connect

   $storage = connect( $schema,
      $data_source, $username, $auth, \%options )

Connects to a storage and return a handle object. Dies in case of failure.

$schema is an Tangram::Schema object consistent with the database.

$data_source, $username and $auth are passed directly to DBI::connect().

\%options is a reference to a hash that may contain the following fields:

• dbh

  Pass in an already connected DBI handle

• no_tx

  Specify explicitly whether or not transactions are possible. If they are not, then Tangram can guarantee consistency by serialising transaction updates - which guarantees poor performance and means that you can never use "$storage->rollback".

  If you are using MySQL, you should consider using the InnoDB table type to avoid this problem. Also note that you will explicitly have to set this option if you have InnoDB tables configured, as there is no real way of telling if transactions are available for any given query without either trying to do a rollback, or querying the table types for every table. Which I don't think it's Tangram's duty to do!

• no_subselects

  Functions that need to perform sub-selects will die immediately or attempt to emulate the functionality required, rather than relying on the RDBMS to return a failure.

  This is currently ignored, but that's not functionally relevant :-). It can be read as "$storage->{no_subselects}" however, as the correct value is automatically detected on connection.

All fields are optional.

"dbh" can be used to connect a Storage via an existing DBI handle. $data_source, $username and $auth are still needed because Tangram may need to open extra connections (see below).

insert

   $storage->insert( @objs );

Inserts objects in storage. Returns the ID(s) assigned to the object(s). This method is valid in both "scalar and list contexts".

The inserted objects must be of a class described in the schema associated to the storage.

Attempting to insert an object that is already persistent in the storage is an error.

Tangram will automatically insert any object that is refered by $obj if it is not already present in storage. In the following example:

   my $homer = NaturalPerson->new(
      firstName => 'Homer', name => 'Simpson',
      children => Set::Object->new(
         NaturalPerson->new(
            firstName => 'Bart', name => 'Simpson' ),
         NaturalPerson->new(
            firstName => 'Lisa', name => 'Simpson' ),
         NaturalPerson->new(
            firstName => 'Maggie', name => 'Simpson'
      ) ) );
   $storage->insert( $homer );

...Tangram automatically inserts the kids along with Homer.

update

   $storage->update( @objs );

Save objects to storage. This method is valid in both "scalar and list contexts".

The objects must be of a class described in the schema associated to the storage.

Attempting to update an object that is not already present in the storage is an error.

Tangram will automatically insert any object that is refered by an inserted object if it is not already present in storage. It will not automatically update the refered objects that are already stored. In the following example:

   my $homer = NaturalPerson->new(
      firstName => 'Homer', name => 'Simpson' );
   $storage->insert( $homer );
   my $marge = NaturalPerson->new(
      firstName => 'Marge', name => 'Simpson',
      age => 34 );
   $storage->insert( $marge );
   $marge->{age} = 35;
   $homer->{partner} = $marge;
   $homer->{children} = Set::Object->new(
      NaturalPerson->new(
         firstName => 'Bart', name => 'Simpson' ),
      NaturalPerson->new(
         firstName => 'Lisa', name => 'Simpson' ),
      NaturalPerson->new(
         firstName => 'Maggie', name => 'Simpson' ) );
   $storage->update( $homer );

...Tangram automatically inserts the kids when their father is updated. OTOH, $marge will not be automatically inserted nor updated; her age will remain '34' in persistent storage.

Tangram does not perform any deadlock detection on updates. You have to rely on your database back-end for that.

id

   $id = $storage->id( $obj );
   @id = $storage->id( @obj );

Returns the IDs of the given objects. If an object is not persistent in storage yet, its corresponding ID is undef().

This method is valid in both "scalar and list contexts".

oid_isa

   if ($storage->oid_isa($id, "ClassName")) {
      ...
   }

Checks that the passed Object ID, $id, is a "ClassName" according to the schema. This check relies solely on the information in the schema, not Perl's idea of "->isa" relationships.

load

   $obj = $storage->load( $id );
   @obj = $storage->load( @id );

Returns a list of objects given their IDs. Dies if any ID has no corresponding persistent object in storage.

This method is valid in both "scalar and list contexts".

remote

   @remote = $storage->remote( @classes );

Returns a list of "Tangram::Remote" objects of given classes. See Tangram::Remote for a more detailed description. These objects are called remote objects in the documentation.

select

   @objs = $storage->select( $remote );
   @objs = $storage->select( $remote, $filter );
   @objs = $storage->select( $remote,
      opt1 => val1, opt2 => val2, ...);

Valid only in list context. Returns a list containing all the objects that satisfy $filter.

$remote can be either a remote object of an array of remote objects. If it is a single remote object, a list of objects is returned. If it is an array, a list of arrays of objects is returned.

If one argument is passed, return all the objects of the given type.

If two arguments are passed, the second argument must be a Filter. "select()" returns the objects that satisfy $filter and are type-compatible with the corresponding remote object.

If more than two arguments are passed, the arguments after $remote are treated as key/value pairs. Currently Tangram recognizes the following directives:

• filter
• distinct
• order
• desc
• distinct
• limit
• outer_filter
• force_outer

"filter" specifies a Filter that can be used to restrict the result set.

Filters are based on simple Perl expressions involving remote objects. The expression is eventually compiled into its SQL equivalent, becoming part of a WHERE-CLAUSE.

For example:

    my $remote_person = $storage->remote('Foo::Person');
    my @martians = $storage->select(
        $remote_person,
        filter => ($remote_person->{location} eq 'Mars')
    );

Would retrieve all martians from the database.

Note that the fields are accessed as hash reference keys instead of the (expected) method calls.

In the previous example, "->{location}" is seen as a scalar from Perl and as some derivative of a VARCHAR/TEXT field on the database side. But filters can operate on many other types, including references to other persistent objects. For instance:

    # instantiate the obj and add it to the DB
    my $mars = Foo::Location->new( name => 'Mars');
    $storage->insert($mars);
    my $remote_person = $storage->remote('Foo::Person');
    my @martians = $storage->select(
        $remote_person,
        filter => ($remote_person->{location} == $mars)
    );

In this case, having a reference to the persistent object $mars handy allows us to look for all objects that reference it. Keep in mind that these are introductory examples - the relationship between two classes of objects and how they behave depends on defined relationships between them - whether it's a "ref", an "array", etc -- see Tangram::Schema and Tangram::Type for more information on relationship types.

Filters can also be joined together with boolean expressions:

    my $r_user = $storage->remote('My::Users');
    my @active_premium_users = $storage->select( $r_user,
        filter => (# "&" is not a typo - see below
                   ($r_user->{is_logged_in} eq 'Y') &
                   ($r_user->{is_premium} eq 'Y' )
                  )
    );

This select retrieves all the users currently logged in who also have a premium account. Note the use of "&" instead of "&&" (or "and") - this is due to a problem in the way Perl handles operator overloading ("&&" may not be overloaded). For the basic boolean operators, use "&" as AND, "|" as OR and "!" as NOT.

Other overloaded bits that work as expected are:

    + - * / == eq != ne < lt <= le > gt >= ge cos sin acos

...which are translated to their SQL counterparts as closely as possible.

Tip: Filters can also be created beforehand by using this simple syntax:

    my $new_filter = ($r_user->{is_logged_in} eq 'Y');

Then you can add expressions to it by doing (for example):

    $new_filter &= (r_user->{is_premium} eq 'Y');

and use it in the expression like so:

    my @active_premium_users = $storage->select
        ( $r_user,
          filter => $new_filter
        );

As of Tangram 2.08_02, The scalar value 1 may be used as an "identity" filter.

See also "Tangram::Expr".

"distinct" specifies that each object in the result set must be unique (Tangram generates a SELECT DISTINCT).

"order" specifies attributes in terms of one or more of the remote objects - any that are being selected, or any that appear in the filter.

As of Tangram 2.09, you can also directly use SQL expressions in "order" expressions, though you should consider how portable this may or may not be.

"desc" specifies that the order should be descending. For example:

    $storage->select( $object, filter => (...),
                      order => [ $remote_foo->{field1} ],
                      desc => 1  );

would order DESC (descending, high to low) all the fields listed in the "order" clause.

Passing:

                      desc => 0

would order all the fields ASC (ascending, low to high).

To specify which fields should be ordered DESC and which ones should be ordered ASC, pass an array ref to "desc", like this:

    $storage->select( $object, filter => (...),
                      order => [
                                $remote_foo->{field1},
                                $remote_foo->{field2},
                                $remote_foo->{field3},
                               ],
                      desc => [ 1, 0, 1 ]  );

This will order "field1" and "field3" descending, and "field2" ascending.

"distinct" is a boolean; a true value specifies that the same object should ocur only once in the result set. In general, this is a good idea;

"limit" is a maximum number of rows to retrieve; in fact, with some databases you can give two numbers to this to get the rows between N and M of a select. See your RDBMS manual for more. If you want to specify more than one number, you may use the following syntax:

   $storage->select( $object, filter => (...),
                     limit => [ 5, 10 ] );

The above example would return rows 6 through 15 on a MySQL database.

The select method is valid only in list context.

"outer_filter" and "force_outer" are EXPERIMENTAL API features.

If you pass any filter conditions into "outer_filter" instead of "filter", then any mentioned tables are connected by an outer join. What this means is that the object does not necessarily have to be present for the select to return a row; it may also be "undef".

The "force_outer" option expects an array ref of Tangram::Remote objects. These tables are joined with an outer join clause.

The outer join related code is extremely hairy, and you are advised to ensure that you test each outer join query that you are going to use with new versions of Tangram.

Do not try to combine inheritance and outer joins if you want to run your application on toy databases, currently this means SQLite and MySQL. SQLite does not parse SQL nested join syntax and MySQL just gets the join all wrong. At least, on my testbed system. YMMV.

sum( $expr, [$filter] )

Returns the total of the remote expression ($expr) for all rows that match $filter, as summed by the RDBMS. $filter is optional, and if not passed the implication is to sum the value for ALL objects of that type.

   my $r_thing = $storage->remote("Thing");
   $sum = $storage->sum( $r_thing->{field},
                         ($r_thing->{foo} eq "bar") );

It is also possible to pass a list of fields to sum, as an array ref:

   ($sum_expr1, $sum_expr2)
       = $storage->sum( [ $expr1, $expr2 ], $filter );

count( $expr, [$filter] )

Works as sum(), but returns the count of the given objects or columns instead of the sum.

This function does not support counting multiple columns by passing an array ref. However, this can be achieved using the "->count()" remote expression function (see Tangram::Expr).

If your filter is simple enough, then you can just pass the filter in without an $expr.

cursor

   $cursor = $storage->cursor( $remote );
   $cursor = $storage->cursor( $remote, $filter );
   $cursor = cursor( $remote,
      opt1 => val1, op2 => val2, ...);

Valid only in scalar context.

Returns a Cursor on the objects that are type-compatible with $remote.

If one argument is passed, the cursor returns all the objects of the given type.

If two arguments are passed, the second argument must be a Filter. The cursor returns the objects that satisfy $filter and are type-compatible with the corresponding Remote.

If more than two arguments are passed, the arguments after $remote are treated as key/value pairs. Currently Tangram recognizes the following directives:

• filter
• order
• desc
• distinct
• retrieve

For options "filter", "order", "desc" and "distinct", see "select".

Option "retrieve" is an array of Expr, to be retrieved in addition to the object itself.

prefetch

   $storage->prefetch("Class", "collection", $filter);

This method fetches all the "collection" collections from "Class", where $filter.

You need to be very careful with your filter - it is quite easy to end up with a filter that will include a single table twice with no join.

You should not include an expression in the filter that matches the type of object that you are prefetching, unless that is a *different* object to the one you want to load.

You should replace the text "Class" with a Tangram::Remote object from your $filter if it appears in the expression.

This code is OK:

   my $r_parent = $storage->remote( "NaturalPerson" );
   my $filter = ($r_parent->{age} > 40);
   my @parent = $storage->select($r_parent, $filter);
   $storage->prefetch($r_parent, "children" $filter);

But this code has the problem:

   my $r_parent = $storage->remote( "NaturalPerson" );
   my $r_child  = $storage->remote( "NaturalPerson" );
   my $filter = (
                 ($r_parent->{age} > 40) &;
                  $r_parent->{children}->includes($r_child)
                );
   my @parent = $storage->select($r_parent, $filter);
   my @children = $storage->select($r_child, $filter);
   $storage->prefetch($r_parent, "children", $filter);

Because $filter contains an extra `unnecessary' relationship with $r_child, the filter that Tangram builds internally ends up looking like:

    (
     ($r_parent->{age} > 40) &
     $r_parent->{children}->includes($r_child) &
     $r_parent->{children}->includes($r_child2) &
    );

So, you end up including extra tables without joining them. This situation does not make any sense, but unfortunately because of the definition of how RDBMS' work, it is required behaviour for it to give you a permutation of all of the unjoined tables. <sigh>

erase

   $storage->erase( @obj );

Removes objects from persistent storage. The objects remain present in transient storage.

tx_start

   $storage->tx_start();

Starts a new Tangram transaction. Tangram transactions can be nested, but currently this does not actually make SQL "SAVEPOINT"'s (for partial transaction rollback).

Instead, tangram maintains a transaction nesting count for each storage object and commits the operations only when that count reaches zero. This scheme makes it easy for a function to collaborate with its caller in the management of the "internal connection".

Example:

   sub f
   {
      $storage->tx_start();
      $storage->update( $homer );
      $storage->tx_commit(); # or perhaps rollback()
   }
   sub g
   {
      $storage->tx_start();
      f();
      $storage->update( $marge );
      $storage->tx_commit(); # or perhaps rollback()
   }
   f(); # 1
   g(); # 2

In (1), f() commits the changes to $homer directly to the database.

In (2), f() transparently reuses the transaction opened by g(). Changes to both $homer and $marge are committed to the database when g() calls tx_commit().

By default with ACID compliant database back-ends (such as Pg, MySQL/InnoDB, Oracle and pretty much any commercial RDBMS), the first time you open a database connection, you are beginning a transaction. However, this is not the case with the Tangram::SQLite or Tangram::mysql back-ends, both of which do not implement transaction isolation; therefore it is not good to assume that the database can handle concurrent writing efficiently.

To be run safely on these non-compliant back-ends, you should explicitly "tx_start()" at the beginning of transaction blocks rather than relying on the default behaviour.

tx_commit

   $storage->tx_commit();

Commits the current Tangram transaction for this storage. If the transaction being committed is the outermost transaction for this storage, the DBI transaction is also committed.

When using the SQLite back-end, when the DBI transaction is committed, the connection is also marked read-only (ie, AutoCommit is enabled).

tx_rollback

   $storage->tx_rollback();

Rolls back the current Tangram transaction for this storage. If the transaction being rolled back is the outermost transaction for this storage, the DBI transaction is also rolled back.

tx_do

   $storage->tx_do( sub { ... } );

Executes CODEREF under the protection of a Tangram transaction and pass it @args in the argument list.

Rolls back the transaction if CODEREF dies; in which case the exception is re-thrown.

Returns the results of CODEREF, either as a scalar or as a list depending on the context in which tx_do was called.

Example:

   $storage->tx_do(
      sub
      {
         $storage->update( $homer );
         # do things, die perhaps
         $storage->update( $marge );
      } );

Both $homer and $marge will be updated, or none will, depending on whether the anonymous subroutine passed to tx_do() dies.

unload

   $storage->unload( @obj );

Drops references to persistent objects present in memory. @objs may contain both objects and object ids. If @objs is empty, unloads all the objects loaded by this storage.

Storage keeps track of all the persistent objects that are present in memory, in order to make sure that loading the same object twice results in a single copy of the object.

As a consequence, these objects will not be reclaimed by Perl's automatic memory management mechanism until either disconnect() or unload() is called.

unload() should be called only when no other references exist to persistent objects, otherwise the same object (in the database) may end up having two copies in transient storage, or vice versa!

In most cases, you never want to use this function - letting objects pass out of scope and be cleaned up is a much more natural way to let the object cache take care of itself.

unload_all( [ $notify_method ])

Drops references to all objects in the object cache. If you pass a notify method, then this will be passed to all objects as they are dumped (so long as they "->can()" handle it). This can be used, for instance, with Class::Tangram objects to make sure all circular references in cached objects are cleared, if you pass "clear_refs" as the $notify_method.

Similar warnings apply to this function as "$storage->unload()".

This function is particularly useful in OLTP (online transaction processing) servers. In those, it should be called before the first "$storage->tx_start()", so that all objects are known to be "fresh" in the current transaction. Due to ACID guarantees of consistent reads etc (not on MySQL/MyISAM!), you should then not have the classic "dirty read" problem - so long as you wrap the entire transaction in a function that catches a failure on "-e<gt"tx_commit()> and attempts a retry (make sure to clear the cache again before a retry!).

You might also want to see your RDBMS manual under the topic of "transaction isolation", in particular the SQL command "SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL".

disconnect

   $storage->disconnect();

Disconnects from the database. Drops references to persistent objects present in memory (see "unload").