $person = $schema->Person->row_by_pk( pk => 42 );
# all the rows in the credit table that have the person_id of 42.
my $cursor = $person->Credits;
print $person->name, " was in the following films:\n\n";
while (my $credit = $cursor->next)
{
my $movie = $credit->Movie;
my $job = $credit->Job;
print $movie->title, " released in ", $movie->release_year, "\n";
print ' ', $job->job, "\n";
}
Updates are done by calling the "update()" method on a row object:
$movie->update( title => 'Chungking Express',
year => 1994 );
If you are using "Alzabo::MethodMaker", the per-column accessors it generates for row objects can be used to set a column's value:
$movie->title('Chungking Express');
Be careful with this, though, because updates are done immediately against the RDBMS, meaning each call to a setter method issues an "UPDATE" query. It's much more efficient to call the "update()" method once with multiple values.
To delete a row, just call it's "delete()" method:
$movie->delete;
Let's assume that we've been passed a hash of values representing an update to the location table. Here's a way of making sure that that this update won't lead to a loop in terms of the parent/child relationships.
sub update_location
{
my $self = shift; # this is the row object
my %data = @_;
if ( $data{parent_location_id} )
{
my $parent_location_id = $data{parent_location_id};
my $location_t = $schema->table('Location');
while ( my $location =
$location_t->row_by_pk( pk => $parent_location_id ) )
{
die "Insert into location would create loop"
if $location->select('parent_location_id') == $data{location_id};
$parent_location_id = $location->select('parent_location_id');
}
}
}
Once again, let's rewrite the code to use "Alzabo::MethodMaker":
sub update_location
{
my $self = shift; # this is the row object
my %data = @_;
if ( $data{parent_location_id} )
{
my $location = $self;
while ( my $location = $location->parent )
{
die "Insert into location would create loop"
if $location->parent_location_id == $data{location_id};
}
}
}
Each subclass of Alzabo::SQLMaker is capable of exporting functions that allow you to use all the SQL functions that your RDBMS provides. These functions are normal Perl functions. They take as arguments normal scalars (strings and numbers), "Alzabo::Column" objects, or the return value of another SQL function. They may be used to select data via the "select()" and "function()" methods in both the "Alzabo::Runtime::Table" and "Alzabo::Runtime::Schema" classes. They may also be used as part of updates, inserts, and where clauses in any place that is valid SQL.
Examples:
use Alzabo::SQLMaker::MySQL qw(MAX NOW PI);
my $max =
$table->function( select => MAX( $table->column('budget') ),
where => [ $table->column('country'), '=', 'USA' ] );
$table->insert( values => { create_date => NOW() } );
$row->update( pi => PI() );
my $cursor =
$table->rows_where( where =>
[ $table->column('expire_date'), '<=', NOW() ] );
my $cursor =
$table->rows_where( where =>
[ LENGTH( $table->column('password') ), '<=', 5 ] );
The documentation for the Alzabo::SQLMaker subclass for your RDBMS will contain a detailed list of all exportable functions.
Sometimes you'll want to create an object with the row object API, but which does not represent a row in the database. See the "Alzabo::Runtime::Row" documentation for details on how these objects can be created.
In MySQL, there are a number of various types of integers. The type "TINYINT" can hold values from -128 to 127. But what if have more than 127 movies? And if that's the case we might have more than 127 people too.
For safety's sake, it might be best to make all of the primary key integer columns "INT" columns instead. And while we're at it we want to make them "UNSIGNED" as well, as we don't need to insert negative numbers into these columns.
You could break out the RDBMS manual (because you probably forgot the exact "ALTER TABLE" syntax you'll need). Or you could use Alzabo. Note that this time we use a "Alzabo::Create::Schema" object, not "Alzabo::Runtime::Schema".
my $schema = Alzabo::Create::Schema->load_from_file( name => 'movies' );
foreach my $t ( $schema->tables )
{
foreach my $c ( $t->columns )
{
if ( $c->is_primary_key and lc $c->type eq 'tinyint' )
{
$c->set_type('int');
$c->add_attribute('unsigned');
}
}
}
$schema->create( user => 'user', password => 'password' );
$schema->save_to_file;
Because Alzabo keeps track of the schema's state the last time it was created in the RDBMS, the "create()" method here will generate the appropriate SQL to alter the RDBMS schema so that it matches the schema as defined in Alzabo.
Alzabo uses transactions internally in order to guarantee consistency. Obviously, if you are using a database such as MySQL (without InnoDB) that does not support transactions, this is not possible.
If you would like to use transactions explicitly in your code, please make sure to use the "Alzabo::Schema" class's "begin_work()", "commit()", and "rollback()" methods.
Alzabo uses exceptions as its error reporting mechanism. This means that all calls to its methods should be wrapped in "eval{}". This is less onerous than it sounds. In general, there's no reason not to wrap all of your calls in one large eval block. Then at the end of the block simply check the value of $@.
Also see the "Alzabo::Exceptions" documentation, which lists all of the different exception used by Alzabo.
This is similar to using "DBI" with the "RaiseError" attribute set to a true value.
Its important to note that some methods (such as the driver's "rollback()" method) may use "eval" internally. This means that if you intend to use them as part of the cleanup after an exception, you may need to store the original exception in another variable, as $@ will be overwritten at the next "eval".
In addition, some methods you might use during cleanup can throw exceptions of their own.
This is the point where I start wishing Perl had a real exception handling mechanism built into the language.
Because Alzabo saves the schema objects to disk as raw data structures using the "Storable" module, it is possible for a new version of Alzabo to be incompatible with a saved schema.
As of Alzabo version 0.65, Alzabo can now detect older schemas and will attempt to update them if possible.
When you attempt to load a schema, whether of the "Alzabo::Create::Schema" or "Alzabo::Runtime::Schema" classes, Alzabo will determine what version of Alzabo created that schema.
If updates are necessary, Alzabo will first back up your existing files with the extension .bak.v{version}, where "{version}" is the version of Alzabo which created the schema.
Then it will alter the schema as necessary and save it to disk.
This will all happen transparently, as long as the process which initiated this process can write to the schema files and the directory they are in.
Alzabo will need the "Alzabo::Create::*" classes to update the schema. If these have not been loaded already, Alzabo will do so and issue a warning to say that this has happened, in case you would like to restart the process without these classes loaded.
It is possible to use the same schema definition with multiple copies of that schema in the RDBMS. This can be done by setting the "schema_name" parameter whenever you call a method that connects to the RDBMS, such as "Alzabo::Create::Schema->create" or "Alzabo::Runtime::Schema->connect". This will override the default, the schema's name as given when it was first created via "Alzabo::Create::Schema->new".
Every time you call "create()" or "sync_backend()", the schema will consider itself to have been instantiated. This means that if you call "create()" twice, each time with a different "schema_name" parameter, then you will probably not be able to generate useful diffs via the "make_sql()" method in the future.
This is a bug that is unlikely to be fixed.
Alzabo aims to be as cross-platform as possible. To that end, RDBMS specific operations are contained in several module hierarchies. The goal here is to isolate RDBMS-specific behavior and try to provide generic wrappers around it, inasmuch as is possible.
The first, the "Alzabo::Driver::*" hierarchy, is used to handle communication with the database. It uses "DBI" and the appropriate "DBD::*" module to handle communications. It provides a higher level of abstraction than "DBI", requiring that the RDBMS specific modules implement methods to do such things as create databases or return the next value in a sequence.
The second, the "Alzabo::RDBMSRules::*" hierarchy, is used during schema creation in order to validate user input such as schema and table names. It also generates DDL SQL to create the database or turn one schema into another (sort of a SQL diff). Finally, it also handles reverse engineering of an existing database.
The "Alzabo::SQLMaker::*" hierarchy is used to generate DML SQL and handle bound parameters.
The RDBMS to be used is specified when creating the schema. Currently, there is no easy way to convert a schema from one RDBMS to another, though this is a future goal.
Alzabo can maintain referential integrity in your database based on the relationships you have defined. This can be toggled via the "Alzabo::Runtime::Schema->set_referential_integrity()" method.
Alzabo enforces these referential integrity rules:
An attempt to insert a value into a table's foreign key column(s) will fail if the value does not exist in the foreign table.
If a table is dependent on another table, any columns from the dependent table involved in the relationship will be treated as not nullable.
If the relationship is one-to-one, all columns involved in the foreign key will be treated as if they had a unique constraint on them (as a group if there is more than one) unless any of the columns being inserted are NULL.
The exception to this rule is that no attempt is made to enforce constraints on a table's primary key, as that could conceivably make it impossible to insert a row into the table.
Updates follow the same rules as inserts.
When a row is deleted, foreign tables which are dependent on the one being deleted will have the relevant rows deleted. Otherwise, the foreign table's related column(s) will simply be set to NULL.
Dave Rolsky, <autarch@urth.org>
| 2022-06-14 | perl v5.34.0 |