DOKK / manpages / debian 12 / paexec / paexec.1.en
paexec(1) paexec(1)

paexec - parallel executor, distribute tasks over network or CPUs

paexec [options]

paexec -C [options] command [args...]

Suppose you have a long list of tasks that need to be done, for example, you want to convert thousands of .wav audio files to .ogg format. Also suppose that multiple CPUs are available, e.g. multi-CPU system or a cluster consisting of individual computers connected to the network or internet. paexec can efficiently do this work, that is, paexec efficiently distributes different tasks to different processors (or computers), receives the results of processing from them and sends these results to stdout.

There are several notions that should be defined: task, command, transport, node.

Tasks are read by paexec from stdin and are represented as one line of text, i.e. one input line - one task.

node identifier - remote computer or CPU identifier, for example CPU ordinal number or computer's DNS name like node12.cluster.company.com.

Command - user's program that reads one-line task from stdin and sends multiline result to stdout ending with an end of task (EOT) marker. EOT marker means "Task is done. I am ready for the next one". After sending EOT to stdout, stdout MUST be flushed. Remember that EOT marker MUST NOT appears in general result. Otherwise, paexec may hang due to deadlock. The default EOT is an empty line. Command may use environment variable PAEXEC_EOT for the end-of-task marker.

Transport - special program that helps to run command on node. It takes the node identifier as its first argument and command with its arguments as the rest. Good examples for transport are ssh and rsh. Both transport and command may be specified with their arguments, e.g, '/usr/bin/ssh -x' is allowed as a transport program.

How paexec works. Commands are run on each node with a help of transport program. Then, tasks are read from stdin one-by-one and sent to free node (exactly one task per node at a time). At the same time result lines are read from command's stdout and are output to paexec's stdout. When EOT marker is obtained from the node, it is marked as free and becomes ready for the next task. These steps repeat until the end of stdin is reached and all nodes finish their job.

More formally (to better understand how paexec works):

   run_command_on_each_node
   mark_all_nodes_as_free
   while not(end_of_stdin) or not(all_nodes_are_free)
      while there_is_free_node/i and not(end_of_stdin)
         task = read_task_from_stdin
         send_task_to_node(task, i)
         mark_node_as_busy(i)
      end
      while result_line_from_node_is_available/i
         result = read_result_line_from_node(i)
         send_line_to_stdout(result)
         if is_EOT(result)
            mark_node_as_free(i)
         end
      end
   end
   close_command_on_each_node

Note that commands are run once per node, it is not restarted for every task.

Also note that output contains result lines (obtained from different nodes) in the mixed order. That is, the first line of the output may contain a result line obtain from the first node, the second line of output - from the second node, but the third output line may contain result line from the first node again. It is also not guaranteed that the first line of output will be from the first node or from the first task. All result lines are output as soon as they are read by paexec, i.e as soon as they are ready. paexec works this way for the efficiency reasons. You can play with -l, -r and -p options to see what happens. For reordering output line you can use paexec_reorder utility.

Display help information.
Display version information.
Command with its arguments.
Command and its arguments are specified by free arguments.
Transport program.
A number of commands to run in parallel.
List of nodes separated by space character. The first character must be alphanumeric, `_' or `/'. All other characters are reserved for future extensions.
Filename containing list of nodes, one per line.
Run command specificed by -c for each task. Its stdout is sent to paexec. If both "-x" and "-g" are specified, task is considered failed if command's exit status is non-zero.
Implies -x and ignore command's stdout.
Include node identifier or node number (0-based) to the output, i.e. id/number of node that produces this particular output line. This identifier or number appears before line number if -l is also applied. Space character is used as a separator.
Include a 0-based task number (input line number) to the output, i.e. line number from which this particular output line was produced. It appears before pid if -p is also applied. Space character is used as a separator.
Include pid of paexec's subprocess that communicates with node+command to the output. Pid prepends the actual result line. Space character is used as a separator.
When end-of-task marker is obtained from node, EOT marker is output to stdout. This option may be useful together with -l and/or -r.
Imply -e and flushes stdout.
Turn on a debugging mode (for debugging purposes only)
Copy input lines (i.e. tasks) to stdout.
Imply -i and flushes stdout.
Orgraph of tasks (partially ordered set) is read from stdin.

Instead of autonomous tasks, graph of the tasks is read from stdin. In this mode every task can either FAIL or SUCCEED. As always an empty line output by command means end of task. The line before it shows an EXIT STATUS of the task. The word "failure" means failure, "success" - success and "fatal" means that the current task is reassigned to another node (and restarted, of course) (see option -z). See examples/1_div_x/cmd for the sample. An input line (paexec's stdin) should contain either single task without spaces inside or two tasks separated by single space character, e.g. task1<SPC>task2. task1<SPC>task2 line means that task1 must be done before task2 and it is mandatory, that is if task1 fail all dependent tasks (including task2) are also failed recursively. Tasks having dependencies are started only after all dependencies are succeeded. When a task succeeds paexec outputs "success" word just before end_of_task marker (see -e or -E), otherwise "failure" word is output followed by a list of tasks failed because of it.

 Samples:
   tasks (examples/make_package/tasks file)
     textproc/dictem
     devel/autoconf wip/libmaa
     devel/gmake wip/libmaa
     wip/libmaa wip/dict-server
     wip/libmaa wip/dict-client
     devel/m4 wip/dict-server
     devel/byacc wip/dict-server
     devel/byacc wip/dict-client
     devel/flex wip/dict-server
     devel/flex wip/dict-client
     devel/glib2
     devel/libjudy
   command (examples/make_package/cmd__flex)
     #!/usr/bin/awk -f
     {
        print $0
        if ($0 == "devel/flex")
           print "failure"
        else
           print "success"
        print ""       # end of task marker
        fflush()
     }
   output of "paexec -s -l -c cmd__flex -n +10 \
              < tasks"
     3 devel/autoconf
     3 success
     4 devel/gmake
     4 success
     7 devel/m4
     7 success
     8 devel/byacc
     8 success
     9 devel/flex
     9 failure
     9 devel/flex wip/dict-server wip/dict-client 
     10 devel/glib2
     10 success
     11 devel/libjudy
     11 success
     1 textproc/dictem
     1 success
     2 wip/libmaa
     2 success
If applied, read/write(2) operations from/to nodes becomes not critical. In case paexec has lost connection to the node, it will reassign failed task to another node and, if -s applied, will output "fatal" string to stdout ("success" + "failure" + "fatal"). This makes paexec resistant to the I/O errors, as a result you can create paexec clusters even over network consisting of unreliable hosts (Internet?). Failed hosts are marked as such and will not be used during the current run of paexec.
When -z applied, if a command fails, appropriate node is marked as broken and is excluded from the following task distribution. But if -Z applied, every timeout seconds an attempt to rerun a command on a failed node is made. -Z implies -z. This option makes possible to organize clusters over unreliable networks/hardware.
If -Z option were applied, paexec exits with error if ALL nodes failed. With -w it will not exit and will wait for restoring nodes.
Set an alternative string for 'success' message.
Set an alternative string for 'failure' message.
Set an alternative string for 'fatal' message. An empty string for 'fatal' means it will not be output to stdout in case of fatal error.
Set an alternative string for EOT message.
Set an alternative string for tasks delimiter (for -g mode). Delimiter should be at most one character. No delimiter means an entire input line is treated as a task.
Set an alternative string for "weight:" message.
When multiple machines or CPUs are used for tasks processing, it makes sense to start "heavier" tasks as soon as possible in order to minimize total calculatiion time. If -W is specified, special weight is assigned to each tasks which is used for reordering tasks. If num is 0, weights themselves are used for reordering tasks. The bigger weight is, the more priority of the task is. If num is 1, the total weight of task is a sum of its own weight (specified on input) and weights of all tasks depending on it directly or indirectly. If num is 2, the total weight of task is a maximum value of task's own weight and weights of all tasks depending on it directly or indirectly. Weights are specified with a help of "weight:" keyword (unless -m w= was specified). If weight is not specified, it defaults to 1. The following is the example for input graph of tasks with weights. 

  weight: gtk2 30
  weight: glib2 20
  gtk2 firefox
  weight: firefox 200
  glib2 gtk2
  weight: qt4 200
  weight: kcachegrind 2
  qt4 kcachegrind
  qt4 djview4
  tiff djview4
  png djview4
  weight: twm 1
  weight: gqview 4
If applied, the magic string is used as an end-of-task marker instead of empty line. It is unlikely that this line appears on command's output. This option has higher priority than PAEXEC_EOT environment variable.
-0
Change paexec to expect NUL character as a line separator instead of newline. This is expected to be used in concert with the -print0 function in find(1).
Execute command for each task, replacing one or more occurrences of replstr with the entire task. Only 2-character replstr is allowed. Tale a note that such replacement works only if shell variable expansion is allowed in appropriate part of command (if -c is applied) or if free argument is exactly a replstr (if -C is applied). This option implies -x.

1.
 paexec -t '/usr/bin/ssh -x' -n 'host1 host2 host3' \
        -le -g -c calculate-me < tasks.txt |
 paexec_reorder -Mf -Sl
2.
 ls -1 *.wav | paexec -x -n +4 -c 'oggenc -Q'
3.
 ls -1 *.wav | paexec -xCil -n+4 flac -f --silent
4.
 { uname -s; uname -r; uname -m; } |
 paexec -x -lp -n+2 -c banner |
 paexec_reorder -l
5.
  find . -name '*.dat' -print0 |
  paexec -0 -n+10 -C -J// scp // remoteserver:/remote/path
6.
  ls -1 *.txt | paexec -n+10 -J%% -c 'awk "BEGIN {print toupper(\"%%\")}"'

For more examples see paexec.pdf and examples/ subdirectory in the distribution.

select(2) system call and non-blocking read(2) are used to read result lines from nodes.

At the moment blocking write(2) is used to send task to the node. This may slow down an entire processing if tasks are too big. So, it is recommended to use shorter tasks, for example, filename or URI (several tens of bytes in size) instead of multi-megabyte content. Though this may be fixed in the future.

Original paexec tarball contains a number of sample of use in presentation/paexec.pdf file. After installation you can find this file under share/doc/paexec/paexec.pdf or nearby.

Overrides the compile time initial size for internal buffers used to store tasks and the result lines. Versions of paexec prior to 0.9.0 used this value as a maximum buffer size. Now internal buffers are resized automatically. If unsure, do not set PAEXEC_BUFSIZE variable. See the default value in Makefile.
A list of variables passed to command.
This variable sets the end-of-task marker which is an empty line by default. Also, through this variable an end-of-task marker is passed to all commands.
Unless option -n was applied, this variables specifies the nodes.
Unless option -t was applied, this variables specifies the transport.

Please send any comments, questions, bug reports etc. to me by e-mail or (even better) register them at sourceforge project home. Feature requests are also welcomed.

<http://sourceforge.net/projects/paexec>

ssh(1) rsh(1) select(2) read(2) write(2)

2019-11-24