Wrappers

FIXME maybe this section should be rolled into the GBoxed and GObject sections?

In order to use the C data structures from Perl, we need to wrap those objects up in Perl objects. In general, a Perl object is simply a blessed reference. A typical scheme for representing C objects in perl is bless a reference to a scalar holding the C pointer value; perl will destroy the reference-counted scalar when there are no more references to it, and one would normally destroy the underlying data structure at this point. However, GLib is a little more complex than your typical C library, so this easy, typical setup won't work for us.

GBoxed types are opaque wrappers for C structures, providing copy and free functions, to allow the types to be used generically. For the most part we can get away with using the typical scheme described above to provide an opaque object, but in some instances an opaque object is very alien in perl. The Glib::Boxed section explains how we get around this.

GObject, on the other hand, is a type-aware, reference-counted object with lifetime semantics that differ somewhat from perl SVs. Thus we need something a bit more sophisticated than a plain old opaque wrapper; in fact, we use a blessed hash reference with the pointer to the C object tucked away in attached magic, and a pointer to the SV stored in the GObject's user data. The combined perl/C object does some nifty reference-count borrowing to ensure that object lifetime is managed correctly.

If an object is created by a function that returns directly to perl, then the wrapper returned by that function should "own" the object. If no other code assumes ownership of that object (by ref'ing a GObject or copying a GBoxed), then the object should be destroyed when the perl scalar is destroyed (actually, as part of its destruction).

If a function returns a preexisting object owned by someone else, then the bindings should NOT destroy the object with the perl wrapper. How we handle this for the various types is described below.

GType to Package Mappings

GType is the GObject library's unique type identifier; this is a runtime variable, because GLib types may be loaded dynamically. The direct analog in perl is the package name, which uniquely specifies an object's class. Since these do about the same thing, we completely replace the GType with the perl package.

For various reasons, mostly to do with robustness and performance, there is a one-to-one mapping between GType classes and perl package names. These must be registered, usually as part of the module initialization process.

In addition, the type system tries as hard as it can to recover when things don't go well, using the GType system to its advantage. If you return a C object of a type that is not registered with Gperl, such as MyCustomTypeFoo, gperl_new_object (see below) will warn you that it has blessed the unknown MyCustomTypeFoo into the first known package in its ancestry, Gtk2::VBox.

GBoxed and GObject have distinct mapping registries to avoid cross-pollination and mistakes in the type system. See below.

To assist in handling inheritance that isn't specified directly by the GType system, the function gperl_set_isa allows you to add elements to the @ISA for a package. gperl_register_object does this for you, but you may need to add additional parents, e.g., for implementing GInterfaces. (see Gtk2/xs/GtkEntry.xs for an example)

You may be thinking that we could use substitution rules to map the GObject classes to perl packages. In practice, this is a bad idea, fraught with problems; the substitution rules are not easily extendable and are easily broken by extension packages which don't follow the naming conventions.

GEnums and GFlags

GLib provides a mechanism for creating runtime type information about enumeration and flag types. Enumerations are lists of specific values, one of which may be used at at time, whereas multiple flag values may be supplied at a time. In C flags are meant to be used with bitfields. A GType is associated with the various valid values for a given GEnum or GFlags type as strings, in both full-name and nickname forms.

GPerl uses this mechanism to avoid the need to know integer values for enum and flag types at the perl level. An enum value is just a string; a bitfield of flag values is represented as a reference to an array of strings. These strings are the GLib-provided nicknames. For the convenience of a perl developer, the bindings treat '-' and '_' as equivalent when looking up the corresponding integer values during conversion.

A GEnum or GFlags type mapping should be registered with

 void gperl_register_fundamental (GType gtype, const char * package);

so that their package names can be used where a GType is required (for example, as GObject property types or GtkTreeModel column types).

The basic functions for converting between C and perl values are

 /* croak if val is not part of type, otherwise return
  * corresponding value.  this is the general case. */
 gint gperl_convert_enum (GType type, SV * val);
 /* return a scalar which is the nickname of the enum value
  * val, or croak if val is not a member of the enum. */
 SV * gperl_convert_back_enum (GType type, gint val);
 /* collapse a list of strings to an integer with all the
  * correct bits set, croak if anything is invalid. */
 gint gperl_convert_flags (GType type, SV * val);
 /* convert a bitfield to a list of strings, or croak. */
 SV * gperl_convert_back_flags (GType type, gint val);

Other utility functions allow for finer-grained control, such as the ability to pass unknown values, which can be necessary in special cases. In general, each of these functions raises an exception when something goes wrong. To be helpful, they croak with a message listing the valid values when they encounter invalid input.

GBoxed

GBoxed provides a way to register functions that create, copy, and destroy opaque structures. For our purposes, we'll allow any perl package to inherit from Glib::Boxed and implement accessors for the struct members, but Glib::Boxed will handle the object and wrapper lifetime issues.

There are two functions for creating boxed wrappers:

 SV * gperl_new_boxed (gpointer boxed, GType gtype, gboolean own);
 SV * gperl_new_boxed_copy (gpointer boxed, GType gtype);

If own is TRUE, the wrapper returned by gperl_new_boxed will take boxed with it when it dies. In the case of a copy, own is implied, so there's a separate function which doesn't need the own option.

To get a boxed pointer out of a scalar wrapper, you just call gperl_get_boxed_check --- this will croak if the sv is undef or not blessed into the specified package.

When you register a boxed type you get the option of supplying a table of function pointers describing how the boxed object should be wrapped, unwrapped, and destroyed. This allows you to decide in the wrapping function what subclass of the boxed type's class the wrapper should actually take (a trick used by Gtk2::Gdk::Event), or represent a boxed type as a native perl type (such as using array references for Gnome2::Canvas::Point objects). All of this happens automagically, behind the scenes, and most types assume the default wrapper class.

See the commentary in gperl.h for more information.

GObject

The GObject knows its own type. Thus, we need only one parameter to create a GObject wrapper. In reality, we ask for two:

 SV * gperl_new_object (GObject * object, gboolean own);

The wrapper SV will be blessed into the package corresponding to the gtype returned by G_OBJECT_TYPE (object), that is, the bottommost type in the inheritance chain. If that bottommost type is not known, the function walks back up the tree until it finds one that's known, blesses the reference into that package, and spits out a warning on stderr. To hush the warning, you need merely call

In general, this process will claim a reference on the GObject (with g_object_ref()), so that the C object stays alive so long as there is a perl wrapper for it. If <i>own</i> is set to TRUE, the perl wrapper will claim ownership of the C object by removing that reference; in theory, for a new GObject, fresh from a constructor, this leaves the object with a single reference owned by the perl object. The next question out of your mouth should be, "But what about GObject derivatives that require sinking or other strange methods to claim ownership?" For the answer, see the GtkObject section's description of sink functions.

 void gperl_register_object (GType gtype, const char * package);

This magical function also sets up the @ISA for the package to point to the package corresponding to g_type_parent (gtype). [Since this requires the parent package to be registered, there is a simple deferral mechanism, which means your @ISA might not be set until the next call to gperl_register_object.]

There are two ways to get an object out of an SV (though I think only one is really needed):

 GObject * gperl_get_object (SV * sv);
 GObject * gperl_get_object_check (SV * sv, GType gtype);

The second one is like the first, but croaks if the object is not derived from gtype.

You can get and set object data and object parameters just like you'd expect.

GSignal

All of this GObject stuff wouldn't be very useful if you couldn't connect signals and closures. I got most of my handling code from gtk2-perl and pygtk, and it's pretty straightforward. The data member is optional, and must be a scalar.

To connect perl subroutines to GSignals I use GClosures, which require the handling of GValues.

GPerlClosure

Use a GPerlClosure wherever you could use a GClosure and things should work out great. FIXME say more here

GPerlCallback

Function pointers are required in many places throughout gtk+, usually for a callback to be used as a "foreach" function or for some other purpose. Unfortunately, a majority of these spots aren't designed to work with GClosures (usually by lacking a way to destroy data associated with the callback when it is no longer needed). For this purpose, the GPerlCallback wraps up the gruntwork of using perl's call_sv to use a callback function directly.