| Compress::Zlib(3perl) | Perl Programmers Reference Guide | Compress::Zlib(3perl) |
Compress::Zlib - Interface to zlib compression library
use Compress::Zlib ;
($d, $status) = deflateInit( [OPT] ) ;
$status = $d->deflate($input, $output) ;
$status = $d->flush([$flush_type]) ;
$d->deflateParams(OPTS) ;
$d->deflateTune(OPTS) ;
$d->dict_adler() ;
$d->crc32() ;
$d->adler32() ;
$d->total_in() ;
$d->total_out() ;
$d->msg() ;
$d->get_Strategy();
$d->get_Level();
$d->get_BufSize();
($i, $status) = inflateInit( [OPT] ) ;
$status = $i->inflate($input, $output [, $eof]) ;
$status = $i->inflateSync($input) ;
$i->dict_adler() ;
$d->crc32() ;
$d->adler32() ;
$i->total_in() ;
$i->total_out() ;
$i->msg() ;
$d->get_BufSize();
$dest = compress($source) ;
$dest = uncompress($source) ;
$gz = gzopen($filename or filehandle, $mode) ;
$bytesread = $gz->gzread($buffer [,$size]) ;
$bytesread = $gz->gzreadline($line) ;
$byteswritten = $gz->gzwrite($buffer) ;
$status = $gz->gzflush($flush) ;
$offset = $gz->gztell() ;
$status = $gz->gzseek($offset, $whence) ;
$status = $gz->gzclose() ;
$status = $gz->gzeof() ;
$status = $gz->gzsetparams($level, $strategy) ;
$errstring = $gz->gzerror() ;
$gzerrno
$dest = Compress::Zlib::memGzip($buffer) ;
$dest = Compress::Zlib::memGunzip($buffer) ;
$crc = adler32($buffer [,$crc]) ;
$crc = crc32($buffer [,$crc]) ;
$crc = crc32_combine($crc1, $crc2, $len2);
$adler = adler32_combine($adler1, $adler2, $len2);
my $version = Compress::Raw::Zlib::zlib_version();
The Compress::Zlib module provides a Perl interface to the zlib compression library (see "AUTHOR" for details about where to get zlib).
The "Compress::Zlib" module can be split into two general areas of functionality, namely a simple read/write interface to gzip files and a low-level in-memory compression/decompression interface.
Each of these areas will be discussed in the following sections.
The main change in "Compress::Zlib" version 2.x is that it does not now interface directly to the zlib library. Instead it uses the "IO::Compress::Gzip" and "IO::Uncompress::Gunzip" modules for reading/writing gzip files, and the "Compress::Raw::Zlib" module for some low-level zlib access.
The interface provided by version 2 of this module should be 100% backward compatible with version 1. If you find a difference in the expected behaviour please contact the author (See "AUTHOR"). See "GZIP INTERFACE"
With the creation of the "IO::Compress" and "IO::Uncompress" modules no new features are planned for "Compress::Zlib" - the new modules do everything that "Compress::Zlib" does and then some. Development on "Compress::Zlib" will be limited to bug fixes only.
If you are writing new code, your first port of call should be one of the new "IO::Compress" or "IO::Uncompress" modules.
A number of functions are supplied in zlib for reading and writing gzip files that conform to RFC 1952. This module provides an interface to most of them.
If you have previously used "Compress::Zlib" 1.x, the following enhancements/changes have been made to the "gzopen" interface:
Apart from being non-portable to some operating systems, this made it difficult to use "gzopen" in situations where you wanted to extract/create a gzip data stream that is embedded in a larger file, without having to resort to opening and closing the file multiple times.
It also made it impossible to pass a perl filehandle that wasn't associated with a real filesystem file, like, say, an "IO::String".
In "Compress::Zlib" version 2.x, the "gzopen" interface has been completely rewritten to use the IO::Compress::Gzip for writing gzip files and IO::Uncompress::Gunzip for reading gzip files. None of the limitations mentioned above apply.
A more complete and flexible interface for reading/writing gzip files/buffers is included with the module "IO-Compress-Zlib". See IO::Compress::Gzip and IO::Uncompress::Gunzip for more details.
When writing a gzip file this interface will always create the smallest possible gzip header (exactly 10 bytes). If you want greater control over what gets stored in the gzip header (like the original filename or a comment) use IO::Compress::Gzip instead. Similarly if you want to read the contents of the gzip header use IO::Uncompress::Gunzip.
The second parameter, $mode, is used to specify whether the file is opened for reading or writing and to optionally specify a compression level and compression strategy when writing. The format of the $mode parameter is similar to the mode parameter to the 'C' function "fopen", so "rb" is used to open for reading, "wb" for writing and "ab" for appending (writing at the end of the file).
To specify a compression level when writing, append a digit between 0 and 9 to the mode string -- 0 means no compression and 9 means maximum compression. If no compression level is specified Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION is used.
To specify the compression strategy when writing, append 'f' for filtered data, 'h' for Huffman only compression, or 'R' for run-length encoding. If no strategy is specified Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY is used.
So, for example, "wb9" means open for writing with the maximum compression using the default strategy and "wb4R" means open for writing with compression level 4 and run-length encoding.
Refer to the zlib documentation for the exact format of the $mode parameter.
Returns the number of bytes actually read. On EOF it returns 0 and in the case of an error, -1.
Returns the number of bytes actually read. On EOF it returns 0 and in the case of an error, -1.
It is legal to intermix calls to "gzread" and "gzreadline".
To maintain backward compatibility with version 1.x of this module "gzreadline" ignores the $/ variable - it always uses the string "\n" as the line delimiter.
If you want to read a gzip file a line at a time and have it respect the $/ variable (or $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, or $RS when "English" is in use) see IO::Uncompress::Gunzip.
This method takes an optional parameter, $flush_type, that controls how the flushing will be carried out. By default the $flush_type used is "Z_FINISH". Other valid values for $flush_type are "Z_NO_FLUSH", "Z_SYNC_FLUSH", "Z_FULL_FLUSH" and "Z_BLOCK". It is strongly recommended that you only set the "flush_type" parameter if you fully understand the implications of what it does - overuse of "flush" can seriously degrade the level of compression achieved. See the "zlib" documentation for details.
Returns 0 on success.
When opened for writing, empty parts of the file will have NULL (0x00) bytes written to them.
The $whence parameter should be one of SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR or SEEK_END.
Returns 1 on success, 0 on failure.
Returns 0 on success.
The list of the valid options is shown below. Options not specified will remain unchanged.
Note: This method is only available if you are running zlib 1.0.6 or better.
Z_OK
Z_STREAM_END
Z_ERRNO
Z_STREAM_ERROR
Z_DATA_ERROR
Z_MEM_ERROR
Z_BUF_ERROR
As with "gzerror()" it returns an error number in numeric context and an error message in string context. Unlike "gzerror()" though, the error message will correspond to the zlib message when the error is associated with zlib itself, or the UNIX error message when it is not (i.e. zlib returned "Z_ERRORNO").
As there is an overlap between the error numbers used by zlib and UNIX, $gzerrno should only be used to check for the presence of an error in numeric context. Use "gzerror()" to check for specific zlib errors. The gzcat example below shows how the variable can be used safely.
Here is an example script which uses the interface. It implements a gzcat function.
use strict ;
use warnings ;
use Compress::Zlib ;
# use stdin if no files supplied
@ARGV = '-' unless @ARGV ;
foreach my $file (@ARGV) {
my $buffer ;
my $gz = gzopen($file, "rb")
or die "Cannot open $file: $gzerrno\n" ;
print $buffer while $gz->gzread($buffer) > 0 ;
die "Error reading from $file: $gzerrno" . ($gzerrno+0) . "\n"
if $gzerrno != Z_STREAM_END ;
$gz->gzclose() ;
}
Below is a script which makes use of "gzreadline". It implements a very simple grep like script.
use strict ;
use warnings ;
use Compress::Zlib ;
die "Usage: gzgrep pattern [file...]\n"
unless @ARGV >= 1;
my $pattern = shift ;
# use stdin if no files supplied
@ARGV = '-' unless @ARGV ;
foreach my $file (@ARGV) {
my $gz = gzopen($file, "rb")
or die "Cannot open $file: $gzerrno\n" ;
while ($gz->gzreadline($_) > 0) {
print if /$pattern/ ;
}
die "Error reading from $file: $gzerrno\n"
if $gzerrno != Z_STREAM_END ;
$gz->gzclose() ;
}
This script, gzstream, does the opposite of the gzcat script above. It reads from standard input and writes a gzip data stream to standard output.
use strict ;
use warnings ;
use Compress::Zlib ;
binmode STDOUT; # gzopen only sets it on the fd
my $gz = gzopen(\*STDOUT, "wb")
or die "Cannot open stdout: $gzerrno\n" ;
while (<>) {
$gz->gzwrite($_)
or die "error writing: $gzerrno\n" ;
}
$gz->gzclose ;
This function is used to create an in-memory gzip file with the minimum possible gzip header (exactly 10 bytes).
$dest = Compress::Zlib::memGzip($buffer)
or die "Cannot compress: $gzerrno\n";
If successful, it returns the in-memory gzip file. Otherwise it returns "undef" and the $gzerrno variable will store the zlib error code.
The $buffer parameter can either be a scalar or a scalar reference.
See IO::Compress::Gzip for an alternative way to carry out in-memory gzip compression.
This function is used to uncompress an in-memory gzip file.
$dest = Compress::Zlib::memGunzip($buffer)
or die "Cannot uncompress: $gzerrno\n";
If successful, it returns the uncompressed gzip file. Otherwise it returns "undef" and the $gzerrno variable will store the zlib error code.
The $buffer parameter can either be a scalar or a scalar reference. The contents of the $buffer parameter are destroyed after calling this function.
If $buffer consists of multiple concatenated gzip data streams only the first will be uncompressed. Use "gunzip" with the "MultiStream" option in the "IO::Uncompress::Gunzip" module if you need to deal with concatenated data streams.
See IO::Uncompress::Gunzip for an alternative way to carry out in-memory gzip uncompression.
Two functions are provided to perform in-memory compression/uncompression of RFC 1950 data streams. They are called "compress" and "uncompress".
The source buffer, $source, can either be a scalar or a scalar reference.
The $level parameter defines the compression level. Valid values are 0 through 9, "Z_NO_COMPRESSION", "Z_BEST_SPEED", "Z_BEST_COMPRESSION", and "Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION". If $level is not specified "Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION" will be used.
The source buffer can either be a scalar or a scalar reference.
Please note: the two functions defined above are not compatible with the Unix commands of the same name.
See IO::Deflate and IO::Inflate included with this distribution for an alternative interface for reading/writing RFC 1950 files/buffers.
This section defines an interface that allows in-memory compression using the deflate interface provided by zlib.
Here is a definition of the interface available:
Initialises a deflation stream.
It combines the features of the zlib functions "deflateInit", "deflateInit2" and "deflateSetDictionary".
If successful, it will return the initialised deflation stream, $d and $status of "Z_OK" in a list context. In scalar context it returns the deflation stream, $d, only.
If not successful, the returned deflation stream ($d) will be undef and $status will hold the exact zlib error code.
The function optionally takes a number of named options specified as "-Name=>value" pairs. This allows individual options to be tailored without having to specify them all in the parameter list.
For backward compatibility, it is also possible to pass the parameters as a reference to a hash containing the name=>value pairs.
The function takes one optional parameter, a reference to a hash. The contents of the hash allow the deflation interface to be tailored.
Here is a list of the valid options:
The default is Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION.
To create an RFC 1951 data stream, set "WindowBits" to "-MAX_WBITS".
For a full definition of the meaning and valid values for "WindowBits" refer to the zlib documentation for deflateInit2.
Defaults to MAX_WBITS.
Defaults to MAX_MEM_LEVEL.
The default is Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY.
The default is no dictionary.
The default is 4096.
Here is an example of using the "deflateInit" optional parameter list to override the default buffer size and compression level. All other options will take their default values.
deflateInit( -Bufsize => 300,
-Level => Z_BEST_SPEED ) ;
Deflates the contents of $buffer. The buffer can either be a scalar or a scalar reference. When finished, $buffer will be completely processed (assuming there were no errors). If the deflation was successful it returns the deflated output, $out, and a status value, $status, of "Z_OK".
On error, $out will be undef and $status will contain the zlib error code.
In a scalar context "deflate" will return $out only.
As with the deflate function in zlib, it is not necessarily the case that any output will be produced by this method. So don't rely on the fact that $out is empty for an error test.
Typically used to finish the deflation. Any pending output will be returned via $out. $status will have a value "Z_OK" if successful.
In a scalar context "flush" will return $out only.
Note that flushing can seriously degrade the compression ratio, so it should only be used to terminate a decompression (using "Z_FINISH") or when you want to create a full flush point (using "Z_FULL_FLUSH").
By default the "flush_type" used is "Z_FINISH". Other valid values for "flush_type" are "Z_NO_FLUSH", "Z_PARTIAL_FLUSH", "Z_SYNC_FLUSH" and "Z_FULL_FLUSH". It is strongly recommended that you only set the "flush_type" parameter if you fully understand the implications of what it does. See the "zlib" documentation for details.
Change settings for the deflate stream $d.
The list of the valid options is shown below. Options not specified will remain unchanged.
Returns the adler32 value for the dictionary.
Returns the last error message generated by zlib.
Returns the total number of bytes uncompressed bytes input to deflate.
Returns the total number of compressed bytes output from deflate.
Here is a trivial example of using "deflate". It simply reads standard input, deflates it and writes it to standard output.
use strict ;
use warnings ;
use Compress::Zlib ;
binmode STDIN;
binmode STDOUT;
my $x = deflateInit()
or die "Cannot create a deflation stream\n" ;
my ($output, $status) ;
while (<>)
{
($output, $status) = $x->deflate($_) ;
$status == Z_OK
or die "deflation failed\n" ;
print $output ;
}
($output, $status) = $x->flush() ;
$status == Z_OK
or die "deflation failed\n" ;
print $output ;
This section defines the interface available that allows in-memory uncompression using the deflate interface provided by zlib.
Here is a definition of the interface:
Initialises an inflation stream.
In a list context it returns the inflation stream, $i, and the zlib status code in $status. In a scalar context it returns the inflation stream only.
If successful, $i will hold the inflation stream and $status will be "Z_OK".
If not successful, $i will be undef and $status will hold the zlib error code.
The function optionally takes a number of named options specified as "-Name=>value" pairs. This allows individual options to be tailored without having to specify them all in the parameter list.
For backward compatibility, it is also possible to pass the parameters as a reference to a hash containing the name=>value pairs.
The function takes one optional parameter, a reference to a hash. The contents of the hash allow the deflation interface to be tailored.
Here is a list of the valid options:
To uncompress an RFC 1951 data stream, set "WindowBits" to "-MAX_WBITS".
For a full definition of the meaning and valid values for "WindowBits" refer to the zlib documentation for inflateInit2.
Defaults to MAX_WBITS.
Default is 4096.
Here is an example of using the "inflateInit" optional parameter to override the default buffer size.
inflateInit( -Bufsize => 300 ) ;
Inflates the complete contents of $buffer. The buffer can either be a scalar or a scalar reference.
Returns "Z_OK" if successful and "Z_STREAM_END" if the end of the compressed data has been successfully reached. If not successful, $out will be undef and $status will hold the zlib error code.
The $buffer parameter is modified by "inflate". On completion it will contain what remains of the input buffer after inflation. This means that $buffer will be an empty string when the return status is "Z_OK". When the return status is "Z_STREAM_END" the $buffer parameter will contains what (if anything) was stored in the input buffer after the deflated data stream.
This feature is useful when processing a file format that encapsulates a compressed data stream (e.g. gzip, zip).
Scans $buffer until it reaches either a full flush point or the end of the buffer.
If a full flush point is found, "Z_OK" is returned and $buffer will be have all data up to the flush point removed. This can then be passed to the "deflate" method.
Any other return code means that a flush point was not found. If more data is available, "inflateSync" can be called repeatedly with more compressed data until the flush point is found.
Returns the adler32 value for the dictionary.
Returns the last error message generated by zlib.
Returns the total number of bytes compressed bytes input to inflate.
Returns the total number of uncompressed bytes output from inflate.
Here is an example of using "inflate".
use strict ;
use warnings ;
use Compress::Zlib ;
my $x = inflateInit()
or die "Cannot create a inflation stream\n" ;
my $input = '' ;
binmode STDIN;
binmode STDOUT;
my ($output, $status) ;
while (read(STDIN, $input, 4096))
{
($output, $status) = $x->inflate(\$input) ;
print $output
if $status == Z_OK or $status == Z_STREAM_END ;
last if $status != Z_OK ;
}
die "inflation failed\n"
unless $status == Z_STREAM_END ;
Two functions are provided by zlib to calculate checksums. For the Perl interface, the order of the two parameters in both functions has been reversed. This allows both running checksums and one off calculations to be done.
$crc = adler32($buffer [,$crc]) ;
$crc = crc32($buffer [,$crc]) ;
The buffer parameters can either be a scalar or a scalar reference.
If the $crc parameters is "undef", the crc value will be reset.
If you have built this module with zlib 1.2.3 or better, two more CRC-related functions are available.
$crc = crc32_combine($crc1, $crc2, $len2);
$adler = adler32_combine($adler1, $adler2, $len2);
These functions allow checksums to be merged. Refer to the zlib documentation for more details.
Returns the version of the zlib library.
All the zlib constants are automatically imported when you make use of Compress::Zlib.
General feedback/questions/bug reports should be sent to <https://github.com/pmqs/IO-Compress/issues> (preferred) or <https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=IO-Compress>.
IO::Compress::Gzip, IO::Uncompress::Gunzip, IO::Compress::Deflate, IO::Uncompress::Inflate, IO::Compress::RawDeflate, IO::Uncompress::RawInflate, IO::Compress::Bzip2, IO::Uncompress::Bunzip2, IO::Compress::Lzma, IO::Uncompress::UnLzma, IO::Compress::Xz, IO::Uncompress::UnXz, IO::Compress::Lzip, IO::Uncompress::UnLzip, IO::Compress::Lzop, IO::Uncompress::UnLzop, IO::Compress::Lzf, IO::Uncompress::UnLzf, IO::Compress::Zstd, IO::Uncompress::UnZstd, IO::Uncompress::AnyInflate, IO::Uncompress::AnyUncompress
IO::Compress::FAQ
File::GlobMapper, Archive::Zip, Archive::Tar, IO::Zlib
For RFC 1950, 1951 and 1952 see <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1950>, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1951> and <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1952>
The zlib compression library was written by Jean-loup Gailly "gzip@prep.ai.mit.edu" and Mark Adler "madler@alumni.caltech.edu".
The primary site for the zlib compression library is <http://www.zlib.org>.
The primary site for gzip is <http://www.gzip.org>.
This module was written by Paul Marquess, "pmqs@cpan.org".
See the Changes file.
Copyright (c) 1995-2022 Paul Marquess. All rights reserved.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
| 2023-11-25 | perl v5.36.0 |