| PERLAPI(1) | Perl Programmers Reference Guide | PERLAPI(1) |
perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
This file contains most of the documentation of the perl public API, as generated by embed.pl. Specifically, it is a listing of functions, macros, flags, and variables that may be used by extension writers. Besides perlintern and config.h, some items are listed here as being actually documented in another pod.
At the end is a list of functions which have yet to be documented. Patches welcome! The interfaces of these are subject to change without notice.
Some of the functions documented here are consolidated so that a single entry serves for multiple functions which all do basically the same thing, but have some slight differences. For example, one form might process magic, while another doesn't. The name of each variation is listed at the top of the single entry. But if all have the same signature (arguments and return type) except for their names, only the usage for the base form is shown. If any one of the forms has a different signature (such as returning "const" or not) every function's signature is explicitly displayed.
Anything not listed here or in the other mentioned pods is not part of the public API, and should not be used by extension writers at all. For these reasons, blindly using functions listed in proto.h is to be avoided when writing extensions.
In Perl, unlike C, a string of characters may generally contain embedded "NUL" characters. Sometimes in the documentation a Perl string is referred to as a "buffer" to distinguish it from a C string, but sometimes they are both just referred to as strings.
Note that all Perl API global variables must be referenced with the "PL_" prefix. Again, those not listed here are not to be used by extension writers, and can be changed or removed without notice; same with macros. Some macros are provided for compatibility with the older, unadorned names, but this support may be disabled in a future release.
Perl was originally written to handle US-ASCII only (that is characters whose ordinal numbers are in the range 0 - 127). And documentation and comments may still use the term ASCII, when sometimes in fact the entire range from 0 - 255 is meant.
The non-ASCII characters below 256 can have various meanings, depending on various things. (See, most notably, perllocale.) But usually the whole range can be referred to as ISO-8859-1. Often, the term "Latin-1" (or "Latin1") is used as an equivalent for ISO-8859-1. But some people treat "Latin1" as referring just to the characters in the range 128 through 255, or sometimes from 160 through 255. This documentation uses "Latin1" and "Latin-1" to refer to all 256 characters.
Note that Perl can be compiled and run under either ASCII or EBCDIC (See perlebcdic). Most of the documentation (and even comments in the code) ignore the EBCDIC possibility. For almost all purposes the differences are transparent. As an example, under EBCDIC, instead of UTF-8, UTF-EBCDIC is used to encode Unicode strings, and so whenever this documentation refers to "utf8" (and variants of that name, including in function names), it also (essentially transparently) means "UTF-EBCDIC". But the ordinals of characters differ between ASCII, EBCDIC, and the UTF- encodings, and a string encoded in UTF-EBCDIC may occupy a different number of bytes than in UTF-8.
The organization of this document is tentative and subject to change. Suggestions and patches welcome perl5-porters@perl.org <mailto:perl5-porters@perl.org>.
The sections in this document currently are
The listing below is alphabetical, case insensitive.
AvALLOC(AV* av)
This is useful for doing pointer arithmetic on the array. If all you need is to look up an array element, then prefer "av_fetch".
SV** AvARRAY(AV* av)
Note that it is possible that the actions of a destructor called directly or indirectly by freeing an element of the array could cause the reference count of the array itself to be reduced (e.g. by deleting an entry in the symbol table). So it is a possibility that the AV could have been freed (or even reallocated) on return from the call unless you hold a reference to it.
void av_clear(AV *av)
Size_t av_count(AV *av)
NOTE: "av_create_and_push" must be explicitly called as "Perl_av_create_and_push" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
void Perl_av_create_and_push(pTHX_ AV **const avp,
SV *const val)
NOTE: "av_create_and_unshift_one" must be explicitly called as "Perl_av_create_and_unshift_one" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
SV** Perl_av_create_and_unshift_one(pTHX_ AV **const avp,
SV *const val)
Perl equivalent: "splice(@myarray, $key, 1, undef)" (with the "splice" in void context if "G_DISCARD" is present).
SV* av_delete(AV *av, SSize_t key, I32 flags)
This relies on the fact that uninitialized array elements are set to "NULL".
Perl equivalent: "exists($myarray[$key])".
bool av_exists(AV *av, SSize_t key)
If the av argument is a tied array then will call the "EXTEND" tied array method with an argument of "(key+1)".
void av_extend(AV *av, SSize_t key)
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in perlguts for more information on how to use this function on tied arrays.
The rough perl equivalent is $myarray[$key].
SV** av_fetch(AV *av, SSize_t key, I32 lval)
SSize_t AvFILL(AV* av)
The number of elements in the array will be "fill + 1" after "av_fill()" returns. If the array was previously shorter, then the additional elements appended are set to NULL. If the array was longer, then the excess elements are freed. "av_fill(av, -1)" is the same as "av_clear(av)".
void av_fill(AV *av, SSize_t fill)
To get the true number of elements in the array, instead use "av_count".
SSize_t av_len(AV *av)
Perl equivalent: "my @new_array = ($scalar1, $scalar2, $scalar3...);"
AV* av_make(SSize_t size, SV **strp)
Perl equivalent: "pop(@myarray);"
SV* av_pop(AV *av)
Perl equivalent: "push @myarray, $val;".
void av_push(AV *av, SV *val)
Perl equivalent: "shift(@myarray);"
SV* av_shift(AV *av)
Note that the caller is responsible for suitably incrementing the reference count of "val" before the call, and decrementing it if the function returned "NULL".
Approximate Perl equivalent: "splice(@myarray, $key, 1, $val)".
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in perlguts for more information on how to use this function on tied arrays.
SV** av_store(AV *av, SSize_t key, SV *val)
They process 'get' magic.
The Perl equivalent for these is $#av.
Use "av_count" to get the number of elements in an array.
SSize_t av_tindex(AV *av)
As well as freeing all the elements of the array (like "av_clear()"), this also frees the memory used by the av to store its list of scalars.
See "av_clear" for a note about the array possibly being invalid on return.
void av_undef(AV *av)
Perl equivalent: "unshift @myarray, ((undef) x $num);"
void av_unshift(AV *av, SSize_t num)
Perl equivalent: "@{"$name"}".
NOTE: the "perl_get_av()" form is deprecated.
AV* get_av(const char *name, I32 flags)
As background, an array consists of three things:
An empty array need only have the first data structure, and all these functions create that. They differ in what else they do, as follows:
This is useful when the minimum size of the array could be zero (perhaps there are likely code paths that will entirely skip using it).
If the array does get used, the pointers data structure will need to be allocated at that time. This will end up being done by "av_extend">, either explicitly:
av_extend(av, len);
or implicitly when the first element is stored:
(void)av_store(av, 0, sv);
Unused array elements are typically initialized by "av_extend".
Of course the array can be extended later should it become necessary.
"size" must be at least 1.
"size" must be at least 1.
The following examples all result in an array that can fit four elements (indexes 0 .. 3):
AV *av = newAV();
av_extend(av, 3);
AV *av = newAV_alloc_x(4);
AV *av = newAV_alloc_xz(4);
In contrast, the following examples allocate an array that is only guaranteed to fit one element without extending:
AV *av = newAV_alloc_x(1); AV *av = newAV_alloc_xz(1);
AV* newAV () AV* newAV_alloc_x (SSize_t size) AV* newAV_alloc_xz(SSize_t size)
Null AV pointer.
(deprecated - use "(AV *)NULL" instead)
Approximate Perl equivalent: "&{"$sub_name"}(@$argv)".
NOTE: the "perl_call_argv()" form is deprecated.
I32 call_argv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags, char** argv)
NOTE: the "perl_call_method()" form is deprecated.
I32 call_method(const char* methname, I32 flags)
NOTE: the "perl_call_pv()" form is deprecated.
I32 call_pv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags)
If neither the "G_METHOD" nor "G_METHOD_NAMED" flag is supplied, the SV may be any of a CV, a GV, a reference to a CV, a reference to a GV or "SvPV(sv)" will be used as the name of the sub to call.
If the "G_METHOD" flag is supplied, the SV may be a reference to a CV or "SvPV(sv)" will be used as the name of the method to call.
If the "G_METHOD_NAMED" flag is supplied, "SvPV(sv)" will be used as the name of the method to call.
Some other values are treated specially for internal use and should not be depended on.
See perlcall.
NOTE: the "perl_call_sv()" form is deprecated.
I32 call_sv(SV* sv, volatile I32 flags)
ENTER;
ENTER_with_name("name");
NOTE: the "perl_eval_pv()" form is deprecated.
SV* eval_pv(const char* p, I32 croak_on_error)
The "G_RETHROW" flag can be used if you only need eval_sv() to execute code specified by a string, but not catch any errors.
NOTE: the "perl_eval_sv()" form is deprecated.
I32 eval_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
FREETMPS;
A backward-compatible version of "GIMME_V" which can only return "G_SCALAR" or "G_LIST"; in a void context, it returns "G_SCALAR". Deprecated. Use "GIMME_V" instead.
U32 GIMME
U32 GIMME_V
I32 is_lvalue_sub()
LEAVE;
LEAVE_with_name("name");
void save_aptr(AV** aptr)
AV* save_ary(GV* gv)
SAVEBOOL(bool i)
SAVEDELETE(HV * hv, char * key, I32 length)
SAVEDESTRUCTOR(DESTRUCTORFUNC_NOCONTEXT_t f, void *p)
SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(DESTRUCTORFUNC_t f, void *p)
SAVEFREEOP(OP *op)
SAVEFREEPV(void * p)
SAVEFREESV(SV* sv)
HV* save_hash(GV* gv)
void save_hptr(HV** hptr)
SAVEI8(I8 i)
SAVEI32(I32 i)
SAVEI16(I16 i)
SAVEINT(int i)
void save_item(SV* item)
SAVEIV(IV i)
Described in perlguts.
void save_list(SV** sarg, I32 maxsarg)
SAVELONG(long i)
SAVEMORTALIZESV(SV* sv)
SAVEPPTR(char * p)
SV* save_scalar(GV* gv)
SAVESPTR(SV * s)
SAVESTACK_POS()
SAVESTRLEN(STRLEN i)
SV* save_svref(SV** sptr)
SAVETMPS;
bool cBOOL(bool expr)
I32 I_32(NV what)
type INT2PTR(type, int value)
IV I_V(NV what)
IV PTR2IV(void * ptr)
IV PTR2nat(void *)
NV PTR2NV(void * ptr)
unsigned long PTR2ul(void *)
UV PTR2UV(void * ptr)
U32 U_32(NV what)
UV U_V(NV what)
Perl uses "full" Unicode case mappings. This means that converting a single character to another case may result in a sequence of more than one character. For example, the uppercase of "ß" (LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S) is the two character sequence "SS". This presents some complications The lowercase of all characters in the range 0..255 is a single character, and thus "toLOWER_L1" is furnished. But, "toUPPER_L1" can't exist, as it couldn't return a valid result for all legal inputs. Instead "toUPPER_uvchr" has an API that does allow every possible legal result to be returned.) Likewise no other function that is crippled by not being able to give the correct results for the full range of possible inputs has been implemented here.
The differences in the forms are what domain they operate on, and whether the input is specified as a code point (those forms with a "cp" parameter) or as a UTF-8 string (the others). In the latter case, the code point to use is the first one in the buffer of UTF-8 encoded code points, delineated by the arguments "p .. e - 1".
"toFOLD" and "toFOLD_A" are synonyms of each other. They return the foldcase of any ASCII-range code point. In this range, the foldcase is identical to the lowercase. All other inputs are returned unchanged. Since these are macros, the input type may be any integral one, and the output will occupy the same number of bits as the input.
There is no "toFOLD_L1" nor "toFOLD_LATIN1" as the foldcase of some code points in the 0..255 range is above that range or consists of multiple characters. Instead use "toFOLD_uvchr".
"toFOLD_uvchr" returns the foldcase of any Unicode code point. The return value is identical to that of "toFOLD_A" for input code points in the ASCII range. The foldcase of the vast majority of Unicode code points is the same as the code point itself. For these, and for code points above the legal Unicode maximum, this returns the input code point unchanged. It additionally stores the UTF-8 of the result into the buffer beginning at "s", and its length in bytes into *lenp. The caller must have made "s" large enough to contain at least "UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1" bytes to avoid possible overflow.
NOTE: the foldcase of a code point may be more than one code point. The return value of this function is only the first of these. The entire foldcase is returned in "s". To determine if the result is more than a single code point, you can do something like this:
uc = toFOLD_uvchr(cp, s, &len);
if (len > UTF8SKIP(s)) { is multiple code points }
else { is a single code point }
"toFOLD_utf8" and "toFOLD_utf8_safe" are synonyms of each other. The only difference between these and "toFOLD_uvchr" is that the source for these is encoded in UTF-8, instead of being a code point. It is passed as a buffer starting at "p", with "e" pointing to one byte beyond its end. The "p" buffer may certainly contain more than one code point; but only the first one (up through "e - 1") is examined. If the UTF-8 for the input character is malformed in some way, the program may croak, or the function may return the REPLACEMENT CHARACTER, at the discretion of the implementation, and subject to change in future releases.
UV toFOLD (UV cp) UV toFOLD_A (UV cp) UV toFOLD_uvchr (UV cp, U8* s, STRLEN* lenp) UV toFOLD_utf8 (U8* p, U8* e, U8* s, STRLEN* lenp) UV toFOLD_utf8_safe(U8* p, U8* e, U8* s, STRLEN* lenp)
"toLOWER" and "toLOWER_A" are synonyms of each other. They return the lowercase of any uppercase ASCII-range code point. All other inputs are returned unchanged. Since these are macros, the input type may be any integral one, and the output will occupy the same number of bits as the input.
"toLOWER_L1" and "toLOWER_LATIN1" are synonyms of each other. They behave identically as "toLOWER" for ASCII-range input. But additionally will return the lowercase of any uppercase code point in the entire 0..255 range, assuming a Latin-1 encoding (or the EBCDIC equivalent on such platforms).
"toLOWER_LC" returns the lowercase of the input code point according to the rules of the current POSIX locale. Input code points outside the range 0..255 are returned unchanged.
"toLOWER_uvchr" returns the lowercase of any Unicode code point. The return value is identical to that of "toLOWER_L1" for input code points in the 0..255 range. The lowercase of the vast majority of Unicode code points is the same as the code point itself. For these, and for code points above the legal Unicode maximum, this returns the input code point unchanged. It additionally stores the UTF-8 of the result into the buffer beginning at "s", and its length in bytes into *lenp. The caller must have made "s" large enough to contain at least "UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1" bytes to avoid possible overflow.
NOTE: the lowercase of a code point may be more than one code point. The return value of this function is only the first of these. The entire lowercase is returned in "s". To determine if the result is more than a single code point, you can do something like this:
uc = toLOWER_uvchr(cp, s, &len);
if (len > UTF8SKIP(s)) { is multiple code points }
else { is a single code point }
"toLOWER_utf8" and "toLOWER_utf8_safe" are synonyms of each other. The only difference between these and "toLOWER_uvchr" is that the source for these is encoded in UTF-8, instead of being a code point. It is passed as a buffer starting at "p", with "e" pointing to one byte beyond its end. The "p" buffer may certainly contain more than one code point; but only the first one (up through "e - 1") is examined. If the UTF-8 for the input character is malformed in some way, the program may croak, or the function may return the REPLACEMENT CHARACTER, at the discretion of the implementation, and subject to change in future releases.
UV toLOWER (UV cp) UV toLOWER_A (UV cp) UV toLOWER_L1 (UV cp) UV toLOWER_LATIN1 (UV cp) UV toLOWER_LC (UV cp) UV toLOWER_uvchr (UV cp, U8* s, STRLEN* lenp) UV toLOWER_utf8 (U8* p, U8* e, U8* s, STRLEN* lenp) UV toLOWER_utf8_safe(U8* p, U8* e, U8* s, STRLEN* lenp)
"toTITLE" and "toTITLE_A" are synonyms of each other. They return the titlecase of any lowercase ASCII-range code point. In this range, the titlecase is identical to the uppercase. All other inputs are returned unchanged. Since these are macros, the input type may be any integral one, and the output will occupy the same number of bits as the input.
There is no "toTITLE_L1" nor "toTITLE_LATIN1" as the titlecase of some code points in the 0..255 range is above that range or consists of multiple characters. Instead use "toTITLE_uvchr".
"toTITLE_uvchr" returns the titlecase of any Unicode code point. The return value is identical to that of "toTITLE_A" for input code points in the ASCII range. The titlecase of the vast majority of Unicode code points is the same as the code point itself. For these, and for code points above the legal Unicode maximum, this returns the input code point unchanged. It additionally stores the UTF-8 of the result into the buffer beginning at "s", and its length in bytes into *lenp. The caller must have made "s" large enough to contain at least "UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1" bytes to avoid possible overflow.
NOTE: the titlecase of a code point may be more than one code point. The return value of this function is only the first of these. The entire titlecase is returned in "s". To determine if the result is more than a single code point, you can do something like this:
uc = toTITLE_uvchr(cp, s, &len);
if (len > UTF8SKIP(s)) { is multiple code points }
else { is a single code point }
"toTITLE_utf8" and "toTITLE_utf8_safe" are synonyms of each other. The only difference between these and "toTITLE_uvchr" is that the source for these is encoded in UTF-8, instead of being a code point. It is passed as a buffer starting at "p", with "e" pointing to one byte beyond its end. The "p" buffer may certainly contain more than one code point; but only the first one (up through "e - 1") is examined. If the UTF-8 for the input character is malformed in some way, the program may croak, or the function may return the REPLACEMENT CHARACTER, at the discretion of the implementation, and subject to change in future releases.
UV toTITLE (UV cp) UV toTITLE_A (UV cp) UV toTITLE_uvchr (UV cp, U8* s, STRLEN* lenp) UV toTITLE_utf8 (U8* p, U8* e, U8* s, STRLEN* lenp) UV toTITLE_utf8_safe(U8* p, U8* e, U8* s, STRLEN* lenp)
"toUPPER" and "toUPPER_A" are synonyms of each other. They return the uppercase of any lowercase ASCII-range code point. All other inputs are returned unchanged. Since these are macros, the input type may be any integral one, and the output will occupy the same number of bits as the input.
There is no "toUPPER_L1" nor "toUPPER_LATIN1" as the uppercase of some code points in the 0..255 range is above that range or consists of multiple characters. Instead use "toUPPER_uvchr".
"toUPPER_uvchr" returns the uppercase of any Unicode code point. The return value is identical to that of "toUPPER_A" for input code points in the ASCII range. The uppercase of the vast majority of Unicode code points is the same as the code point itself. For these, and for code points above the legal Unicode maximum, this returns the input code point unchanged. It additionally stores the UTF-8 of the result into the buffer beginning at "s", and its length in bytes into *lenp. The caller must have made "s" large enough to contain at least "UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1" bytes to avoid possible overflow.
NOTE: the uppercase of a code point may be more than one code point. The return value of this function is only the first of these. The entire uppercase is returned in "s". To determine if the result is more than a single code point, you can do something like this:
uc = toUPPER_uvchr(cp, s, &len);
if (len > UTF8SKIP(s)) { is multiple code points }
else { is a single code point }
"toUPPER_utf8" and "toUPPER_utf8_safe" are synonyms of each other. The only difference between these and "toUPPER_uvchr" is that the source for these is encoded in UTF-8, instead of being a code point. It is passed as a buffer starting at "p", with "e" pointing to one byte beyond its end. The "p" buffer may certainly contain more than one code point; but only the first one (up through "e - 1") is examined. If the UTF-8 for the input character is malformed in some way, the program may croak, or the function may return the REPLACEMENT CHARACTER, at the discretion of the implementation, and subject to change in future releases.
UV toUPPER (UV cp) UV toUPPER_A (UV cp) UV toUPPER_uvchr (UV cp, U8* s, STRLEN* lenp) UV toUPPER_utf8 (U8* p, U8* e, U8* s, STRLEN* lenp) UV toUPPER_utf8_safe(U8* p, U8* e, U8* s, STRLEN* lenp)
This section is about functions (really macros) that classify characters into types, such as punctuation versus alphabetic, etc. Most of these are analogous to regular expression character classes. (See "POSIX Character Classes" in perlrecharclass.) There are several variants for each class. (Not all macros have all variants; each item below lists the ones valid for it.) None are affected by "use bytes", and only the ones with "LC" in the name are affected by the current locale.
The base function, e.g., "isALPHA()", takes any signed or unsigned value, treating it as a code point, and returns a boolean as to whether or not the character represented by it is (or on non-ASCII platforms, corresponds to) an ASCII character in the named class based on platform, Unicode, and Perl rules. If the input is a number that doesn't fit in an octet, FALSE is returned.
Variant "isFOO_A" (e.g., "isALPHA_A()") is identical to the base function with no suffix "_A". This variant is used to emphasize by its name that only ASCII-range characters can return TRUE.
Variant "isFOO_L1" imposes the Latin-1 (or EBCDIC equivalent) character set onto the platform. That is, the code points that are ASCII are unaffected, since ASCII is a subset of Latin-1. But the non-ASCII code points are treated as if they are Latin-1 characters. For example, "isWORDCHAR_L1()" will return true when called with the code point 0xDF, which is a word character in both ASCII and EBCDIC (though it represents different characters in each). If the input is a number that doesn't fit in an octet, FALSE is returned. (Perl's documentation uses a colloquial definition of Latin-1, to include all code points below 256.)
Variant "isFOO_uvchr" is exactly like the "isFOO_L1" variant, for inputs below 256, but if the code point is larger than 255, Unicode rules are used to determine if it is in the character class. For example, "isWORDCHAR_uvchr(0x100)" returns TRUE, since 0x100 is LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON in Unicode, and is a word character.
Variants "isFOO_utf8" and "isFOO_utf8_safe" are like "isFOO_uvchr", but are used for UTF-8 encoded strings. The two forms are different names for the same thing. Each call to one of these classifies the first character of the string starting at "p". The second parameter, "e", points to anywhere in the string beyond the first character, up to one byte past the end of the entire string. Although both variants are identical, the suffix "_safe" in one name emphasizes that it will not attempt to read beyond "e - 1", provided that the constraint "s < e" is true (this is asserted for in "-DDEBUGGING" builds). If the UTF-8 for the input character is malformed in some way, the program may croak, or the function may return FALSE, at the discretion of the implementation, and subject to change in future releases.
Variant "isFOO_LC" is like the "isFOO_A" and "isFOO_L1" variants, but the result is based on the current locale, which is what "LC" in the name stands for. If Perl can determine that the current locale is a UTF-8 locale, it uses the published Unicode rules; otherwise, it uses the C library function that gives the named classification. For example, "isDIGIT_LC()" when not in a UTF-8 locale returns the result of calling "isdigit()". FALSE is always returned if the input won't fit into an octet. On some platforms where the C library function is known to be defective, Perl changes its result to follow the POSIX standard's rules.
Variant "isFOO_LC_uvchr" acts exactly like "isFOO_LC" for inputs less than 256, but for larger ones it returns the Unicode classification of the code point.
Variants "isFOO_LC_utf8" and "isFOO_LC_utf8_safe" are like "isFOO_LC_uvchr", but are used for UTF-8 encoded strings. The two forms are different names for the same thing. Each call to one of these classifies the first character of the string starting at "p". The second parameter, "e", points to anywhere in the string beyond the first character, up to one byte past the end of the entire string. Although both variants are identical, the suffix "_safe" in one name emphasizes that it will not attempt to read beyond "e - 1", provided that the constraint "s < e" is true (this is asserted for in "-DDEBUGGING" builds). If the UTF-8 for the input character is malformed in some way, the program may croak, or the function may return FALSE, at the discretion of the implementation, and subject to change in future releases.
bool isALPHA (UV ch) bool isALPHA_A (UV ch) bool isALPHA_L1 (UV ch) bool isALPHA_uvchr (UV ch) bool isALPHA_utf8_safe (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isALPHA_utf8 (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isALPHA_LC (UV ch) bool isALPHA_LC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isALPHA_LC_utf8_safe(U8 * s, U8 *end)
A (discouraged from use) synonym is "isALNUMC" (where the "C" suffix means this corresponds to the C language alphanumeric definition). Also there are the variants "isALNUMC_A", "isALNUMC_L1" "isALNUMC_LC", and "isALNUMC_LC_uvchr".
bool isALPHANUMERIC (UV ch) bool isALPHANUMERIC_A (UV ch) bool isALPHANUMERIC_L1 (UV ch) bool isALPHANUMERIC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isALPHANUMERIC_utf8_safe (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isALPHANUMERIC_utf8 (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isALPHANUMERIC_LC (UV ch) bool isALPHANUMERIC_LC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isALPHANUMERIC_LC_utf8_safe(U8 * s, U8 *end) bool isALNUMC (UV ch) bool isALNUMC_A (UV ch) bool isALNUMC_L1 (UV ch) bool isALNUMC_LC (UV ch) bool isALNUMC_LC_uvchr (UV ch)
Also note, that because all ASCII characters are UTF-8 invariant (meaning they have the exact same representation (always a single byte) whether encoded in UTF-8 or not), "isASCII" will give the correct results when called with any byte in any string encoded or not in UTF-8. And similarly "isASCII_utf8" and "isASCII_utf8_safe" will work properly on any string encoded or not in UTF-8.
bool isASCII (UV ch) bool isASCII_A (UV ch) bool isASCII_L1 (UV ch) bool isASCII_uvchr (UV ch) bool isASCII_utf8_safe (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isASCII_utf8 (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isASCII_LC (UV ch) bool isASCII_LC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isASCII_LC_utf8_safe(U8 * s, U8 *end)
bool isBLANK (UV ch) bool isBLANK_A (UV ch) bool isBLANK_L1 (UV ch) bool isBLANK_uvchr (UV ch) bool isBLANK_utf8_safe (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isBLANK_utf8 (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isBLANK_LC (UV ch) bool isBLANK_LC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isBLANK_LC_utf8_safe(U8 * s, U8 *end)
bool isCNTRL (UV ch) bool isCNTRL_A (UV ch) bool isCNTRL_L1 (UV ch) bool isCNTRL_uvchr (UV ch) bool isCNTRL_utf8_safe (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isCNTRL_utf8 (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isCNTRL_LC (UV ch) bool isCNTRL_LC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isCNTRL_LC_utf8_safe(U8 * s, U8 *end)
bool isDIGIT (UV ch) bool isDIGIT_A (UV ch) bool isDIGIT_L1 (UV ch) bool isDIGIT_uvchr (UV ch) bool isDIGIT_utf8_safe (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isDIGIT_utf8 (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isDIGIT_LC (UV ch) bool isDIGIT_LC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isDIGIT_LC_utf8_safe(U8 * s, U8 *end)
bool isGRAPH (UV ch) bool isGRAPH_A (UV ch) bool isGRAPH_L1 (UV ch) bool isGRAPH_uvchr (UV ch) bool isGRAPH_utf8_safe (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isGRAPH_utf8 (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isGRAPH_LC (UV ch) bool isGRAPH_LC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isGRAPH_LC_utf8_safe(U8 * s, U8 *end)
bool isIDCONT (UV ch) bool isIDCONT_A (UV ch) bool isIDCONT_L1 (UV ch) bool isIDCONT_uvchr (UV ch) bool isIDCONT_utf8_safe (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isIDCONT_utf8 (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isIDCONT_LC (UV ch) bool isIDCONT_LC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isIDCONT_LC_utf8_safe(U8 * s, U8 *end)
bool isIDFIRST (UV ch) bool isIDFIRST_A (UV ch) bool isIDFIRST_L1 (UV ch) bool isIDFIRST_uvchr (UV ch) bool isIDFIRST_utf8_safe (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isIDFIRST_utf8 (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isIDFIRST_LC (UV ch) bool isIDFIRST_LC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isIDFIRST_LC_utf8_safe(U8 * s, U8 *end)
bool isLOWER (UV ch) bool isLOWER_A (UV ch) bool isLOWER_L1 (UV ch) bool isLOWER_uvchr (UV ch) bool isLOWER_utf8_safe (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isLOWER_utf8 (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isLOWER_LC (UV ch) bool isLOWER_LC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isLOWER_LC_utf8_safe(U8 * s, U8 *end)
bool isOCTAL(UV ch)
bool isPRINT (UV ch) bool isPRINT_A (UV ch) bool isPRINT_L1 (UV ch) bool isPRINT_uvchr (UV ch) bool isPRINT_utf8_safe (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isPRINT_utf8 (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isPRINT_LC (UV ch) bool isPRINT_LC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isPRINT_LC_utf8_safe(U8 * s, U8 *end)
bool isPSXSPC (UV ch) bool isPSXSPC_A (UV ch) bool isPSXSPC_L1 (UV ch) bool isPSXSPC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isPSXSPC_utf8_safe (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isPSXSPC_utf8 (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isPSXSPC_LC (UV ch) bool isPSXSPC_LC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isPSXSPC_LC_utf8_safe(U8 * s, U8 *end)
bool isPUNCT (UV ch) bool isPUNCT_A (UV ch) bool isPUNCT_L1 (UV ch) bool isPUNCT_uvchr (UV ch) bool isPUNCT_utf8_safe (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isPUNCT_utf8 (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isPUNCT_LC (UV ch) bool isPUNCT_LC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isPUNCT_LC_utf8_safe(U8 * s, U8 *end)
bool isSPACE (UV ch) bool isSPACE_A (UV ch) bool isSPACE_L1 (UV ch) bool isSPACE_uvchr (UV ch) bool isSPACE_utf8_safe (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isSPACE_utf8 (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isSPACE_LC (UV ch) bool isSPACE_LC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isSPACE_LC_utf8_safe(U8 * s, U8 *end)
bool isUPPER (UV ch) bool isUPPER_A (UV ch) bool isUPPER_L1 (UV ch) bool isUPPER_uvchr (UV ch) bool isUPPER_utf8_safe (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isUPPER_utf8 (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isUPPER_LC (UV ch) bool isUPPER_LC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isUPPER_LC_utf8_safe(U8 * s, U8 *end)
bool isWORDCHAR (UV ch) bool isWORDCHAR_A (UV ch) bool isWORDCHAR_L1 (UV ch) bool isWORDCHAR_uvchr (UV ch) bool isWORDCHAR_utf8_safe (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isWORDCHAR_utf8 (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isWORDCHAR_LC (UV ch) bool isWORDCHAR_LC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isWORDCHAR_LC_utf8_safe(U8 * s, U8 *end) bool isALNUM (UV ch) bool isALNUM_A (UV ch) bool isALNUM_LC (UV ch) bool isALNUM_LC_uvchr (UV ch)
bool isXDIGIT (UV ch) bool isXDIGIT_A (UV ch) bool isXDIGIT_L1 (UV ch) bool isXDIGIT_uvchr (UV ch) bool isXDIGIT_utf8_safe (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isXDIGIT_utf8 (U8 * s, U8 * end) bool isXDIGIT_LC (UV ch) bool isXDIGIT_LC_uvchr (UV ch) bool isXDIGIT_LC_utf8_safe(U8 * s, U8 *end)
static inline (c99)
static __inline__ (gcc -ansi)
static __inline (MSVC)
static _inline (older MSVC)
static (c89 compilers)
ASSUME(bool expr)
dNOOP;
END_EXTERN_C
Example usage:
EXTERN_C int flock(int fd, int op);
LIKELY(bool expr)
NOOP;
PERL_UNUSED_ARG(void x);
PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
Example usage:
Signal_t
Perl_perly_sighandler(int sig, Siginfo_t *sip PERL_UNUSED_DECL,
void *uap PERL_UNUSED_DECL, bool safe)
PERL_UNUSED_RESULT(foo(a, b))
The main reason for this is that the combination of "gcc -Wunused-result" (part of "-Wall") and the "__attribute__((warn_unused_result))" cannot be silenced with casting to "void". This causes trouble when the system header files use the attribute.
Use "PERL_UNUSED_RESULT" sparingly, though, since usually the warning is there for a good reason: you might lose success/failure information, or leak resources, or changes in resources.
But sometimes you just want to ignore the return value, e.g., on codepaths soon ending up in abort, or in "best effort" attempts, or in situations where there is no good way to handle failures.
Sometimes "PERL_UNUSED_RESULT" might not be the most natural way: another possibility is that you can capture the return value and use "PERL_UNUSED_VAR" on that.
PERL_UNUSED_RESULT(void x)
PERL_UNUSED_VAR(void x);
({ statement ... })
turns the block consisting of statements ... into an expression with a value, unlike plain C language blocks. This can present optimization possibilities, BUT you generally need to specify an alternative in case this ability doesn't exist or has otherwise been forbidden.
Example usage:
#ifdef PERL_USE_GCC_BRACE_GROUPS ... #else ... #endif
START_EXTERN_C
if (x) STMT_START { ... } STMT_END else ...
Note that you can't return a value out of them, which limits their utility. But see "PERL_USE_GCC_BRACE_GROUPS".
UNLIKELY(bool expr)
__ASSERT_(bool expr)
Temporarily disable an entry in this BHK structure, by clearing the appropriate flag. "which" is a preprocessor token indicating which entry to disable.
void BhkDISABLE(BHK *hk, which)
Re-enable an entry in this BHK structure, by setting the appropriate flag. "which" is a preprocessor token indicating which entry to enable. This will assert (under -DDEBUGGING) if the entry doesn't contain a valid pointer.
void BhkENABLE(BHK *hk, which)
Set an entry in the BHK structure, and set the flags to indicate it is valid. "which" is a preprocessing token indicating which entry to set. The type of "ptr" depends on the entry.
void BhkENTRY_set(BHK *hk, which, void *ptr)
Register a set of hooks to be called when the Perl lexical scope changes at compile time. See "Compile-time scope hooks" in perlguts.
NOTE: "blockhook_register" must be explicitly called as "Perl_blockhook_register" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
void Perl_blockhook_register(pTHX_ BHK *hk)
Now a no-op.
void CPERLscope(void x)
#ifdef I_MACH_CTHREADS
#include <mach_cthreads.h>
#endif
#ifdef I_PTHREAD
#include <pthread.h>
#endif
Returns the label attached to a cop, and stores its length in bytes into *len. Upon return, *flags will be set to either "SVf_UTF8" or 0.
Alternatively, use the macro "CopLABEL_len_flags"; or if you don't need to know if the label is UTF-8 or not, the macro "CopLABEL_len"; or if you additionally dont need to know the length, "CopLABEL".
const char * cop_fetch_label(COP *const cop, STRLEN *len,
U32 *flags)
const char * CopFILE(const COP * c)
AV * CopFILEAV(const COP * c)
AV * CopFILEAVn(const COP * c)
GV * CopFILEGV(const COP * c)
void CopFILEGV_set(COP * c, GV * gv)
void CopFILE_set(COP * c, const char * pv)
SV * CopFILESV(const COP * c)
Generates and returns a standard Perl hash representing the full set of key/value pairs in the cop hints hash "cophh". "flags" is currently unused and must be zero.
HV * cophh_2hv(const COPHH *cophh, U32 flags)
Make and return a complete copy of the cop hints hash "cophh".
COPHH * cophh_copy(COPHH *cophh)
These delete a key and its associated value from the cop hints hash "cophh", and return the modified hash. The returned hash pointer is in general not the same as the hash pointer that was passed in. The input hash is consumed by the function, and the pointer to it must not be subsequently used. Use "cophh_copy" if you need both hashes.
The forms differ in how the key is specified. In all forms, the key is pointed to by "key". In the plain "pv" form, the key is a C language NUL-terminated string. In the "pvs" form, the key is a C language string literal. In the "pvn" form, an additional parameter, "keylen", specifies the length of the string, which hence, may contain embedded-NUL characters. In the "sv" form, *key is an SV, and the key is the PV extracted from that. using "SvPV_const".
"hash" is a precomputed hash of the key string, or zero if it has not been precomputed. This parameter is omitted from the "pvs" form, as it is computed automatically at compile time.
The only flag currently used from the "flags" parameter is "COPHH_KEY_UTF8". It is illegal to set this in the "sv" form. In the "pv*" forms, it specifies whether the key octets are interpreted as UTF-8 (if set) or as Latin-1 (if cleared). The "sv" form uses the underlying SV to determine the UTF-8ness of the octets.
COPHH * cophh_delete_pvn(COPHH *cophh, const char *key,
STRLEN keylen, U32 hash, U32 flags)
COPHH * cophh_delete_pv (COPHH *cophh, const char *key, U32 hash,
U32 flags)
COPHH * cophh_delete_pvs(COPHH *cophh, "key", U32 flags)
COPHH * cophh_delete_sv (COPHH *cophh, SV *key, U32 hash,
U32 flags)
These look up the hint entry in the cop "cop" with the key specified by "key" (and "keylen" in the "pvn" form), returning true if a value exists, and false otherwise.
The forms differ in how the key is specified. In the plain "pv" form, the key is a C language NUL-terminated string. In the "pvs" form, the key is a C language string literal. In the "pvn" form, an additional parameter, "keylen", specifies the length of the string, which hence, may contain embedded-NUL characters. In the "sv" form, *key is an SV, and the key is the PV extracted from that. using "SvPV_const".
"hash" is a precomputed hash of the key string, or zero if it has not been precomputed. This parameter is omitted from the "pvs" form, as it is computed automatically at compile time.
The only flag currently used from the "flags" parameter is "COPHH_KEY_UTF8". It is illegal to set this in the "sv" form. In the "pv*" forms, it specifies whether the key octets are interpreted as UTF-8 (if set) or as Latin-1 (if cleared). The "sv" form uses the underlying SV to determine the UTF-8ness of the octets.
bool cophh_exists_pvn(const COPHH *cophh, const char *key,
STRLEN keylen, U32 hash, U32 flags)
These look up the entry in the cop hints hash "cophh" with the key specified by "key" (and "keylen" in the "pvn" form), returning that value as a mortal scalar copy, or &PL_sv_placeholder if there is no value associated with the key.
The forms differ in how the key is specified. In the plain "pv" form, the key is a C language NUL-terminated string. In the "pvs" form, the key is a C language string literal. In the "pvn" form, an additional parameter, "keylen", specifies the length of the string, which hence, may contain embedded-NUL characters. In the "sv" form, *key is an SV, and the key is the PV extracted from that. using "SvPV_const".
"hash" is a precomputed hash of the key string, or zero if it has not been precomputed. This parameter is omitted from the "pvs" form, as it is computed automatically at compile time.
The only flag currently used from the "flags" parameter is "COPHH_KEY_UTF8". It is illegal to set this in the "sv" form. In the "pv*" forms, it specifies whether the key octets are interpreted as UTF-8 (if set) or as Latin-1 (if cleared). The "sv" form uses the underlying SV to determine the UTF-8ness of the octets.
SV * cophh_fetch_pvn(const COPHH *cophh, const char *key,
STRLEN keylen, U32 hash, U32 flags)
SV * cophh_fetch_pv (const COPHH *cophh, const char *key,
U32 hash, U32 flags)
SV * cophh_fetch_pvs(const COPHH *cophh, "key", U32 flags)
SV * cophh_fetch_sv (const COPHH *cophh, SV *key, U32 hash,
U32 flags)
Discard the cop hints hash "cophh", freeing all resources associated with it.
void cophh_free(COPHH *cophh)
Generate and return a fresh cop hints hash containing no entries.
COPHH * cophh_new_empty()
These store a value, associated with a key, in the cop hints hash "cophh", and return the modified hash. The returned hash pointer is in general not the same as the hash pointer that was passed in. The input hash is consumed by the function, and the pointer to it must not be subsequently used. Use "cophh_copy" if you need both hashes.
"value" is the scalar value to store for this key. "value" is copied by these functions, which thus do not take ownership of any reference to it, and hence later changes to the scalar will not be reflected in the value visible in the cop hints hash. Complex types of scalar will not be stored with referential integrity, but will be coerced to strings.
The forms differ in how the key is specified. In all forms, the key is pointed to by "key". In the plain "pv" form, the key is a C language NUL-terminated string. In the "pvs" form, the key is a C language string literal. In the "pvn" form, an additional parameter, "keylen", specifies the length of the string, which hence, may contain embedded-NUL characters. In the "sv" form, *key is an SV, and the key is the PV extracted from that. using "SvPV_const".
"hash" is a precomputed hash of the key string, or zero if it has not been precomputed. This parameter is omitted from the "pvs" form, as it is computed automatically at compile time.
The only flag currently used from the "flags" parameter is "COPHH_KEY_UTF8". It is illegal to set this in the "sv" form. In the "pv*" forms, it specifies whether the key octets are interpreted as UTF-8 (if set) or as Latin-1 (if cleared). The "sv" form uses the underlying SV to determine the UTF-8ness of the octets.
COPHH * cophh_store_pvn(COPHH *cophh, const char *key,
STRLEN keylen, U32 hash, SV *value,
U32 flags)
COPHH * cophh_store_pv (COPHH *cophh, const char *key, U32 hash,
SV *value, U32 flags)
COPHH * cophh_store_pvs(COPHH *cophh, "key", SV *value,
U32 flags)
COPHH * cophh_store_sv (COPHH *cophh, SV *key, U32 hash,
SV *value, U32 flags)
HV * cop_hints_2hv(const COP *cop, U32 flags)
The forms differ in how the key is specified. In all forms, the key is pointed to by "key". In the plain "pv" form, the key is a C language NUL-terminated string. In the "pvs" form, the key is a C language string literal. In the "pvn" form, an additional parameter, "keylen", specifies the length of the string, which hence, may contain embedded-NUL characters. In the "sv" form, *key is an SV, and the key is the PV extracted from that. using "SvPV_const".
"hash" is a precomputed hash of the key string, or zero if it has not been precomputed. This parameter is omitted from the "pvs" form, as it is computed automatically at compile time.
The only flag currently used from the "flags" parameter is "COPHH_KEY_UTF8". It is illegal to set this in the "sv" form. In the "pv*" forms, it specifies whether the key octets are interpreted as UTF-8 (if set) or as Latin-1 (if cleared). The "sv" form uses the underlying SV to determine the UTF-8ness of the octets.
bool cop_hints_exists_pvn(const COP *cop, const char *key,
STRLEN keylen, U32 hash, U32 flags)
bool cop_hints_exists_pv (const COP *cop, const char *key,
U32 hash, U32 flags)
bool cop_hints_exists_pvs(const COP *cop, "key", U32 flags)
bool cop_hints_exists_sv (const COP *cop, SV *key, U32 hash,
U32 flags)
The forms differ in how the key is specified. In the plain "pv" form, the key is a C language NUL-terminated string. In the "pvs" form, the key is a C language string literal. In the "pvn" form, an additional parameter, "keylen", specifies the length of the string, which hence, may contain embedded-NUL characters. In the "sv" form, *key is an SV, and the key is the PV extracted from that. using "SvPV_const".
"hash" is a precomputed hash of the key string, or zero if it has not been precomputed. This parameter is omitted from the "pvs" form, as it is computed automatically at compile time.
The only flag currently used from the "flags" parameter is "COPHH_KEY_UTF8". It is illegal to set this in the "sv" form. In the "pv*" forms, it specifies whether the key octets are interpreted as UTF-8 (if set) or as Latin-1 (if cleared). The "sv" form uses the underlying SV to determine the UTF-8ness of the octets.
SV * cop_hints_fetch_pvn(const COP *cop, const char *key,
STRLEN keylen, U32 hash, U32 flags)
SV * cop_hints_fetch_pv (const COP *cop, const char *key,
U32 hash, U32 flags)
SV * cop_hints_fetch_pvs(const COP *cop, "key", U32 flags)
SV * cop_hints_fetch_sv (const COP *cop, SV *key, U32 hash,
U32 flags)
"CopLABEL_len" and "CopLABEL_len_flags" additionally store the number of bytes comprising the returned label into *len.
"CopLABEL_len_flags" additionally returns the UTF-8ness of the returned label, by setting *flags to 0 or "SVf_UTF8".
const char * CopLABEL (COP *const cop)
const char * CopLABEL_len (COP *const cop, STRLEN *len)
const char * CopLABEL_len_flags(COP *const cop, STRLEN *len,
U32 *flags)
STRLEN CopLINE(const COP * c)
HV * CopSTASH(const COP * c)
bool CopSTASH_eq(const COP * c, const HV * hv)
char * CopSTASHPV(const COP * c)
void CopSTASHPV_set(COP * c, const char * pv)
bool CopSTASH_set(COP * c, HV * hv)
Save a label into a "cop_hints_hash". You need to set flags to "SVf_UTF8" for a UTF-8 label. Any other flag is ignored.
void cop_store_label(COP *const cop, const char *label,
STRLEN len, U32 flags)
On threaded perls, each thread has an independent copy of this variable; each initialized at creation time with the current value of the creating thread's copy.
COP* PL_curcop
Return the description of a given custom op. This was once used by the "OP_DESC" macro, but is no longer: it has only been kept for compatibility, and should not be used.
const char * custom_op_desc(const OP *o)
Return the name for a given custom op. This was once used by the "OP_NAME" macro, but is no longer: it has only been kept for compatibility, and should not be used.
const char * custom_op_name(const OP *o)
NOTE: "custom_op_register" must be explicitly called as "Perl_custom_op_register" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
void Perl_custom_op_register(pTHX_ Perl_ppaddr_t ppaddr,
const XOP *xop)
const XOP * Perl_custom_op_xop(pTHX_ const OP *o)
void XopDISABLE(XOP *xop, which)
void XopENABLE(XOP *xop, which)
XopENTRY(XOP *xop, which)
XopENTRYCUSTOM(const OP *o, which)
void XopENTRY_set(XOP *xop, which, value)
U32 XopFLAGS(XOP *xop)
This section documents functions to manipulate CVs which are code-values, meaning subroutines. For more information, see perlguts.
This function skips over the automatic calls to &DB::sub made on the behalf of the debugger. If the stack frame requested was a sub called by "DB::sub", the return value will be the frame for the call to "DB::sub", since that has the correct line number/etc. for the call site. If dbcxp is non-"NULL", it will be set to a pointer to the frame for the sub call itself.
const PERL_CONTEXT * caller_cx(I32 level,
const PERL_CONTEXT **dbcxp)
I32 * CvDEPTH(const CV * const sv)
GV * CvGV(CV *sv)
This also has a special use with XS AUTOLOAD subs. See "Autoloading with XSUBs" in perlguts.
HV* CvSTASH(CV* cv)
CV* find_runcv(U32 *db_seqp)
The forms differ only in how the subroutine is specified.. With "get_cvs", the name is a literal C string, enclosed in double quotes. With "get_cv", the name is given by the "name" parameter, which must be a NUL-terminated C string. With "get_cvn_flags", the name is also given by the "name" parameter, but it is a Perl string (possibly containing embedded NUL bytes), and its length in bytes is contained in the "len" parameter.
NOTE: the "perl_get_cv()" form is deprecated.
NOTE: the "perl_get_cvs()" form is deprecated.
NOTE: the "perl_get_cvn_flags()" form is deprecated.
CV* get_cv (const char* name, I32 flags)
CV * get_cvs ("string", I32 flags)
CV* get_cvn_flags(const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 flags)
Null CV pointer.
(deprecated - use "(CV *)NULL" instead)
void SvAMAGIC_off(SV *sv)
void SvAMAGIC_on(SV *sv)
If the "v" (verbose) debugging option is in effect, the process id is also printed.
The two forms differ only in that "deb_nocontext" does not take a thread context ("aTHX") parameter, so is used in situations where the caller doesn't already have the thread context.
NOTE: "deb" must be explicitly called as "Perl_deb" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
void Perl_deb (pTHX_ const char* pat, ...) void deb_nocontext(const char* pat, ...)
I32 debstack()
void dump_all()
Returns true if a backtrace could be retrieved, false if not.
bool dump_c_backtrace(PerlIO* fp, int max_depth, int skip)
void dump_eval()
void dump_form(const GV* gv)
void dump_packsubs(const HV* stash)
void dump_sub(const GV* gv)
The appended output looks like:
...
1 10e004812:0082 Perl_croak util.c:1716 /usr/bin/perl
2 10df8d6d2:1d72 perl_parse perl.c:3975 /usr/bin/perl
...
The fields are tab-separated. The first column is the depth (zero being the innermost non-skipped frame). In the hex:offset, the hex is where the program counter was in "S_parse_body", and the :offset (might be missing) tells how much inside the "S_parse_body" the program counter was.
The "util.c:1716" is the source code file and line number.
The /usr/bin/perl is obvious (hopefully).
Unknowns are "-". Unknowns can happen unfortunately quite easily: if the platform doesn't support retrieving the information; if the binary is missing the debug information; if the optimizer has transformed the code by for example inlining.
SV* get_c_backtrace_dump(int max_depth, int skip)
void gv_dump(GV* gv)
void magic_dump(const MAGIC *mg)
OPclass op_class(const OP *o)
void op_dump(const OP *o)
void pmop_dump(PMOP* pm)
For an example of its output, see Devel::Peek.
void sv_dump(SV* sv)
void vdeb(const char* pat, va_list* args)
(char *) Perl_form(pTHX_ const char* pat, ...)
can be used any place a string (char *) is required:
char * s = Perl_form("%d.%d",major,minor);
They use a single (per-thread) private buffer so if you want to format several strings you must explicitly copy the earlier strings away (and free the copies when you are done).
The two forms differ only in that "form_nocontext" does not take a thread context ("aTHX") parameter, so is used in situations where the caller doesn't already have the thread context.
NOTE: "form" must be explicitly called as "Perl_form" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
char* Perl_form (pTHX_ const char* pat, ...) char* form_nocontext(const char* pat, ...)
Normally, the resulting message is returned in a new mortal SV. But during global destruction a single SV may be shared between uses of this function.
The two forms differ only in that "mess_nocontext" does not take a thread context ("aTHX") parameter, so is used in situations where the caller doesn't already have the thread context.
NOTE: "mess" must be explicitly called as "Perl_mess" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
SV* Perl_mess (pTHX_ const char* pat, ...) SV* mess_nocontext(const char* pat, ...)
"basemsg" is the initial message or object. If it is a reference, it will be used as-is and will be the result of this function. Otherwise it is used as a string, and if it already ends with a newline, it is taken to be complete, and the result of this function will be the same string. If the message does not end with a newline, then a segment such as "at foo.pl line 37" will be appended, and possibly other clauses indicating the current state of execution. The resulting message will end with a dot and a newline.
Normally, the resulting message is returned in a new mortal SV. During global destruction a single SV may be shared between uses of this function. If "consume" is true, then the function is permitted (but not required) to modify and return "basemsg" instead of allocating a new SV.
SV* mess_sv(SV* basemsg, bool consume)
pv_escape(dsv,pv,cur,pvlim,PERL_PV_ESCAPE_QUOTE);
except that an additional "\0" will be appended to the string when len > cur and pv[cur] is "\0".
Note that the final string may be up to 7 chars longer than pvlim.
char* pv_display(SV *dsv, const char *pv, STRLEN cur, STRLEN len,
STRLEN pvlim)
If flags contains "PERL_PV_ESCAPE_QUOTE" then any double quotes in the string will also be escaped.
Normally the SV will be cleared before the escaped string is prepared, but when "PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NOCLEAR" is set this will not occur.
If "PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI" is set then the input string is treated as UTF-8 if "PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI_DETECT" is set then the input string is scanned using "is_utf8_string()" to determine if it is UTF-8.
If "PERL_PV_ESCAPE_ALL" is set then all input chars will be output using "\x01F1" style escapes, otherwise if "PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NONASCII" is set, only non-ASCII chars will be escaped using this style; otherwise, only chars above 255 will be so escaped; other non printable chars will use octal or common escaped patterns like "\n". Otherwise, if "PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NOBACKSLASH" then all chars below 255 will be treated as printable and will be output as literals.
If "PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR" is set then only the first char of the string will be escaped, regardless of max. If the output is to be in hex, then it will be returned as a plain hex sequence. Thus the output will either be a single char, an octal escape sequence, a special escape like "\n" or a hex value.
If "PERL_PV_ESCAPE_RE" is set then the escape char used will be a "%" and not a "\\". This is because regexes very often contain backslashed sequences, whereas "%" is not a particularly common character in patterns.
Returns a pointer to the escaped text as held by "dsv".
char* pv_escape(SV *dsv, char const * const str,
const STRLEN count, const STRLEN max,
STRLEN * const escaped, const U32 flags)
If the "PERL_PV_PRETTY_QUOTE" flag is set then the result will be double quoted with any double quotes in the string escaped. Otherwise if the "PERL_PV_PRETTY_LTGT" flag is set then the result be wrapped in angle brackets.
If the "PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELLIPSES" flag is set and not all characters in string were output then an ellipsis "..." will be appended to the string. Note that this happens AFTER it has been quoted.
If "start_color" is non-null then it will be inserted after the opening quote (if there is one) but before the escaped text. If "end_color" is non-null then it will be inserted after the escaped text but before any quotes or ellipses.
Returns a pointer to the prettified text as held by "dsv".
char* pv_pretty(SV *dsv, char const * const str,
const STRLEN count, const STRLEN max,
char const * const start_color,
char const * const end_color, const U32 flags)
char* vform(const char* pat, va_list* args)
Normally, the resulting message is returned in a new mortal SV. During global destruction a single SV may be shared between uses of this function.
SV* vmess(const char* pat, va_list* args)
Note that under threads, "fn" may run multiple times. This is because the list is executed each time the current or any descendent thread terminates.
void call_atexit(ATEXIT_t fn, void *ptr)
CV* cv_clone(CV* proto)
An SV may be passed as a second argument. If so, the name will be assigned to it and it will be returned. Otherwise the returned SV will be a new mortal.
If "flags" has the "CV_NAME_NOTQUAL" bit set, then the package name will not be included. If the first argument is neither a CV nor a GV, this flag is ignored (subject to change).
SV * cv_name(CV *cv, SV *sv, U32 flags)
void cv_undef(CV* cv)
SV* find_rundefsv()
Until the lexical $_ feature was removed, this function would find the position of the lexical $_ in the pad of the currently-executing function and return the offset in the current pad, or "NOT_IN_PAD".
Now it always returns "NOT_IN_PAD".
PADOFFSET find_rundefsvoffset()
U32 intro_my()
If "PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT" is set, the module is loaded as if with an empty import list, as in "use Foo::Bar ()"; this is the only circumstance in which the trailing optional arguments may be omitted entirely. Otherwise, if "PERL_LOADMOD_IMPORT_OPS" is set, the trailing arguments must consist of exactly one "OP*", containing the op tree that produces the relevant import arguments. Otherwise, the trailing arguments must all be "SV*" values that will be used as import arguments; and the list must be terminated with "(SV*) NULL". If neither "PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT" nor "PERL_LOADMOD_IMPORT_OPS" is set, the trailing "NULL" pointer is needed even if no import arguments are desired. The reference count for each specified "SV*" argument is decremented. In addition, the "name" argument is modified.
If "PERL_LOADMOD_DENY" is set, the module is loaded as if with "no" rather than "use".
"load_module" and "load_module_nocontext" have the same apparent signature, but the former hides the fact that it is accessing a thread context parameter. So use the latter when you get a compilation error about "pTHX".
void load_module (U32 flags, SV* name, SV* ver, ...) void load_module_nocontext(U32 flags, SV* name, SV* ver, ...)
void my_exit(U32 status)
Creates a new pad name list. "max" is the highest index for which space is allocated.
PADNAMELIST * newPADNAMELIST(size_t max)
Constructs and returns a new pad name. Only use this function for names that refer to outer lexicals. (See also "newPADNAMEpvn".) "outer" is the outer pad name that this one mirrors. The returned pad name has the "PADNAMEt_OUTER" flag already set.
PADNAME * newPADNAMEouter(PADNAME *outer)
Constructs and returns a new pad name. "s" must be a UTF-8 string. Do not use this for pad names that point to outer lexicals. See "newPADNAMEouter".
PADNAME * newPADNAMEpvn(const char *s, STRLEN len)
int nothreadhook()
One reference count is stolen, so you may need to do "SvREFCNT_inc(func)".
"optype" should be an opcode indicating the type of operation that the pad entry is to support. This doesn't affect operational semantics, but is used for debugging.
PADOFFSET pad_add_anon(CV* func, I32 optype)
PADOFFSET pad_add_name_pv(const char *name, const U32 flags,
HV *typestash, HV *ourstash)
"namepv"/"namelen" specify the variable's name, including leading sigil. If "typestash" is non-null, the name is for a typed lexical, and this identifies the type. If "ourstash" is non-null, it's a lexical reference to a package variable, and this identifies the package. The following flags can be OR'ed together:
padadd_OUR redundantly specifies if it's a package var
padadd_STATE variable will retain value persistently
padadd_NO_DUP_CHECK skip check for lexical shadowing
PADOFFSET pad_add_name_pvn(const char *namepv, STRLEN namelen,
U32 flags, HV *typestash,
HV *ourstash)
PADOFFSET pad_add_name_sv(SV *name, U32 flags, HV *typestash,
HV *ourstash)
Allocates a place in the currently-compiling pad, returning the offset of the allocated pad slot. No name is initially attached to the pad slot. "tmptype" is a set of flags indicating the kind of pad entry required, which will be set in the value SV for the allocated pad entry:
SVs_PADMY named lexical variable ("my", "our", "state")
SVs_PADTMP unnamed temporary store
SVf_READONLY constant shared between recursion levels
"SVf_READONLY" has been supported here only since perl 5.20. To work with earlier versions as well, use "SVf_READONLY|SVs_PADTMP". "SVf_READONLY" does not cause the SV in the pad slot to be marked read-only, but simply tells "pad_alloc" that it will be made read-only (by the caller), or at least should be treated as such.
"optype" should be an opcode indicating the type of operation that the pad entry is to support. This doesn't affect operational semantics, but is used for debugging.
PADOFFSET pad_alloc(I32 optype, U32 tmptype)
PADOFFSET pad_findmy_pv(const char* name, U32 flags)
PADOFFSET pad_findmy_pvn(const char* namepv, STRLEN namelen,
U32 flags)
PADOFFSET pad_findmy_sv(SV* name, U32 flags)
Fetches the pad name from the given index.
PADNAME * padnamelist_fetch(PADNAMELIST *pnl, SSize_t key)
Stores the pad name (which may be null) at the given index, freeing any existing pad name in that slot.
PADNAME ** padnamelist_store(PADNAMELIST *pnl, SSize_t key,
PADNAME *val)
Tidy up a pad at the end of compilation of the code to which it belongs. Jobs performed here are: remove most stuff from the pads of anonsub prototypes; give it a @_; mark temporaries as such. "type" indicates the kind of subroutine:
padtidy_SUB ordinary subroutine
padtidy_SUBCLONE prototype for lexical closure
padtidy_FORMAT format
void pad_tidy(padtidy_type type)
PerlInterpreter* perl_alloc()
void PERL_ASYNC_CHECK()
void perl_construct(PerlInterpreter *my_perl)
"my_perl" points to the Perl interpreter. It must have been previously created through the use of "perl_alloc" and "perl_construct". It may have been initialised through "perl_parse", and may have been used through "perl_run" and other means. This function should be called for any Perl interpreter that has been constructed with "perl_construct", even if subsequent operations on it failed, for example if "perl_parse" returned a non-zero value.
If the interpreter's "PL_exit_flags" word has the "PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END" flag set, then this function will execute code in "END" blocks before performing the rest of destruction. If it is desired to make any use of the interpreter between "perl_parse" and "perl_destruct" other than just calling "perl_run", then this flag should be set early on. This matters if "perl_run" will not be called, or if anything else will be done in addition to calling "perl_run".
Returns a value be a suitable value to pass to the C library function "exit" (or to return from "main"), to serve as an exit code indicating the nature of the way the interpreter terminated. This takes into account any failure of "perl_parse" and any early exit from "perl_run". The exit code is of the type required by the host operating system, so because of differing exit code conventions it is not portable to interpret specific numeric values as having specific meanings.
int perl_destruct(PerlInterpreter *my_perl)
void perl_free(PerlInterpreter *my_perl)
"my_perl" points to the Perl interpreter that is to parse the script. It must have been previously created through the use of "perl_alloc" and "perl_construct". "xsinit" points to a callback function that will be called to set up the ability for this Perl interpreter to load XS extensions, or may be null to perform no such setup.
"argc" and "argv" supply a set of command-line arguments to the Perl interpreter, as would normally be passed to the "main" function of a C program. "argv[argc]" must be null. These arguments are where the script to parse is specified, either by naming a script file or by providing a script in a "-e" option. If $0 will be written to in the Perl interpreter, then the argument strings must be in writable memory, and so mustn't just be string constants.
"env" specifies a set of environment variables that will be used by this Perl interpreter. If non-null, it must point to a null-terminated array of environment strings. If null, the Perl interpreter will use the environment supplied by the "environ" global variable.
This function initialises the interpreter, and parses and compiles the script specified by the command-line arguments. This includes executing code in "BEGIN", "UNITCHECK", and "CHECK" blocks. It does not execute "INIT" blocks or the main program.
Returns an integer of slightly tricky interpretation. The correct use of the return value is as a truth value indicating whether there was a failure in initialisation. If zero is returned, this indicates that initialisation was successful, and it is safe to proceed to call "perl_run" and make other use of it. If a non-zero value is returned, this indicates some problem that means the interpreter wants to terminate. The interpreter should not be just abandoned upon such failure; the caller should proceed to shut the interpreter down cleanly with "perl_destruct" and free it with "perl_free".
For historical reasons, the non-zero return value also attempts to be a suitable value to pass to the C library function "exit" (or to return from "main"), to serve as an exit code indicating the nature of the way initialisation terminated. However, this isn't portable, due to differing exit code conventions. A historical bug is preserved for the time being: if the Perl built-in "exit" is called during this function's execution, with a type of exit entailing a zero exit code under the host operating system's conventions, then this function returns zero rather than a non-zero value. This bug, [perl #2754], leads to "perl_run" being called (and therefore "INIT" blocks and the main program running) despite a call to "exit". It has been preserved because a popular module-installing module has come to rely on it and needs time to be fixed. This issue is [perl #132577], and the original bug is due to be fixed in Perl 5.30.
int perl_parse(PerlInterpreter *my_perl, XSINIT_t xsinit,
int argc, char** argv, char** env)
"my_perl" points to the Perl interpreter. It must have been previously created through the use of "perl_alloc" and "perl_construct", and initialised through "perl_parse". This function should not be called if "perl_parse" returned a non-zero value, indicating a failure in initialisation or compilation.
This function executes code in "INIT" blocks, and then executes the main program. The code to be executed is that established by the prior call to "perl_parse". If the interpreter's "PL_exit_flags" word does not have the "PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END" flag set, then this function will also execute code in "END" blocks. If it is desired to make any further use of the interpreter after calling this function, then "END" blocks should be postponed to "perl_destruct" time by setting that flag.
Returns an integer of slightly tricky interpretation. The correct use of the return value is as a truth value indicating whether the program terminated non-locally. If zero is returned, this indicates that the program ran to completion, and it is safe to make other use of the interpreter (provided that the "PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END" flag was set as described above). If a non-zero value is returned, this indicates that the interpreter wants to terminate early. The interpreter should not be just abandoned because of this desire to terminate; the caller should proceed to shut the interpreter down cleanly with "perl_destruct" and free it with "perl_free".
For historical reasons, the non-zero return value also attempts to be a suitable value to pass to the C library function "exit" (or to return from "main"), to serve as an exit code indicating the nature of the way the program terminated. However, this isn't portable, due to differing exit code conventions. An attempt is made to return an exit code of the type required by the host operating system, but because it is constrained to be non-zero, it is not necessarily possible to indicate every type of exit. It is only reliable on Unix, where a zero exit code can be augmented with a set bit that will be ignored. In any case, this function is not the correct place to acquire an exit code: one should get that from "perl_destruct".
int perl_run(PerlInterpreter *my_perl)
void PERL_SET_CONTEXT(PerlInterpreter* i)
They differ in that "PERL_SYS_INIT3" also initializes "env".
void PERL_SYS_INIT (int *argc, char*** argv) void PERL_SYS_INIT3(int *argc, char*** argv, char*** env)
void PERL_SYS_TERM()
If set, END blocks are executed when the interpreter is destroyed. This is normally set by perl itself after the interpreter is constructed.
Call "abort()" on exit. This is used internally by perl itself to abort if exit is called while processing exit.
Warn on exit.
Set by the "exit" in perlfunc operator.
U8 PL_exit_flags
Possible values:
If $ENV{PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL} is set to an integer greater than the value of "PL_perl_destruct_level" its value is used instead.
On threaded perls, each thread has an independent copy of this variable; each initialized at creation time with the current value of the creating thread's copy.
signed char PL_perl_destruct_level
NOTE: the "perl_require_pv()" form is deprecated.
void require_pv(const char* pv)
void vload_module(U32 flags, SV* name, SV* ver, va_list* args)
If "tgtsv" is non-null then the string will be written into that SV (overwriting existing content) and it will be returned. If "tgtsv" is a null pointer then the string will be written into a new mortal SV which will be returned.
The message will be taken from whatever locale would be used by $!, and will be encoded in the SV in whatever manner would be used by $!. The details of this process are subject to future change. Currently, the message is taken from the C locale by default (usually producing an English message), and from the currently selected locale when in the scope of the "use locale" pragma. A heuristic attempt is made to decode the message from the locale's character encoding, but it will only be decoded as either UTF-8 or ISO-8859-1. It is always correctly decoded in a UTF-8 locale, usually in an ISO-8859-1 locale, and never in any other locale.
The SV is always returned containing an actual string, and with no other OK bits set. Unlike $!, a message is even yielded for "errnum" zero (meaning success), and if no useful message is available then a useless string (currently empty) is returned.
SV* sv_string_from_errnum(int errnum, SV* tgtsv)
dXCPT;
void JMPENV_JUMP(int v)
void JMPENV_PUSH(int v)
XCPT_RETHROW;
Also see "List of capability HAS_foo symbols".
void * FILE_base(FILE * f)
Size_t FILE_bufsiz(FILE *f)
Size_t FILE_cnt(FILE * f)
void * FILE_ptr(FILE * f)
extern off_t lseek(int, off_t, int);
#ifdef I_FCNTL
#include <fcntl.h>
#endif
#ifdef I_SYS_DIR
#include <sys_dir.h>
#endif
#ifdef I_SYS_FILE
#include <sys_file.h>
#endif
#ifdef I_SYS_NDIR
#include <sys_ndir.h>
#endif
#ifdef I_SYS_STATFS
#include <sys_statfs.h>
#endif
Also "List of capability HAS_foo symbols" lists capabilities that arent in this section. For example "HAS_ASINH", for the hyperbolic sine function.
0 = ok
1 = couldn't cast < 0
2 = couldn't cast >= 0x80000000
4 = couldn't cast in argument expression list
FP_PLUS_NORM Positive normalized, nonzero
FP_MINUS_NORM Negative normalized, nonzero
FP_PLUS_DENORM Positive denormalized, nonzero
FP_MINUS_DENORM Negative denormalized, nonzero
FP_PLUS_ZERO +0.0
FP_MINUS_ZERO -0.0
FP_PLUS_INF +INF
FP_MINUS_INF -INF
FP_NANS Signaling Not a Number (NaNS)
FP_NANQ Quiet Not a Number (NaNQ)
FP_SNAN signaling NaN
FP_QNAN quiet NaN
FP_NINF negative infinity
FP_PINF positive infinity
FP_NDENORM negative denormalized non-zero
FP_PDENORM positive denormalized non-zero
FP_NZERO negative zero
FP_PZERO positive zero
FP_NNORM negative normalized non-zero
FP_PNORM positive normalized non-zero
FP_NORMAL Normalized
FP_ZERO Zero
FP_INFINITE Infinity
FP_SUBNORMAL Denormalized
FP_NAN NaN
FP_SNAN signaling NaN
FP_QNAN quiet NaN
FP_NINF negative infinity
FP_PINF positive infinity
FP_NDENORM negative denormalized non-zero
FP_PDENORM positive denormalized non-zero
FP_NZERO negative zero
FP_PZERO positive zero
FP_NNORM negative normalized non-zero
FP_PNORM positive normalized non-zero
FP_SNAN Signaling NaN (Not-a-Number)
FP_QNAN Quiet NaN (Not-a-Number)
FP_POS_INF +infinity
FP_NEG_INF -infinity
FP_POS_NORM Positive normalized
FP_NEG_NORM Negative normalized
FP_POS_DENORM Positive denormalized
FP_NEG_DENORM Negative denormalized
FP_POS_ZERO +0.0 (positive zero)
FP_NEG_ZERO -0.0 (negative zero)
FP_NORMAL Normalized
FP_ZERO Zero
FP_INFINITE Infinity
FP_SUBNORMAL Denormalized
FP_NAN NaN
#ifdef I_FENV
#include <fenv.h>
#endif
#ifdef I_QUADMATH
#include <quadmath.h>
#endif
This section contains configuration information not otherwise found in the more specialized sections of this document. At the end is a list of "#defines" whose name should be enough to tell you what they do, and a list of #defines which tell you if you need to "#include" files to get the corresponding functionality.
union semun {
int val;
struct semid_ds *buf;
unsigned short *array;
}
#ifdef I_DIRENT
#include <dirent.h>
#endif
#ifdef I_POLL
#include <poll.h>
#endif
#ifdef I_SYS_RESOURCE
#include <sys_resource.h>
#endif
This is a list of those symbols that dont appear elsewhere in ths document that indicate if the current platform has a certain capability. Their names all begin with "HAS_". Only those symbols whose capability is directly derived from the name are listed here. All others have their meaning expanded out elsewhere in this document. This (relatively) compact list is because we think that the expansion would add little or no value and take up a lot of space (because there are so many). If you think certain ones should be expanded, send email to perl5-porters@perl.org <mailto:perl5-porters@perl.org>.
Each symbol here will be "#define"d if and only if the platform has the capability. If you need more detail, see the corresponding entry in config.h. For convenience, the list is split so that the ones that indicate there is a reentrant version of a capability are listed separately
"HAS_ACCEPT4", "HAS_ACCESS", "HAS_ACCESSX", "HAS_ACOSH", "HAS_AINTL", "HAS_ALARM", "HAS_ASINH", "HAS_ATANH", "HAS_ATOLL", "HAS_CBRT", "HAS_CHOWN", "HAS_CHROOT", "HAS_CHSIZE", "HAS_CLEARENV", "HAS_COPYSIGN", "HAS_COPYSIGNL", "HAS_CRYPT", "HAS_CTERMID", "HAS_CUSERID", "HAS_DIRFD", "HAS_DLADDR", "HAS_DLERROR", "HAS_EACCESS", "HAS_ENDHOSTENT", "HAS_ENDNETENT", "HAS_ENDPROTOENT", "HAS_ENDSERVENT", "HAS_ERF", "HAS_ERFC", "HAS_EXP2", "HAS_EXPM1", "HAS_FCHMOD", "HAS_FCHMODAT", "HAS_FCHOWN", "HAS_FDIM", "HAS_FD_SET", "HAS_FEGETROUND", "HAS_FFS", "HAS_FFSL", "HAS_FGETPOS", "HAS_FLOCK", "HAS_FMA", "HAS_FMAX", "HAS_FMIN", "HAS_FORK", "HAS_FSEEKO", "HAS_FSETPOS", "HAS_FSYNC", "HAS_FTELLO", "HAS_GAI_STRERROR", "HAS_GETADDRINFO", "HAS_GETCWD", "HAS_GETESPWNAM", "HAS_GETGROUPS", "HAS_GETHOSTBYADDR", "HAS_GETHOSTBYNAME", "HAS_GETHOSTENT", "HAS_GETLOGIN", "HAS_GETNAMEINFO", "HAS_GETNETBYADDR", "HAS_GETNETBYNAME", "HAS_GETNETENT", "HAS_GETPAGESIZE", "HAS_GETPGID", "HAS_GETPGRP", "HAS_GETPGRP2", "HAS_GETPPID", "HAS_GETPRIORITY", "HAS_GETPROTOBYNAME", "HAS_GETPROTOBYNUMBER", "HAS_GETPROTOENT", "HAS_GETPRPWNAM", "HAS_GETSERVBYNAME", "HAS_GETSERVBYPORT", "HAS_GETSERVENT", "HAS_GETSPNAM", "HAS_HTONL", "HAS_HTONS", "HAS_HYPOT", "HAS_ILOGBL", "HAS_INETNTOP", "HAS_INETPTON", "HAS_INET_ATON", "HAS_IPV6_MREQ", "HAS_IPV6_MREQ_SOURCE", "HAS_IP_MREQ", "HAS_IP_MREQ_SOURCE", "HAS_ISASCII", "HAS_ISBLANK", "HAS_ISLESS", "HAS_KILLPG", "HAS_LCHOWN", "HAS_LINK", "HAS_LINKAT", "HAS_LLROUND", "HAS_LOCKF", "HAS_LOG1P", "HAS_LOG2", "HAS_LOGB", "HAS_LROUND", "HAS_LSTAT", "HAS_MADVISE", "HAS_MBLEN", "HAS_MBRLEN", "HAS_MBRTOWC", "HAS_MBSTOWCS", "HAS_MBTOWC", "HAS_MEMMEM", "HAS_MEMRCHR", "HAS_MKDTEMP", "HAS_MKFIFO", "HAS_MKOSTEMP", "HAS_MKSTEMP", "HAS_MKSTEMPS", "HAS_MMAP", "HAS_MPROTECT", "HAS_MSG", "HAS_MSYNC", "HAS_MUNMAP", "HAS_NEARBYINT", "HAS_NEXTAFTER", "HAS_NICE", "HAS_NTOHL", "HAS_NTOHS", "HAS_PATHCONF", "HAS_PAUSE", "HAS_PHOSTNAME", "HAS_PIPE", "HAS_PIPE2", "HAS_PRCTL", "HAS_PTRDIFF_T", "HAS_READLINK", "HAS_READV", "HAS_RECVMSG", "HAS_REMQUO", "HAS_RENAME", "HAS_RENAMEAT", "HAS_RINT", "HAS_ROUND", "HAS_SCALBNL", "HAS_SEM", "HAS_SENDMSG", "HAS_SETEGID", "HAS_SETEUID", "HAS_SETGROUPS", "HAS_SETHOSTENT", "HAS_SETLINEBUF", "HAS_SETNETENT", "HAS_SETPGRP", "HAS_SETPGRP2", "HAS_SETPRIORITY", "HAS_SETPROCTITLE", "HAS_SETPROTOENT", "HAS_SETREGID", "HAS_SETRESGID", "HAS_SETRESUID", "HAS_SETREUID", "HAS_SETRGID", "HAS_SETRUID", "HAS_SETSERVENT", "HAS_SETSID", "HAS_SHM", "HAS_SIGACTION", "HAS_SIGPROCMASK", "HAS_SIN6_SCOPE_ID", "HAS_SNPRINTF", "HAS_STAT", "HAS_STRCOLL", "HAS_STRERROR_L", "HAS_STRLCAT", "HAS_STRLCPY", "HAS_STRNLEN", "HAS_STRTOD", "HAS_STRTOL", "HAS_STRTOLL", "HAS_STRTOQ", "HAS_STRTOUL", "HAS_STRTOULL", "HAS_STRTOUQ", "HAS_STRXFRM", "HAS_STRXFRM_L", "HAS_SYMLINK", "HAS_SYSCALL", "HAS_SYSCONF", "HAS_SYSTEM", "HAS_SYS_ERRLIST", "HAS_TCGETPGRP", "HAS_TCSETPGRP", "HAS_TOWLOWER", "HAS_TOWUPPER", "HAS_TRUNCATE", "HAS_TRUNCL", "HAS_UALARM", "HAS_UMASK", "HAS_UNLINKAT", "HAS_UNSETENV", "HAS_VFORK", "HAS_VSNPRINTF", "HAS_WAIT4", "HAS_WAITPID", "HAS_WCRTOMB", "HAS_WCSCMP", "HAS_WCSTOMBS", "HAS_WCSXFRM", "HAS_WCTOMB", "HAS_WRITEV", "HAS__FWALK"
And, the reentrant capabilities:
"HAS_CRYPT_R", "HAS_CTERMID_R", "HAS_DRAND48_R", "HAS_ENDHOSTENT_R", "HAS_ENDNETENT_R", "HAS_ENDPROTOENT_R", "HAS_ENDSERVENT_R", "HAS_GETGRGID_R", "HAS_GETGRNAM_R", "HAS_GETHOSTBYADDR_R", "HAS_GETHOSTBYNAME_R", "HAS_GETHOSTENT_R", "HAS_GETLOGIN_R", "HAS_GETNETBYADDR_R", "HAS_GETNETBYNAME_R", "HAS_GETNETENT_R", "HAS_GETPROTOBYNAME_R", "HAS_GETPROTOBYNUMBER_R", "HAS_GETPROTOENT_R", "HAS_GETPWNAM_R", "HAS_GETPWUID_R", "HAS_GETSERVBYNAME_R", "HAS_GETSERVBYPORT_R", "HAS_GETSERVENT_R", "HAS_GETSPNAM_R", "HAS_RANDOM_R", "HAS_READDIR_R", "HAS_SETHOSTENT_R", "HAS_SETNETENT_R", "HAS_SETPROTOENT_R", "HAS_SETSERVENT_R", "HAS_SRAND48_R", "HAS_SRANDOM_R", "HAS_STRERROR_R", "HAS_TMPNAM_R", "HAS_TTYNAME_R"
Example usage:
#ifdef HAS_STRNLEN use strnlen() #else use an alternative implementation #endif
This list contains symbols that indicate if certain "#include" files are present on the platform. If your code accesses the functionality that one of these is for, you will need to "#include" it if the symbol on this list is "#define"d. For more detail, see the corresponding entry in config.h.
"I_ARPA_INET", "I_BFD", "I_CRYPT", "I_DBM", "I_DLFCN", "I_EXECINFO", "I_FP", "I_FP_CLASS", "I_GDBM", "I_GDBMNDBM", "I_GDBM_NDBM", "I_GRP", "I_IEEEFP", "I_INTTYPES", "I_LIBUTIL", "I_MNTENT", "I_NDBM", "I_NETDB", "I_NETINET_IN", "I_NETINET_TCP", "I_NET_ERRNO", "I_PROT", "I_PWD", "I_RPCSVC_DBM", "I_SGTTY", "I_SHADOW", "I_STDBOOL", "I_STDINT", "I_SUNMATH", "I_SYSLOG", "I_SYSMODE", "I_SYSUIO", "I_SYSUTSNAME", "I_SYS_ACCESS", "I_SYS_IOCTL", "I_SYS_MOUNT", "I_SYS_PARAM", "I_SYS_POLL", "I_SYS_SECURITY", "I_SYS_SELECT", "I_SYS_STAT", "I_SYS_STATVFS", "I_SYS_TIME", "I_SYS_TIMES", "I_SYS_TIME_KERNEL", "I_SYS_TYPES", "I_SYS_UN", "I_SYS_VFS", "I_SYS_WAIT", "I_TERMIO", "I_TERMIOS", "I_UNISTD", "I_USTAT", "I_VFORK", "I_WCHAR", "I_WCTYPE"
Example usage:
#ifdef I_WCHAR #include <wchar.h> #endif
These variables are global to an entire process. They are shared between all interpreters and all threads in a process. Any variables not documented here may be changed or removed without notice, so don't use them! If you feel you really do need to use an unlisted variable, first send email to perl5-porters@perl.org <mailto:perl5-porters@perl.org>. It may be that someone there will point out a way to accomplish what you need without using an internal variable. But if not, you should get a go-ahead to document and then use the variable.
This array of function pointers is a convenient place to hook into the compilation process. An XS module can put its own custom check function in place of any of the standard ones, to influence the compilation of a particular type of op. However, a custom check function must never fully replace a standard check function (or even a custom check function from another module). A module modifying checking must instead wrap the preexisting check function. A custom check function must be selective about when to apply its custom behaviour. In the usual case where it decides not to do anything special with an op, it must chain the preexisting op function. Check functions are thus linked in a chain, with the core's base checker at the end.
For thread safety, modules should not write directly to this array. Instead, use the function "wrap_op_checker".
Function pointer, pointing at a function used to handle extended keywords. The function should be declared as
int keyword_plugin_function(pTHX_
char *keyword_ptr, STRLEN keyword_len,
OP **op_ptr)
The function is called from the tokeniser, whenever a possible keyword is seen. "keyword_ptr" points at the word in the parser's input buffer, and "keyword_len" gives its length; it is not null-terminated. The function is expected to examine the word, and possibly other state such as %^H, to decide whether it wants to handle it as an extended keyword. If it does not, the function should return "KEYWORD_PLUGIN_DECLINE", and the normal parser process will continue.
If the function wants to handle the keyword, it first must parse anything following the keyword that is part of the syntax introduced by the keyword. See "Lexer interface" for details.
When a keyword is being handled, the plugin function must build a tree of "OP" structures, representing the code that was parsed. The root of the tree must be stored in *op_ptr. The function then returns a constant indicating the syntactic role of the construct that it has parsed: "KEYWORD_PLUGIN_STMT" if it is a complete statement, or "KEYWORD_PLUGIN_EXPR" if it is an expression. Note that a statement construct cannot be used inside an expression (except via "do BLOCK" and similar), and an expression is not a complete statement (it requires at least a terminating semicolon).
When a keyword is handled, the plugin function may also have (compile-time) side effects. It may modify "%^H", define functions, and so on. Typically, if side effects are the main purpose of a handler, it does not wish to generate any ops to be included in the normal compilation. In this case it is still required to supply an op tree, but it suffices to generate a single null op.
That's how the *PL_keyword_plugin function needs to behave overall. Conventionally, however, one does not completely replace the existing handler function. Instead, take a copy of "PL_keyword_plugin" before assigning your own function pointer to it. Your handler function should look for keywords that it is interested in and handle those. Where it is not interested, it should call the saved plugin function, passing on the arguments it received. Thus "PL_keyword_plugin" actually points at a chain of handler functions, all of which have an opportunity to handle keywords, and only the last function in the chain (built into the Perl core) will normally return "KEYWORD_PLUGIN_DECLINE".
For thread safety, modules should not set this variable directly. Instead, use the function "wrap_keyword_plugin".
For example, the following determines whether the interpreter is in global destruction:
if (PL_phase == PERL_PHASE_DESTRUCT) {
// we are in global destruction
}
"PL_phase" was introduced in Perl 5.14; in prior perls you can use "PL_dirty" (boolean) to determine whether the interpreter is in global destruction. (Use of "PL_dirty" is discouraged since 5.14.)
enum perl_phase PL_phase
A GV is a structure which corresponds to to a Perl typeglob, ie *foo. It is a structure that holds a pointer to a scalar, an array, a hash etc, corresponding to $foo, @foo, %foo.
GVs are usually found as values in stashes (symbol table hashes) where Perl stores its global variables.
A stash is a hash that contains all variables that are defined within a package. See "Stashes and Globs" in perlguts
"flags" affects how the operation is performed, as follows:
SV* amagic_call(SV* left, SV* right, int method, int dir)
If overloading is inactive on "ref", returns "ref" itself.
SV * amagic_deref_call(SV *ref, int method)
GV* gv_add_by_type(GV *gv, svtype type)
Returns:
int Gv_AMupdate(HV* stash, bool destructing)
GV* gv_autoload4(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len,
I32 method)
AV* GvAV(GV* gv)
GV* gv_AVadd(GV *gv) GV* gv_HVadd(GV *gv) GV* gv_IOadd(GV* gv) GV* gv_SVadd(GV *gv)
SV* gv_const_sv(GV* gv)
CV* GvCV(GV* gv)
There are currently exactly two differences between these functions.
The "name" parameter to "gv_fetchfile" is a C string, meaning it is "NUL"-terminated; whereas the "name" parameter to "gv_fetchfile_flags" is a Perl string, whose length (in bytes) is passed in via the "namelen" parameter This means the name may contain embedded "NUL" characters. "namelen" doesn't exist in plain "gv_fetchfile").
The other difference is that "gv_fetchfile_flags" has an extra "flags" parameter, which is currently completely ignored, but allows for possible future extensions.
GV* gv_fetchfile (const char* name)
GV* gv_fetchfile_flags(const char *const name, const STRLEN len,
const U32 flags)
GV* gv_fetchmeth(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len,
I32 level)
GV* gv_fetchmethod(HV* stash, const char* name)
The third parameter of "gv_fetchmethod_autoload" determines whether AUTOLOAD lookup is performed if the given method is not present: non-zero means yes, look for AUTOLOAD; zero means no, don't look for AUTOLOAD. Calling "gv_fetchmethod" is equivalent to calling "gv_fetchmethod_autoload" with a non-zero "autoload" parameter.
These functions grant "SUPER" token as a prefix of the method name. Note that if you want to keep the returned glob for a long time, you need to check for it being "AUTOLOAD", since at the later time the call may load a different subroutine due to $AUTOLOAD changing its value. Use the glob created as a side effect to do this.
These functions have the same side-effects as "gv_fetchmeth" with "level==0". The warning against passing the GV returned by "gv_fetchmeth" to "call_sv" applies equally to these functions.
GV* gv_fetchmethod_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name,
I32 autoload)
GV* gv_fetchmeth_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name,
STRLEN len, I32 level)
GV* gv_fetchmeth_pv(HV* stash, const char* name, I32 level,
U32 flags)
The argument "level" should be either 0 or -1. If "level==0", as a side-effect creates a glob with the given "name" in the given "stash" which in the case of success contains an alias for the subroutine, and sets up caching info for this glob.
The only significant values for "flags" are "GV_SUPER", "GV_NOUNIVERSAL", and "SVf_UTF8".
"GV_SUPER" indicates that we want to look up the method in the superclasses of the "stash".
"GV_NOUNIVERSAL" indicates that we do not want to look up the method in the stash accessible by "UNIVERSAL::".
The GV returned from "gv_fetchmeth" may be a method cache entry, which is not visible to Perl code. So when calling "call_sv", you should not use the GV directly; instead, you should use the method's CV, which can be obtained from the GV with the "GvCV" macro.
GV* gv_fetchmeth_pvn(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len,
I32 level, U32 flags)
For an autoloaded subroutine without a GV, will create a GV even if "level < 0". For an autoloaded subroutine without a stub, "GvCV()" of the result may be zero.
Currently, the only significant value for "flags" is "SVf_UTF8".
GV* gv_fetchmeth_pvn_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name,
STRLEN len, I32 level, U32 flags)
GV* gv_fetchmeth_pv_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name,
I32 level, U32 flags)
GV* gv_fetchmeth_sv(HV* stash, SV* namesv, I32 level, U32 flags)
GV* gv_fetchmeth_sv_autoload(HV* stash, SV* namesv, I32 level,
U32 flags)
The only differences are how the input name is specified, and if 'get' magic is normally used in getting that name.
Don't be fooled by the fact that only one form has "flags" in its name. They all have a "flags" parameter in fact, and all the flag bits have the same meanings for all
If any of the flags "GV_ADD", "GV_ADDMG", "GV_ADDWARN", "GV_ADDMULTI", or "GV_NOINIT" is set, a GV is created if none already exists for the input name and type. However, "GV_ADDMG" will only do the creation for magical GV's. For all of these flags except "GV_NOINIT", "gv_init_pvn" is called after the addition. "GV_ADDWARN" is used when the caller expects that adding won't be necessary because the symbol should already exist; but if not, add it anyway, with a warning that it was unexpectedly absent. The "GV_ADDMULTI" flag means to pretend that the GV has been seen before (i.e., suppress "Used once" warnings).
The flag "GV_NOADD_NOINIT" causes "gv_init_pvn" not be to called if the GV existed but isn't PVGV.
If the "SVf_UTF8" bit is set, the name is treated as being encoded in UTF-8; otherwise the name won't be considered to be UTF-8 in the "pv"-named forms, and the UTF-8ness of the underlying SVs will be used in the "sv" forms.
If the flag "GV_NOTQUAL" is set, the caller warrants that the input name is a plain symbol name, not qualified with a package, otherwise the name is checked for being a qualified one.
In "gv_fetchpv", "nambeg" is a C string, NUL-terminated with no intermediate NULs.
In "gv_fetchpvs", "name" is a literal C string, hence is enclosed in double quotes.
"gv_fetchpvn" and "gv_fetchpvn_flags" are identical. In these, <nambeg> is a Perl string whose byte length is given by "full_len", and may contain embedded NULs.
In "gv_fetchsv" and "gv_fetchsv_nomg", the name is extracted from the PV of the input "name" SV. The only difference between these two forms is that 'get' magic is normally done on "name" in "gv_fetchsv", and always skipped with "gv_fetchsv_nomg". Including "GV_NO_SVGMAGIC" in the "flags" parameter to "gv_fetchsv" makes it behave identically to "gv_fetchsv_nomg".
GV* gv_fetchpv (const char *nambeg, I32 flags,
const svtype sv_type)
GV * gv_fetchpvn (const char * nambeg, STRLEN full_len,
I32 flags, const svtype sv_type)
GV* gv_fetchpvn_flags(const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 flags,
const svtype sv_type)
GV * gv_fetchpvs ("name", I32 flags, const svtype sv_type)
GV* gv_fetchsv (SV *name, I32 flags, const svtype sv_type)
GV * gv_fetchsv_nomg (SV *name, I32 flags, const svtype sv_type)
If "prefix" is non-NULL, it is considered to be a C language NUL-terminated string, and the stored name will be prefaced with it.
The other difference between the functions is that the *4 forms have an extra parameter, "keepmain". If "true" an initial "main::" in the name is kept; if "false" it is stripped. With the *3 forms, it is always kept.
void gv_fullname3 (SV* sv, const GV* gv, const char* prefix)
void gv_fullname4 (SV* sv, const GV* gv, const char* prefix,
bool keepmain)
void gv_efullname3(SV* sv, const GV* gv, const char* prefix)
void gv_efullname4(SV* sv, const GV* gv, const char* prefix,
bool keepmain)
HV* GvHV(GV* gv)
void gv_init(GV* gv, HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len,
int multi)
void gv_init_pv(GV* gv, HV* stash, const char* name, U32 flags)
"gv" is the scalar to be converted.
"stash" is the parent stash/package, if any.
"name" and "len" give the name. The name must be unqualified; that is, it must not include the package name. If "gv" is a stash element, it is the caller's responsibility to ensure that the name passed to this function matches the name of the element. If it does not match, perl's internal bookkeeping will get out of sync.
"flags" can be set to "SVf_UTF8" if "name" is a UTF-8 string, or the return value of SvUTF8(sv). It can also take the "GV_ADDMULTI" flag, which means to pretend that the GV has been seen before (i.e., suppress "Used once" warnings).
void gv_init_pvn(GV* gv, HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len,
U32 flags)
void gv_init_sv(GV* gv, HV* stash, SV* namesv, U32 flags)
HV* gv_stashpv(const char* name, I32 flags)
Flags may be one of:
GV_ADD Create and initialize the package if doesn't
already exist
GV_NOADD_NOINIT Don't create the package,
GV_ADDMG GV_ADD iff the GV is magical
GV_NOINIT GV_ADD, but don't initialize
GV_NOEXPAND Don't expand SvOK() entries to PVGV
SVf_UTF8 The name is in UTF-8
The most important of which are probably "GV_ADD" and "SVf_UTF8".
Note, use of "gv_stashsv" instead of "gv_stashpvn" where possible is strongly recommended for performance reasons.
HV* gv_stashpvn(const char* name, U32 namelen, I32 flags)
HV* gv_stashpvs("name", I32 create)
Note this interface is strongly preferred over "gv_stashpvn" for performance reasons.
HV* gv_stashsv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
Prior to Perl v5.9.3, this would add a scalar if none existed. Nowadays, use "GvSVn" for that, or compile perl with "-DPERL_CREATE_GVSV". See perl5100delta.
SV* GvSV(GV* gv)
SV* GvSVn(GV* gv)
For "newGVgen" or if "flags" in "newGVgen_flags" is 0, "pack" is to be considered to be encoded in Latin-1. The only other legal "flags" value is "SVf_UTF8", which indicates "pack" is to be considered to be encoded in UTF-8.
GV* newGVgen (const char* pack) GV* newGVgen_flags(const char* pack, U32 flags)
On threaded perls, each thread has an independent copy of this variable; each initialized at creation time with the current value of the creating thread's copy.
HV* PL_curstash
On threaded perls, each thread has an independent copy of this variable; each initialized at creation time with the current value of the creating thread's copy.
GV * PL_defgv
If "empty" is true, replace the GP with a new GP.
If "empty" is false, mark "gv" with "GVf_INTRO" so the next reference assigned is localized, which is how " local *foo = $someref; " works.
void save_gp(GV* gv, I32 empty)
void setdefout(GV* gv)
These functions provide convenient and thread-safe means of manipulating hook variables.
"PL_check" is global to an entire process, and a module wishing to hook op checking may find itself invoked more than once per process, typically in different threads. To handle that situation, this function is idempotent. The location *old_checker_p must initially (once per process) contain a null pointer. A C variable of static duration (declared at file scope, typically also marked "static" to give it internal linkage) will be implicitly initialised appropriately, if it does not have an explicit initialiser. This function will only actually modify the check chain if it finds *old_checker_p to be null. This function is also thread safe on the small scale. It uses appropriate locking to avoid race conditions in accessing "PL_check".
When this function is called, the function referenced by "new_checker" must be ready to be called, except for *old_checker_p being unfilled. In a threading situation, "new_checker" may be called immediately, even before this function has returned. *old_checker_p will always be appropriately set before "new_checker" is called. If "new_checker" decides not to do anything special with an op that it is given (which is the usual case for most uses of op check hooking), it must chain the check function referenced by *old_checker_p.
Taken all together, XS code to hook an op checker should typically look something like this:
static Perl_check_t nxck_frob;
static OP *myck_frob(pTHX_ OP *op) {
...
op = nxck_frob(aTHX_ op);
...
return op;
}
BOOT:
wrap_op_checker(OP_FROB, myck_frob, &nxck_frob);
If you want to influence compilation of calls to a specific subroutine, then use "cv_set_call_checker_flags" rather than hooking checking of all "entersub" ops.
void wrap_op_checker(Optype opcode, Perl_check_t new_checker,
Perl_check_t *old_checker_p)
A HV structure represents a Perl hash. It consists mainly of an array of pointers, each of which points to a linked list of HE structures. The array is indexed by the hash function of the key, so each linked list represents all the hash entries with the same hash value. Each HE contains a pointer to the actual value, plus a pointer to a HEK structure which holds the key and hash value.
NOTE: the "perl_get_hv()" form is deprecated.
HV* get_hv(const char *name, I32 flags)
U32 HeHASH(HE* he)
void* HeKEY(HE* he)
STRLEN HeKLEN(HE* he)
If you are using "HePV" to get values to pass to "newSVpvn()" to create a new SV, you should consider using "newSVhek(HeKEY_hek(he))" as it is more efficient.
char* HePV(HE* he, STRLEN len)
SV* HeSVKEY(HE* he)
SV* HeSVKEY_force(HE* he)
SV* HeSVKEY_set(HE* he, SV* sv)
U32 HeUTF8(HE* he)
SV *foo= HeVAL(hv);
HeVAL(hv)= sv;
SV* HeVAL(HE* he)
NOTE: "hv_assert" must be explicitly called as "Perl_hv_assert" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
void Perl_hv_assert(pTHX_ HV *hv)
If the hash is tied dispatches through to the SCALAR tied method, otherwise if the hash contains no keys returns 0, otherwise returns a mortal sv containing a string specifying the number of used buckets, followed by a slash, followed by the number of available buckets.
This function is expensive, it must scan all of the buckets to determine which are used, and the count is NOT cached. In a large hash this could be a lot of buckets.
SV* hv_bucket_ratio(HV *hv)
See "av_clear" for a note about the hash possibly being invalid on return.
void hv_clear(HV *hv)
void hv_clear_placeholders(HV *hv)
HV * hv_copy_hints_hv(HV *const ohv)
SV* hv_delete(HV *hv, const char *key, I32 klen, I32 flags)
SV* hv_delete_ent(HV *hv, SV *keysv, I32 flags, U32 hash)
char* HvENAME(HV* stash)
STRLEN HvENAMELEN(HV *stash)
unsigned char HvENAMEUTF8(HV *stash)
bool hv_exists(HV *hv, const char *key, I32 klen)
bool hv_exists_ent(HV *hv, SV *keysv, U32 hash)
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in perlguts for more information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
SV** hv_fetch(HV *hv, const char *key, I32 klen, I32 lval)
SV** hv_fetchs(HV* tb, "key", I32 lval)
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in perlguts for more information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
HE* hv_fetch_ent(HV *hv, SV *keysv, I32 lval, U32 hash)
As of perl 5.25 this function is used only for debugging purposes, and the number of used hash buckets is not in any way cached, thus this function can be costly to execute as it must iterate over all the buckets in the hash.
STRLEN HvFILL(HV *const hv)
NOTE: Before version 5.004_65, "hv_iterinit" used to return the number of hash buckets that happen to be in use. If you still need that esoteric value, you can get it through the macro "HvFILL(hv)".
I32 hv_iterinit(HV *hv)
char* hv_iterkey(HE* entry, I32* retlen)
SV* hv_iterkeysv(HE* entry)
You may call "hv_delete" or "hv_delete_ent" on the hash entry that the iterator currently points to, without losing your place or invalidating your iterator. Note that in this case the current entry is deleted from the hash with your iterator holding the last reference to it. Your iterator is flagged to free the entry on the next call to "hv_iternext", so you must not discard your iterator immediately else the entry will leak - call "hv_iternext" to trigger the resource deallocation.
HE* hv_iternext(HV *hv)
SV* hv_iternextsv(HV *hv, char **key, I32 *retlen)
Returns entries from a hash iterator. See "hv_iterinit" and "hv_iternext". The "flags" value will normally be zero; if "HV_ITERNEXT_WANTPLACEHOLDERS" is set the placeholders keys (for restricted hashes) will be returned in addition to normal keys. By default placeholders are automatically skipped over. Currently a placeholder is implemented with a value that is &PL_sv_placeholder. Note that the implementation of placeholders and restricted hashes may change, and the implementation currently is insufficiently abstracted for any change to be tidy.
HE* hv_iternext_flags(HV *hv, I32 flags)
SV* hv_iterval(HV *hv, HE *entry)
void hv_magic(HV *hv, GV *gv, int how)
char* HvNAME(HV* stash)
Disfavored forms of HvNAME and HvNAMELEN; suppress mention of them
STRLEN HvNAMELEN(HV *stash)
unsigned char HvNAMEUTF8(HV *stash)
When the hash is tied dispatches through to the SCALAR method, otherwise returns a mortal SV containing the number of keys in the hash.
Note, prior to 5.25 this function returned what is now returned by the hv_bucket_ratio() function.
SV* hv_scalar(HV *hv)
The return value will be "NULL" if the operation failed or if the value did not need to be actually stored within the hash (as in the case of tied hashes). Otherwise it can be dereferenced to get the original "SV*". Note that the caller is responsible for suitably incrementing the reference count of "val" before the call, and decrementing it if the function returned "NULL". Effectively a successful "hv_store" takes ownership of one reference to "val". This is usually what you want; a newly created SV has a reference count of one, so if all your code does is create SVs then store them in a hash, "hv_store" will own the only reference to the new SV, and your code doesn't need to do anything further to tidy up. "hv_store" is not implemented as a call to "hv_store_ent", and does not create a temporary SV for the key, so if your key data is not already in SV form then use "hv_store" in preference to "hv_store_ent".
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in perlguts for more information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
SV** hv_store(HV *hv, const char *key, I32 klen, SV *val,
U32 hash)
SV** hv_stores(HV* tb, "key", SV* val)
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in perlguts for more information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
HE* hv_store_ent(HV *hv, SV *key, SV *val, U32 hash)
As well as freeing all the elements of the hash (like "hv_clear()"), this also frees any auxiliary data and storage associated with the hash.
See "av_clear" for a note about the hash possibly being invalid on return.
void hv_undef(HV *hv)
HV* newHV()
HV* newHVhv(HV *hv)
Null HV pointer.
(deprecated - use "(HV *)NULL" instead)
void PERL_HASH(U32 hash, char *key, STRLEN klen)
On threaded perls, each thread has an independent copy of this variable; each initialized at creation time with the current value of the creating thread's copy.
HV* PL_modglobal
DIR * IoDIRP(IO *io)
U8 IoFLAGS(IO *io)
PerlIO * IoIFP(IO *io)
PerlIO * IoOFP(IO *io)
char IoTYPE(IO *io)
I32 my_chsize(int fd, Off_t length)
int my_dirfd(DIR* dir)
I32 my_pclose(PerlIO* ptr)
PerlIO* my_popen(const char* cmd, const char* mode)
IO* newIO()
void PERL_FLUSHALL_FOR_CHILD
int PerlIO_apply_layers(PerlIO *f, const char *mode,
const char *layers)
int PerlIO_binmode (PerlIO *f, int ptype, int imode,
const char *layers)
int PerlIO_canset_cnt (PerlIO *f)
void PerlIO_clearerr (PerlIO *f)
int PerlIO_close (PerlIO *f)
void PerlIO_debug (const char *fmt, ...)
int PerlIO_eof (PerlIO *f)
int PerlIO_error (PerlIO *f)
FILE * PerlIO_exportFILE (PerlIO *f, const char *mode)
int PerlIO_fast_gets (PerlIO *f)
PerlIO * PerlIO_fdopen (int fd, const char *mode)
int PerlIO_fileno (PerlIO *f)
int PerlIO_fill (PerlIO *f)
FILE * PerlIO_findFILE (PerlIO *f)
int PerlIO_flush (PerlIO *f)
STDCHAR * PerlIO_get_base (PerlIO *f)
SSize_t PerlIO_get_bufsiz (PerlIO *f)
int PerlIO_getc (PerlIO *d)
SSize_t PerlIO_get_cnt (PerlIO *f)
int PerlIO_getpos (PerlIO *f, SV *save)
STDCHAR * PerlIO_get_ptr (PerlIO *f)
int PerlIO_has_base (PerlIO *f)
int PerlIO_has_cntptr (PerlIO *f)
PerlIO * PerlIO_importFILE (FILE *stdio, const char *mode)
PerlIO * PerlIO_open (const char *path, const char *mode)
int PerlIO_printf (PerlIO *f, const char *fmt, ...)
int PerlIO_putc (PerlIO *f, int ch)
int PerlIO_puts (PerlIO *f, const char *string)
SSize_t PerlIO_read (PerlIO *f, void *vbuf,
Size_t count)
void PerlIO_releaseFILE (PerlIO *f, FILE *stdio)
PerlIO * PerlIO_reopen (const char *path, const char *mode,
PerlIO *old)
void PerlIO_rewind (PerlIO *f)
int PerlIO_seek (PerlIO *f, Off_t offset,
int whence)
void PerlIO_set_cnt (PerlIO *f, SSize_t cnt)
void PerlIO_setlinebuf (PerlIO *f)
int PerlIO_setpos (PerlIO *f, SV *saved)
void PerlIO_set_ptrcnt (PerlIO *f, STDCHAR *ptr,
SSize_t cnt)
PerlIO * PerlIO_stderr (PerlIO *f, const char *mode,
const char *layers)
PerlIO * PerlIO_stdin (PerlIO *f, const char *mode,
const char *layers)
PerlIO * PerlIO_stdout (PerlIO *f, const char *mode,
const char *layers)
int PerlIO_stdoutf (const char *fmt, ...)
Off_t PerlIO_tell (PerlIO *f)
int PerlIO_ungetc (PerlIO *f, int ch)
SSize_t PerlIO_unread (PerlIO *f, const void *vbuf,
Size_t count)
int PerlIO_vprintf (PerlIO *f, const char *fmt,
va_list args)
SSize_t PerlIO_write (PerlIO *f, const void *vbuf,
Size_t count)
PERLIO_FUNCS_DECL(PerlIO * ftab)
void repeatcpy(char* to, const char* from, I32 len, IV count)
If the machine does not have a 64-bit type, "INT64_C" is undefined. Use "INTMAX_C" to get the largest type available on the platform.
I16 INT16_C(number) I32 INT32_C(number) I64 INT64_C(number)
-1LL
See also, for example, "INT32_C".
Use "IV" to declare variables of the maximum usable size on this platform.
INTMAX_C(number)
IV IV_MAX
IV IV_MIN
void memzero(void * d, Size_t l)
For signed types, the smallest representable number is the most negative number, the one furthest away from zero.
For C99 and later compilers, these correspond to things like "INT_MAX", which are available to the C code. But these constants, furnished by Perl, allow code compiled on earlier compilers to portably have access to the same constants.
If the machine does not have a 64-bit type, "UINT64_C" is undefined. Use "UINTMAX_C" to get the largest type available on the platform.
U16 UINT16_C(number) U32 UINT32_C(number) U64 UINT64_C(number)
1UL
See also, for example, "UINT32_C".
Use "UV" to declare variables of the maximum usable size on this platform.
UINTMAX_C(number)
UV UV_MAX
UV UV_MIN
WIDEST_UTYPE my_uv;
or casts
my_uv = (WIDEST_UTYPE) val;
These are used for formatting the corresponding type For example, instead of saying
Perl_newSVpvf(pTHX_ "Create an SV with a %d in it\n", iv);
use
Perl_newSVpvf(pTHX_ "Create an SV with a " IVdf " in it\n", iv);
This keeps you from having to know if, say an IV, needs to be printed as %d, %ld, or something else.
SVfARG(SV *sv)
UTF8fARG(bool is_utf8, Size_t byte_len, char *str)
Obsolete form of "UVuf", which you should convert to instead use
const char * UVf
This is the lower layer of the Perl parser, managing characters and tokens.
Indicates whether the octets in the lexer buffer ("PL_parser->linestr") should be interpreted as the UTF-8 encoding of Unicode characters. If not, they should be interpreted as Latin-1 characters. This is analogous to the "SvUTF8" flag for scalars.
In UTF-8 mode, it is not guaranteed that the lexer buffer actually contains valid UTF-8. Lexing code must be robust in the face of invalid encoding.
The actual "SvUTF8" flag of the "PL_parser->linestr" scalar is significant, but not the whole story regarding the input character encoding. Normally, when a file is being read, the scalar contains octets and its "SvUTF8" flag is off, but the octets should be interpreted as UTF-8 if the "use utf8" pragma is in effect. During a string eval, however, the scalar may have the "SvUTF8" flag on, and in this case its octets should be interpreted as UTF-8 unless the "use bytes" pragma is in effect. This logic may change in the future; use this function instead of implementing the logic yourself.
bool lex_bufutf8()
Discards the first part of the "PL_parser->linestr" buffer, up to "ptr". The remaining content of the buffer will be moved, and all pointers into the buffer updated appropriately. "ptr" must not be later in the buffer than the position of "PL_parser->bufptr": it is not permitted to discard text that has yet to be lexed.
Normally it is not necessarily to do this directly, because it suffices to use the implicit discarding behaviour of "lex_next_chunk" and things based on it. However, if a token stretches across multiple lines, and the lexing code has kept multiple lines of text in the buffer for that purpose, then after completion of the token it would be wise to explicitly discard the now-unneeded earlier lines, to avoid future multi-line tokens growing the buffer without bound.
void lex_discard_to(char* ptr)
Reallocates the lexer buffer ("PL_parser->linestr") to accommodate at least "len" octets (including terminating "NUL"). Returns a pointer to the reallocated buffer. This is necessary before making any direct modification of the buffer that would increase its length. "lex_stuff_pvn" provides a more convenient way to insert text into the buffer.
Do not use "SvGROW" or "sv_grow" directly on "PL_parser->linestr"; this function updates all of the lexer's variables that point directly into the buffer.
char* lex_grow_linestr(STRLEN len)
Reads in the next chunk of text to be lexed, appending it to "PL_parser->linestr". This should be called when lexing code has looked to the end of the current chunk and wants to know more. It is usual, but not necessary, for lexing to have consumed the entirety of the current chunk at this time.
If "PL_parser->bufptr" is pointing to the very end of the current chunk (i.e., the current chunk has been entirely consumed), normally the current chunk will be discarded at the same time that the new chunk is read in. If "flags" has the "LEX_KEEP_PREVIOUS" bit set, the current chunk will not be discarded. If the current chunk has not been entirely consumed, then it will not be discarded regardless of the flag.
Returns true if some new text was added to the buffer, or false if the buffer has reached the end of the input text.
bool lex_next_chunk(U32 flags)
Looks ahead one (Unicode) character in the text currently being lexed. Returns the codepoint (unsigned integer value) of the next character, or -1 if lexing has reached the end of the input text. To consume the peeked character, use "lex_read_unichar".
If the next character is in (or extends into) the next chunk of input text, the next chunk will be read in. Normally the current chunk will be discarded at the same time, but if "flags" has the "LEX_KEEP_PREVIOUS" bit set, then the current chunk will not be discarded.
If the input is being interpreted as UTF-8 and a UTF-8 encoding error is encountered, an exception is generated.
I32 lex_peek_unichar(U32 flags)
Reads optional spaces, in Perl style, in the text currently being lexed. The spaces may include ordinary whitespace characters and Perl-style comments. "#line" directives are processed if encountered. "PL_parser->bufptr" is moved past the spaces, so that it points at a non-space character (or the end of the input text).
If spaces extend into the next chunk of input text, the next chunk will be read in. Normally the current chunk will be discarded at the same time, but if "flags" has the "LEX_KEEP_PREVIOUS" bit set, then the current chunk will not be discarded.
void lex_read_space(U32 flags)
Consume text in the lexer buffer, from "PL_parser->bufptr" up to "ptr". This advances "PL_parser->bufptr" to match "ptr", performing the correct bookkeeping whenever a newline character is passed. This is the normal way to consume lexed text.
Interpretation of the buffer's octets can be abstracted out by using the slightly higher-level functions "lex_peek_unichar" and "lex_read_unichar".
void lex_read_to(char* ptr)
Reads the next (Unicode) character in the text currently being lexed. Returns the codepoint (unsigned integer value) of the character read, and moves "PL_parser->bufptr" past the character, or returns -1 if lexing has reached the end of the input text. To non-destructively examine the next character, use "lex_peek_unichar" instead.
If the next character is in (or extends into) the next chunk of input text, the next chunk will be read in. Normally the current chunk will be discarded at the same time, but if "flags" has the "LEX_KEEP_PREVIOUS" bit set, then the current chunk will not be discarded.
If the input is being interpreted as UTF-8 and a UTF-8 encoding error is encountered, an exception is generated.
I32 lex_read_unichar(U32 flags)
Creates and initialises a new lexer/parser state object, supplying a context in which to lex and parse from a new source of Perl code. A pointer to the new state object is placed in "PL_parser". An entry is made on the save stack so that upon unwinding, the new state object will be destroyed and the former value of "PL_parser" will be restored. Nothing else need be done to clean up the parsing context.
The code to be parsed comes from "line" and "rsfp". "line", if non-null, provides a string (in SV form) containing code to be parsed. A copy of the string is made, so subsequent modification of "line" does not affect parsing. "rsfp", if non-null, provides an input stream from which code will be read to be parsed. If both are non-null, the code in "line" comes first and must consist of complete lines of input, and "rsfp" supplies the remainder of the source.
The "flags" parameter is reserved for future use. Currently it is only used by perl internally, so extensions should always pass zero.
void lex_start(SV* line, PerlIO *rsfp, U32 flags)
Insert characters into the lexer buffer ("PL_parser->linestr"), immediately after the current lexing point ("PL_parser->bufptr"), reallocating the buffer if necessary. This means that lexing code that runs later will see the characters as if they had appeared in the input. It is not recommended to do this as part of normal parsing, and most uses of this facility run the risk of the inserted characters being interpreted in an unintended manner.
The string to be inserted is represented by octets starting at "pv" and continuing to the first nul. These octets are interpreted as either UTF-8 or Latin-1, according to whether the "LEX_STUFF_UTF8" flag is set in "flags". The characters are recoded for the lexer buffer, according to how the buffer is currently being interpreted ("lex_bufutf8"). If it is not convenient to nul-terminate a string to be inserted, the "lex_stuff_pvn" function is more appropriate.
void lex_stuff_pv(const char* pv, U32 flags)
Insert characters into the lexer buffer ("PL_parser->linestr"), immediately after the current lexing point ("PL_parser->bufptr"), reallocating the buffer if necessary. This means that lexing code that runs later will see the characters as if they had appeared in the input. It is not recommended to do this as part of normal parsing, and most uses of this facility run the risk of the inserted characters being interpreted in an unintended manner.
The string to be inserted is represented by "len" octets starting at "pv". These octets are interpreted as either UTF-8 or Latin-1, according to whether the "LEX_STUFF_UTF8" flag is set in "flags". The characters are recoded for the lexer buffer, according to how the buffer is currently being interpreted ("lex_bufutf8"). If a string to be inserted is available as a Perl scalar, the "lex_stuff_sv" function is more convenient.
void lex_stuff_pvn(const char* pv, STRLEN len, U32 flags)
Like "lex_stuff_pvn", but takes a literal string instead of a string/length pair.
void lex_stuff_pvs("pv", U32 flags)
Insert characters into the lexer buffer ("PL_parser->linestr"), immediately after the current lexing point ("PL_parser->bufptr"), reallocating the buffer if necessary. This means that lexing code that runs later will see the characters as if they had appeared in the input. It is not recommended to do this as part of normal parsing, and most uses of this facility run the risk of the inserted characters being interpreted in an unintended manner.
The string to be inserted is the string value of "sv". The characters are recoded for the lexer buffer, according to how the buffer is currently being interpreted ("lex_bufutf8"). If a string to be inserted is not already a Perl scalar, the "lex_stuff_pvn" function avoids the need to construct a scalar.
void lex_stuff_sv(SV* sv, U32 flags)
Discards text about to be lexed, from "PL_parser->bufptr" up to "ptr". Text following "ptr" will be moved, and the buffer shortened. This hides the discarded text from any lexing code that runs later, as if the text had never appeared.
This is not the normal way to consume lexed text. For that, use "lex_read_to".
void lex_unstuff(char* ptr)
Parse a Perl arithmetic expression. This may contain operators of precedence down to the bit shift operators. The expression must be followed (and thus terminated) either by a comparison or lower-precedence operator or by something that would normally terminate an expression such as semicolon. If "flags" has the "PARSE_OPTIONAL" bit set, then the expression is optional, otherwise it is mandatory. It is up to the caller to ensure that the dynamic parser state ("PL_parser" et al) is correctly set to reflect the source of the code to be parsed and the lexical context for the expression.
The op tree representing the expression is returned. If an optional expression is absent, a null pointer is returned, otherwise the pointer will be non-null.
If an error occurs in parsing or compilation, in most cases a valid op tree is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the parser state, normally resulting in a single exception at the top level of parsing which covers all the compilation errors that occurred. Some compilation errors, however, will throw an exception immediately.
OP* parse_arithexpr(U32 flags)
Parse a single unadorned Perl statement. This may be a normal imperative statement or a declaration that has compile-time effect. It does not include any label or other affixture. It is up to the caller to ensure that the dynamic parser state ("PL_parser" et al) is correctly set to reflect the source of the code to be parsed and the lexical context for the statement.
The op tree representing the statement is returned. This may be a null pointer if the statement is null, for example if it was actually a subroutine definition (which has compile-time side effects). If not null, it will be ops directly implementing the statement, suitable to pass to "newSTATEOP". It will not normally include a "nextstate" or equivalent op (except for those embedded in a scope contained entirely within the statement).
If an error occurs in parsing or compilation, in most cases a valid op tree (most likely null) is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the parser state, normally resulting in a single exception at the top level of parsing which covers all the compilation errors that occurred. Some compilation errors, however, will throw an exception immediately.
The "flags" parameter is reserved for future use, and must always be zero.
OP* parse_barestmt(U32 flags)
Parse a single complete Perl code block. This consists of an opening brace, a sequence of statements, and a closing brace. The block constitutes a lexical scope, so "my" variables and various compile-time effects can be contained within it. It is up to the caller to ensure that the dynamic parser state ("PL_parser" et al) is correctly set to reflect the source of the code to be parsed and the lexical context for the statement.
The op tree representing the code block is returned. This is always a real op, never a null pointer. It will normally be a "lineseq" list, including "nextstate" or equivalent ops. No ops to construct any kind of runtime scope are included by virtue of it being a block.
If an error occurs in parsing or compilation, in most cases a valid op tree (most likely null) is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the parser state, normally resulting in a single exception at the top level of parsing which covers all the compilation errors that occurred. Some compilation errors, however, will throw an exception immediately.
The "flags" parameter is reserved for future use, and must always be zero.
OP* parse_block(U32 flags)
Parse a single complete Perl expression. This allows the full expression grammar, including the lowest-precedence operators such as "or". The expression must be followed (and thus terminated) by a token that an expression would normally be terminated by: end-of-file, closing bracketing punctuation, semicolon, or one of the keywords that signals a postfix expression-statement modifier. If "flags" has the "PARSE_OPTIONAL" bit set, then the expression is optional, otherwise it is mandatory. It is up to the caller to ensure that the dynamic parser state ("PL_parser" et al) is correctly set to reflect the source of the code to be parsed and the lexical context for the expression.
The op tree representing the expression is returned. If an optional expression is absent, a null pointer is returned, otherwise the pointer will be non-null.
If an error occurs in parsing or compilation, in most cases a valid op tree is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the parser state, normally resulting in a single exception at the top level of parsing which covers all the compilation errors that occurred. Some compilation errors, however, will throw an exception immediately.
OP* parse_fullexpr(U32 flags)
Parse a single complete Perl statement. This may be a normal imperative statement or a declaration that has compile-time effect, and may include optional labels. It is up to the caller to ensure that the dynamic parser state ("PL_parser" et al) is correctly set to reflect the source of the code to be parsed and the lexical context for the statement.
The op tree representing the statement is returned. This may be a null pointer if the statement is null, for example if it was actually a subroutine definition (which has compile-time side effects). If not null, it will be the result of a "newSTATEOP" call, normally including a "nextstate" or equivalent op.
If an error occurs in parsing or compilation, in most cases a valid op tree (most likely null) is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the parser state, normally resulting in a single exception at the top level of parsing which covers all the compilation errors that occurred. Some compilation errors, however, will throw an exception immediately.
The "flags" parameter is reserved for future use, and must always be zero.
OP* parse_fullstmt(U32 flags)
Parse a single label, possibly optional, of the type that may prefix a Perl statement. It is up to the caller to ensure that the dynamic parser state ("PL_parser" et al) is correctly set to reflect the source of the code to be parsed. If "flags" has the "PARSE_OPTIONAL" bit set, then the label is optional, otherwise it is mandatory.
The name of the label is returned in the form of a fresh scalar. If an optional label is absent, a null pointer is returned.
If an error occurs in parsing, which can only occur if the label is mandatory, a valid label is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the parser state, normally resulting in a single exception at the top level of parsing which covers all the compilation errors that occurred.
SV* parse_label(U32 flags)
Parse a Perl list expression. This may contain operators of precedence down to the comma operator. The expression must be followed (and thus terminated) either by a low-precedence logic operator such as "or" or by something that would normally terminate an expression such as semicolon. If "flags" has the "PARSE_OPTIONAL" bit set, then the expression is optional, otherwise it is mandatory. It is up to the caller to ensure that the dynamic parser state ("PL_parser" et al) is correctly set to reflect the source of the code to be parsed and the lexical context for the expression.
The op tree representing the expression is returned. If an optional expression is absent, a null pointer is returned, otherwise the pointer will be non-null.
If an error occurs in parsing or compilation, in most cases a valid op tree is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the parser state, normally resulting in a single exception at the top level of parsing which covers all the compilation errors that occurred. Some compilation errors, however, will throw an exception immediately.
OP* parse_listexpr(U32 flags)
Parse a sequence of zero or more Perl statements. These may be normal imperative statements, including optional labels, or declarations that have compile-time effect, or any mixture thereof. The statement sequence ends when a closing brace or end-of-file is encountered in a place where a new statement could have validly started. It is up to the caller to ensure that the dynamic parser state ("PL_parser" et al) is correctly set to reflect the source of the code to be parsed and the lexical context for the statements.
The op tree representing the statement sequence is returned. This may be a null pointer if the statements were all null, for example if there were no statements or if there were only subroutine definitions (which have compile-time side effects). If not null, it will be a "lineseq" list, normally including "nextstate" or equivalent ops.
If an error occurs in parsing or compilation, in most cases a valid op tree is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the parser state, normally resulting in a single exception at the top level of parsing which covers all the compilation errors that occurred. Some compilation errors, however, will throw an exception immediately.
The "flags" parameter is reserved for future use, and must always be zero.
OP* parse_stmtseq(U32 flags)
Parse a subroutine signature declaration. This is the contents of the parentheses following a named or anonymous subroutine declaration when the "signatures" feature is enabled. Note that this function neither expects nor consumes the opening and closing parentheses around the signature; it is the caller's job to handle these.
This function must only be called during parsing of a subroutine; after "start_subparse" has been called. It might allocate lexical variables on the pad for the current subroutine.
The op tree to unpack the arguments from the stack at runtime is returned. This op tree should appear at the beginning of the compiled function. The caller may wish to use "op_append_list" to build their function body after it, or splice it together with the body before calling "newATTRSUB".
The "flags" parameter is reserved for future use, and must always be zero.
OP* parse_subsignature(U32 flags)
Parse a Perl term expression. This may contain operators of precedence down to the assignment operators. The expression must be followed (and thus terminated) either by a comma or lower-precedence operator or by something that would normally terminate an expression such as semicolon. If "flags" has the "PARSE_OPTIONAL" bit set, then the expression is optional, otherwise it is mandatory. It is up to the caller to ensure that the dynamic parser state ("PL_parser" et al) is correctly set to reflect the source of the code to be parsed and the lexical context for the expression.
The op tree representing the expression is returned. If an optional expression is absent, a null pointer is returned, otherwise the pointer will be non-null.
If an error occurs in parsing or compilation, in most cases a valid op tree is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the parser state, normally resulting in a single exception at the top level of parsing which covers all the compilation errors that occurred. Some compilation errors, however, will throw an exception immediately.
OP* parse_termexpr(U32 flags)
Direct pointer to the end of the chunk of text currently being lexed, the end of the lexer buffer. This is equal to "SvPVX(PL_parser->linestr) + SvCUR(PL_parser->linestr)". A "NUL" character (zero octet) is always located at the end of the buffer, and does not count as part of the buffer's contents.
Points to the current position of lexing inside the lexer buffer. Characters around this point may be freely examined, within the range delimited by "SvPVX("PL_parser->linestr")" and "PL_parser->bufend". The octets of the buffer may be intended to be interpreted as either UTF-8 or Latin-1, as indicated by "lex_bufutf8".
Lexing code (whether in the Perl core or not) moves this pointer past the characters that it consumes. It is also expected to perform some bookkeeping whenever a newline character is consumed. This movement can be more conveniently performed by the function "lex_read_to", which handles newlines appropriately.
Interpretation of the buffer's octets can be abstracted out by using the slightly higher-level functions "lex_peek_unichar" and "lex_read_unichar".
Points to the start of the current line inside the lexer buffer. This is useful for indicating at which column an error occurred, and not much else. This must be updated by any lexing code that consumes a newline; the function "lex_read_to" handles this detail.
Buffer scalar containing the chunk currently under consideration of the text currently being lexed. This is always a plain string scalar (for which "SvPOK" is true). It is not intended to be used as a scalar by normal scalar means; instead refer to the buffer directly by the pointer variables described below.
The lexer maintains various "char*" pointers to things in the "PL_parser->linestr" buffer. If "PL_parser->linestr" is ever reallocated, all of these pointers must be updated. Don't attempt to do this manually, but rather use "lex_grow_linestr" if you need to reallocate the buffer.
The content of the text chunk in the buffer is commonly exactly one complete line of input, up to and including a newline terminator, but there are situations where it is otherwise. The octets of the buffer may be intended to be interpreted as either UTF-8 or Latin-1. The function "lex_bufutf8" tells you which. Do not use the "SvUTF8" flag on this scalar, which may disagree with it.
For direct examination of the buffer, the variable "PL_parser->bufend" points to the end of the buffer. The current lexing position is pointed to by "PL_parser->bufptr". Direct use of these pointers is usually preferable to examination of the scalar through normal scalar means.
Puts a C function into the chain of keyword plugins. This is the preferred way to manipulate the "PL_keyword_plugin" variable. "new_plugin" is a pointer to the C function that is to be added to the keyword plugin chain, and "old_plugin_p" points to the storage location where a pointer to the next function in the chain will be stored. The value of "new_plugin" is written into the "PL_keyword_plugin" variable, while the value previously stored there is written to *old_plugin_p.
"PL_keyword_plugin" is global to an entire process, and a module wishing to hook keyword parsing may find itself invoked more than once per process, typically in different threads. To handle that situation, this function is idempotent. The location *old_plugin_p must initially (once per process) contain a null pointer. A C variable of static duration (declared at file scope, typically also marked "static" to give it internal linkage) will be implicitly initialised appropriately, if it does not have an explicit initialiser. This function will only actually modify the plugin chain if it finds *old_plugin_p to be null. This function is also thread safe on the small scale. It uses appropriate locking to avoid race conditions in accessing "PL_keyword_plugin".
When this function is called, the function referenced by "new_plugin" must be ready to be called, except for *old_plugin_p being unfilled. In a threading situation, "new_plugin" may be called immediately, even before this function has returned. *old_plugin_p will always be appropriately set before "new_plugin" is called. If "new_plugin" decides not to do anything special with the identifier that it is given (which is the usual case for most calls to a keyword plugin), it must chain the plugin function referenced by *old_plugin_p.
Taken all together, XS code to install a keyword plugin should typically look something like this:
static Perl_keyword_plugin_t next_keyword_plugin;
static OP *my_keyword_plugin(pTHX_
char *keyword_ptr, STRLEN keyword_len, OP **op_ptr)
{
if (memEQs(keyword_ptr, keyword_len,
"my_new_keyword")) {
...
} else {
return next_keyword_plugin(aTHX_
keyword_ptr, keyword_len, op_ptr);
}
}
BOOT:
wrap_keyword_plugin(my_keyword_plugin,
&next_keyword_plugin);
Direct access to "PL_keyword_plugin" should be avoided.
void wrap_keyword_plugin(Perl_keyword_plugin_t new_plugin,
Perl_keyword_plugin_t *old_plugin_p)
void DECLARATION_FOR_LC_NUMERIC_MANIPULATION
I32 foldEQ_locale(const char* a, const char* b, I32 len)
#ifdef I_LANGINFO
#include <langinfo.h>
#endif
#ifdef I_LOCALE
#include <locale.h>
#endif
bool IN_LOCALE
bool IN_LOCALE_COMPILETIME
bool IN_LOCALE_RUNTIME
#ifdef I_XLOCALE
#include <xlocale.h>
#endif
Expanding on these:
It is important to note that when called with an item that is recovered by using "localeconv", the buffer from any previous explicit call to "localeconv" will be overwritten. This means you must save that buffer's contents if you need to access them after a call to this function. (But note that you might not want to be using "localeconv()" directly anyway, because of issues like the ones listed in the second item of this list (above) for "RADIXCHAR" and "THOUSEP". You can use the methods given in perlcall to call "localeconv" in POSIX and avoid all the issues, but then you have a hash to unpack).
The details for those items which may deviate from what this emulation returns and what a native "nl_langinfo()" would return are specified in I18N::Langinfo.
When using "Perl_langinfo" on systems that don't have a native "nl_langinfo()", you must
#include "perl_langinfo.h"
before the "perl.h" "#include". You can replace your "langinfo.h" "#include" with this one. (Doing it this way keeps out the symbols that plain "langinfo.h" would try to import into the namespace for code that doesn't need it.)
The original impetus for "Perl_langinfo()" was so that code that needs to find out the current currency symbol, floating point radix character, or digit grouping separator can use, on all systems, the simpler and more thread-friendly "nl_langinfo" API instead of localeconv(3) which is a pain to make thread-friendly. For other fields returned by "localeconv", it is better to use the methods given in perlcall to call "POSIX::localeconv()", which is thread-friendly.
const char* Perl_langinfo(const nl_item item)
Another reason it isn't completely a drop-in replacement is that it is declared to return "const char *", whereas the system setlocale omits the "const" (presumably because its API was specified long ago, and can't be updated; it is illegal to change the information "setlocale" returns; doing so leads to segfaults.)
Finally, "Perl_setlocale" works under all circumstances, whereas plain "setlocale" can be completely ineffective on some platforms under some configurations.
"Perl_setlocale" should not be used to change the locale except on systems where the predefined variable "${^SAFE_LOCALES}" is 1. On some such systems, the system "setlocale()" is ineffective, returning the wrong information, and failing to actually change the locale. "Perl_setlocale", however works properly in all circumstances.
The return points to a per-thread static buffer, which is overwritten the next time "Perl_setlocale" is called from the same thread.
const char* Perl_setlocale(const int category,
const char* locale)
A call to "DECLARATION_FOR_LC_NUMERIC_MANIPULATION" must have been made to declare at compile time a private variable used by this macro and the two "STORE" ones. This macro should be called as a single statement, not an expression, but with an empty argument list, like this:
{
DECLARATION_FOR_LC_NUMERIC_MANIPULATION;
...
RESTORE_LC_NUMERIC();
...
}
void RESTORE_LC_NUMERIC()
A call to "DECLARATION_FOR_LC_NUMERIC_MANIPULATION" must have been made to declare at compile time a private variable used by this macro. This macro should be called as a single statement, not an expression, but with an empty argument list, like this:
{
DECLARATION_FOR_LC_NUMERIC_MANIPULATION;
...
STORE_LC_NUMERIC_FORCE_TO_UNDERLYING();
...
RESTORE_LC_NUMERIC();
...
}
The private variable is used to save the current locale state, so that the requisite matching call to "RESTORE_LC_NUMERIC" can restore it.
On threaded perls not operating with thread-safe functionality, this macro uses a mutex to force a critical section. Therefore the matching RESTORE should be close by, and guaranteed to be called.
void STORE_LC_NUMERIC_FORCE_TO_UNDERLYING()
This macro makes sure the current "LC_NUMERIC" state is set properly, to be aware of locale if the call to the XS or C code from the Perl program is from within the scope of a "use locale"; or to ignore locale if the call is instead from outside such scope.
This macro is the start of wrapping the C or XS code; the wrap ending is done by calling the "RESTORE_LC_NUMERIC" macro after the operation. Otherwise the state can be changed that will adversely affect other XS code.
A call to "DECLARATION_FOR_LC_NUMERIC_MANIPULATION" must have been made to declare at compile time a private variable used by this macro. This macro should be called as a single statement, not an expression, but with an empty argument list, like this:
{
DECLARATION_FOR_LC_NUMERIC_MANIPULATION;
...
STORE_LC_NUMERIC_SET_TO_NEEDED();
...
RESTORE_LC_NUMERIC();
...
}
On threaded perls not operating with thread-safe functionality, this macro uses a mutex to force a critical section. Therefore the matching RESTORE should be close by, and guaranteed to be called; see "WITH_LC_NUMERIC_SET_TO_NEEDED" for a more contained way to ensure that.
void STORE_LC_NUMERIC_SET_TO_NEEDED()
void STORE_LC_NUMERIC_SET_TO_NEEDED_IN(bool in_lc_numeric)
On multi-threaded builds on systems that do have per-thread locale operations, this function converts the thread it is running in to use the global locale. This is for code that has not yet or cannot be updated to handle multi-threaded locale operation. As long as only a single thread is so-converted, everything works fine, as all the other threads continue to ignore the global one, so only this thread looks at it.
However, on Windows systems this isn't quite true prior to Visual Studio 15, at which point Microsoft fixed a bug. A race can occur if you use the following operations on earlier Windows platforms:
The first item is not fixable (except by upgrading to a later Visual Studio release), but it would be possible to work around the latter two items by using the Windows API functions "GetNumberFormat" and "GetCurrencyFormat"; patches welcome.
Without this function call, threads that use the setlocale(3) system function will not work properly, as all the locale-sensitive functions will look at the per-thread locale, and "setlocale" will have no effect on this thread.
Perl code should convert to either call "Perl_setlocale" (which is a drop-in for the system "setlocale") or use the methods given in perlcall to call "POSIX::setlocale". Either one will transparently properly handle all cases of single- vs multi-thread, POSIX 2008-supported or not.
Non-Perl libraries, such as "gtk", that call the system "setlocale" can continue to work if this function is called before transferring control to the library.
Upon return from the code that needs to use the global locale, "sync_locale()" should be called to restore the safe multi-thread operation.
void switch_to_global_locale()
The return value is a boolean: TRUE if the global locale at the time of call was in effect; and FALSE if a per-thread locale was in effect. This can be used by the caller that needs to restore things as-they-were to decide whether or not to call "Perl_switch_to_global_locale".
bool sync_locale()
WITH_LC_NUMERIC_SET_TO_NEEDED(
SNPRINTF_G(fv, ebuf, sizeof(ebuf), precis)
);
is equivalent to:
{
#ifdef USE_LOCALE_NUMERIC
DECLARATION_FOR_LC_NUMERIC_MANIPULATION;
STORE_LC_NUMERIC_SET_TO_NEEDED();
#endif
SNPRINTF_G(fv, ebuf, sizeof(ebuf), precis);
#ifdef USE_LOCALE_NUMERIC
RESTORE_LC_NUMERIC();
#endif
}
void WITH_LC_NUMERIC_SET_TO_NEEDED(block)
void WITH_LC_NUMERIC_SET_TO_NEEDED_IN(bool in_lc_numeric, block)
"Magic" is special data attached to SV structures in order to give them "magical" properties. When any Perl code tries to read from, or assign to, an SV marked as magical, it calls the 'get' or 'set' function associated with that SV's magic. A get is called prior to reading an SV, in order to give it a chance to update its internal value (get on $. writes the line number of the last read filehandle into the SV's IV slot), while set is called after an SV has been written to, in order to allow it to make use of its changed value (set on $/ copies the SV's new value to the PL_rs global variable).
Magic is implemented as a linked list of MAGIC structures attached to the SV. Each MAGIC struct holds the type of the magic, a pointer to an array of functions that implement the get(), set(), length() etc functions, plus space for some flags and pointers. For example, a tied variable has a MAGIC structure that contains a pointer to the object associated with the tie.
int mg_clear(SV* sv)
int mg_copy(SV *sv, SV *nsv, const char *key, I32 klen)
MAGIC* mg_find(const SV* sv, int type)
MAGIC* mg_findext(const SV* sv, int type, const MGVTBL *vtbl)
int mg_free(SV* sv)
"mg_freeext(sv, how, NULL)" is equivalent to "mg_free_type(sv, how)".
void mg_freeext(SV* sv, int how, const MGVTBL *vtbl)
void mg_free_type(SV* sv, int how)
int mg_get(SV* sv)
Reports on the SV's length in bytes, calling length magic if available, but does not set the UTF8 flag on "sv". It will fall back to 'get' magic if there is no 'length' magic, but with no indication as to whether it called 'get' magic. It assumes "sv" is a "PVMG" or higher. Use "sv_len()" instead.
U32 mg_length(SV* sv)
void mg_magical(SV* sv)
int mg_set(SV* sv)
"perl_clone" takes these flags as parameters:
"CLONEf_COPY_STACKS" - is used to, well, copy the stacks also, without it we only clone the data and zero the stacks, with it we copy the stacks and the new perl interpreter is ready to run at the exact same point as the previous one. The pseudo-fork code uses "COPY_STACKS" while the threads->create doesn't.
"CLONEf_KEEP_PTR_TABLE" - "perl_clone" keeps a ptr_table with the pointer of the old variable as a key and the new variable as a value, this allows it to check if something has been cloned and not clone it again, but rather just use the value and increase the refcount. If "KEEP_PTR_TABLE" is not set then "perl_clone" will kill the ptr_table using the function "ptr_table_free(PL_ptr_table); PL_ptr_table = NULL;". A reason to keep it around is if you want to dup some of your own variables which are outside the graph that perl scans.
"CLONEf_CLONE_HOST" - This is a win32 thing, it is ignored on unix, it tells perl's win32host code (which is c++) to clone itself, this is needed on win32 if you want to run two threads at the same time, if you just want to do some stuff in a separate perl interpreter and then throw it away and return to the original one, you don't need to do anything.
PerlInterpreter* perl_clone(PerlInterpreter *proto_perl,
UV flags)
void* ptr_table_fetch(PTR_TBL_t *const tbl, const void *const sv)
void ptr_table_free(PTR_TBL_t *const tbl)
PTR_TBL_t* ptr_table_new()
void ptr_table_split(PTR_TBL_t *const tbl)
The names "old" and "new" are specific to the core's typical use of ptr_tables in thread cloning.
void ptr_table_store(PTR_TBL_t *const tbl,
const void *const oldsv, void *const newsv)
SvTIED_obj(SV *sv, MAGIC *mg)
"s", if not NULL, is used as a phrase to include in the output, such as "after compilation".
void dump_mstats(const char* s)
#ifdef I_MALLOCMALLOC
#include <mallocmalloc.h>
#endif
Memory obtained by this should ONLY be freed with "Safefree".
In 5.9.3, Newx() and friends replace the older New() API, and drops the first parameter, x, a debug aid which allowed callers to identify themselves. This aid has been superseded by a new build option, PERL_MEM_LOG (see "PERL_MEM_LOG" in perlhacktips). The older API is still there for use in XS modules supporting older perls.
void Newx (void* ptr, int nitems, type) void* safemalloc(size_t size)
Memory obtained by this should ONLY be freed with "Safefree".
void Newxc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
Memory obtained by this should ONLY be freed with "Safefree".
void Newxz (void* ptr, int nitems, type) void* safecalloc(size_t nitems, size_t item_size)
Memory obtained by this should ONLY be freed with "Safefree".
void Renew (void* ptr, int nitems, type) void* saferealloc(void *ptr, size_t size)
Memory obtained by this should ONLY be freed with "Safefree".
void Renewc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
This should ONLY be used on memory obtained using "Newx" and friends.
void Safefree(void* ptr)
Malloc_t safesyscalloc(MEM_SIZE elements, MEM_SIZE size)
Free_t safesysfree(Malloc_t where)
Malloc_t safesysmalloc(MEM_SIZE nbytes)
Malloc_t safesysrealloc(Malloc_t where, MEM_SIZE nbytes)
These functions are related to the method resolution order of perl classes Also see perlmroapi.
struct mro_meta * HvMROMETA(HV *hv)
NOTE: "mro_get_from_name" must be explicitly called as "Perl_mro_get_from_name" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
const struct mro_alg * Perl_mro_get_from_name(pTHX_ SV *name)
You are responsible for "SvREFCNT_inc()" on the return value if you plan to store it anywhere semi-permanently (otherwise it might be deleted out from under you the next time the cache is invalidated).
AV* mro_get_linear_isa(HV* stash)
SV* MRO_GET_PRIVATE_DATA(struct mro_meta *const smeta,
const struct mro_alg *const which)
Ideally, all instances of "PL_sub_generation++" in perl source outside of mro.c should be replaced by calls to this.
Perl automatically handles most of the common ways a method might be redefined. However, there are a few ways you could change a method in a stash without the cache code noticing, in which case you need to call this method afterwards:
1) Directly manipulating the stash HV entries from XS code.
2) Assigning a reference to a readonly scalar constant into a stash entry in order to create a constant subroutine (like constant.pm does).
This same method is available from pure perl via, "mro::method_changed_in(classname)".
void mro_method_changed_in(HV* stash)
NOTE: "mro_register" must be explicitly called as "Perl_mro_register" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
void Perl_mro_register(pTHX_ const struct mro_alg *mro)
Croaks if "name" hasn't been registered
NOTE: "mro_set_mro" must be explicitly called as "Perl_mro_set_mro" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
void Perl_mro_set_mro(pTHX_ struct mro_meta *const meta,
SV *const name)
NOTE: "mro_set_private_data" must be explicitly called as "Perl_mro_set_private_data" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
SV* Perl_mro_set_private_data(pTHX_
struct mro_meta *const smeta,
const struct mro_alg *const which,
SV *const data)
dMULTICALL;
MULTICALL;
POP_MULTICALL;
PUSH_MULTICALL(CV* the_cv);
Described in perlhacktips.
Atol(const char * nptr)
Described in perlhacktips.
Atoul(const char * nptr)
double Drand01()
d_Gconvert='gconvert((x),(n),(t),(b))'
d_Gconvert='gcvt((x),(n),(b))'
d_Gconvert='sprintf((b),"%.*g",(n),(x))'
The last two assume trailing zeros should not be kept.
char * Gconvert(double x, Size_t n, bool t, char * b)
On entry, "pv" points to the beginning of the string; "valptr" points to a UV that will receive the converted value, if found; "endptr" is either NULL or points to a variable that points to one byte beyond the point in "pv" that this routine should examine. If "endptr" is NULL, "pv" is assumed to be NUL-terminated.
Returns FALSE if "pv" doesn't represent a valid unsigned integer value (with no leading zeros). Otherwise it returns TRUE, and sets *valptr to that value.
If you constrain the portion of "pv" that is looked at by this function (by passing a non-NULL "endptr"), and if the intial bytes of that portion form a valid value, it will return TRUE, setting *endptr to the byte following the final digit of the value. But if there is no constraint at what's looked at, all of "pv" must be valid in order for TRUE to be returned. *endptr is unchanged from its value on input if FALSE is returned;
The only characters this accepts are the decimal digits '0'..'9'.
As opposed to atoi(3) or strtol(3), "grok_atoUV" does NOT allow optional leading whitespace, nor negative inputs. If such features are required, the calling code needs to explicitly implement those.
Note that this function returns FALSE for inputs that would overflow a UV, or have leading zeros. Thus a single 0 is accepted, but not 00 nor 01, 002, etc.
Background: "atoi" has severe problems with illegal inputs, it cannot be used for incremental parsing, and therefore should be avoided "atoi" and "strtol" are also affected by locale settings, which can also be seen as a bug (global state controlled by user environment).
bool grok_atoUV(const char* pv, UV* valptr, const char** endptr)
On entry "start" and *len_p give the string to scan, *flags gives conversion flags, and "result" should be "NULL" or a pointer to an NV. The scan stops at the end of the string, or at just before the first invalid character. Unless "PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT" is set in *flags, encountering an invalid character (except NUL) will also trigger a warning. On return *len_p is set to the length of the scanned string, and *flags gives output flags.
If the value is <= "UV_MAX" it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear, and nothing is written to *result. If the value is > "UV_MAX", "grok_bin" returns "UV_MAX", sets "PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX" in the output flags, and writes an approximation of the correct value into *result (which is an NV; or the approximation is discarded if "result" is NULL).
The binary number may optionally be prefixed with "0b" or "b" unless "PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX" is set in *flags on entry.
If "PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES" is set in *flags then any or all pairs of digits may be separated from each other by a single underscore; also a single leading underscore is accepted.
UV grok_bin(const char* start, STRLEN* len_p, I32* flags,
NV *result)
On entry "start" and *len_p give the string to scan, *flags gives conversion flags, and "result" should be "NULL" or a pointer to an NV. The scan stops at the end of the string, or at just before the first invalid character. Unless "PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT" is set in *flags, encountering an invalid character (except NUL) will also trigger a warning. On return *len_p is set to the length of the scanned string, and *flags gives output flags.
If the value is <= "UV_MAX" it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear, and nothing is written to *result. If the value is > "UV_MAX", "grok_hex" returns "UV_MAX", sets "PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX" in the output flags, and writes an approximation of the correct value into *result (which is an NV; or the approximation is discarded if "result" is NULL).
The hex number may optionally be prefixed with "0x" or "x" unless "PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX" is set in *flags on entry.
If "PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES" is set in *flags then any or all pairs of digits may be separated from each other by a single underscore; also a single leading underscore is accepted.
UV grok_hex(const char* start, STRLEN* len_p, I32* flags,
NV *result)
IS_NUMBER_INFINITY
IS_NUMBER_NAN
IS_NUMBER_INFINITY | IS_NUMBER_NEG
IS_NUMBER_NAN | IS_NUMBER_NEG
0
possibly |-ed with "IS_NUMBER_TRAILING".
If an infinity or a not-a-number is recognized, *sp will point to one byte past the end of the recognized string. If the recognition fails, zero is returned, and *sp will not move.
int grok_infnan(const char** sp, const char *send)
int grok_number(const char *pv, STRLEN len, UV *valuep)
If the value of the number can fit in a UV, it is returned in *valuep. "IS_NUMBER_IN_UV" will be set to indicate that *valuep is valid, "IS_NUMBER_IN_UV" will never be set unless *valuep is valid, but *valuep may have been assigned to during processing even though "IS_NUMBER_IN_UV" is not set on return. If "valuep" is "NULL", "IS_NUMBER_IN_UV" will be set for the same cases as when "valuep" is non-"NULL", but no actual assignment (or SEGV) will occur.
"IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT" will be set with "IS_NUMBER_IN_UV" if trailing decimals were seen (in which case *valuep gives the true value truncated to an integer), and "IS_NUMBER_NEG" if the number is negative (in which case *valuep holds the absolute value). "IS_NUMBER_IN_UV" is not set if "e" notation was used or the number is larger than a UV.
"flags" allows only "PERL_SCAN_TRAILING", which allows for trailing non-numeric text on an otherwise successful grok, setting "IS_NUMBER_TRAILING" on the result.
int grok_number_flags(const char *pv, STRLEN len, UV *valuep,
U32 flags)
bool GROK_NUMERIC_RADIX(NN const char **sp, NN const char *send)
bool grok_numeric_radix(const char **sp, const char *send)
On entry "start" and *len_p give the string to scan, *flags gives conversion flags, and "result" should be "NULL" or a pointer to an NV. The scan stops at the end of the string, or at just before the first invalid character. Unless "PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT" is set in *flags, encountering an invalid character (except NUL) will also trigger a warning. On return *len_p is set to the length of the scanned string, and *flags gives output flags.
If the value is <= "UV_MAX" it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear, and nothing is written to *result. If the value is > "UV_MAX", "grok_oct" returns "UV_MAX", sets "PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX" in the output flags, and writes an approximation of the correct value into *result (which is an NV; or the approximation is discarded if "result" is NULL).
If "PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES" is set in *flags then any or all pairs of digits may be separated from each other by a single underscore; also a single leading underscore is accepted.
The "PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX" flag is always treated as being set for this function.
UV grok_oct(const char* start, STRLEN* len_p, I32* flags,
NV *result)
This is also the logical inverse of Perl_isfinite().
bool isinfnan(NV nv)
N.B. "s" must be NUL terminated.
NV my_atof(const char *s)
It properly handles the locale radix character, meaning it expects a dot except when called from within the scope of "use locale", in which case the radix character should be that specified by the current locale.
The synonym Strtod() may be used instead.
NV my_strtod(const char * const s, char ** e)
int PERL_ABS(int x)
NV Perl_acos (NV x) NV Perl_asin (NV x) NV Perl_atan (NV x) NV Perl_atan2 (NV x, NV y) NV Perl_ceil (NV x) NV Perl_cos (NV x) NV Perl_cosh (NV x) NV Perl_exp (NV x) NV Perl_floor (NV x) NV Perl_fmod (NV x, NV y) NV Perl_frexp (NV x, int *exp) IV Perl_isfinite(NV x) IV Perl_isinf (NV x) IV Perl_isnan (NV x) NV Perl_ldexp (NV x, int exp) NV Perl_log (NV x) NV Perl_log10 (NV x) NV Perl_modf (NV x, NV *iptr) NV Perl_pow (NV x, NV y) NV Perl_sin (NV x) NV Perl_sinh (NV x) NV Perl_sqrt (NV x) NV Perl_tan (NV x) NV Perl_tanh (NV x)
Return a non-zero integer if the sign bit on an NV is set, and 0 if it is not.
If Configure detects this system has a "signbit()" that will work with our NVs, then we just use it via the "#define" in perl.h. Otherwise, fall back on this implementation. The main use of this function is catching "-0.0".
"Configure" notes: This function is called 'Perl_signbit' instead of a plain 'signbit' because it is easy to imagine a system having a "signbit()" function or macro that doesn't happen to work with our particular choice of NVs. We shouldn't just re-"#define" "signbit" as "Perl_signbit" and expect the standard system headers to be happy. Also, this is a no-context function (no "pTHX_") because "Perl_signbit()" is usually re-"#defined" in perl.h as a simple macro call to the system's "signbit()". Users should just always call "Perl_signbit()".
int Perl_signbit(NV f)
U8 READ_XDIGIT(char str*)
NV scan_bin(const char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
NV scan_hex(const char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
NV scan_oct(const char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
void seedDrand01(Rand_seed_t x)
NV Strtod(NN const char * const s, NULLOK char ** e)
NV Strtol(NN const char * const s, NULLOK char ** e, int base)
NV Strtoul(NN const char * const s, NULLOK char ** e, int base)
Available only under threaded builds, this function allocates an entry in "PL_stashpad" for the stash passed to it.
PADOFFSET alloccopstash(HV *hv)
OP* block_end(I32 floor, OP* seq)
int block_start(int full)
OP* ck_entersub_args_list(OP *entersubop)
"protosv" supplies the subroutine prototype to be applied to the call. It may be a normal defined scalar, of which the string value will be used. Alternatively, for convenience, it may be a subroutine object (a "CV*" that has been cast to "SV*") which has a prototype. The prototype supplied, in whichever form, does not need to match the actual callee referenced by the op tree.
If the argument ops disagree with the prototype, for example by having an unacceptable number of arguments, a valid op tree is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the parser state, normally resulting in a single exception at the top level of parsing which covers all the compilation errors that occurred. In the error message, the callee is referred to by the name defined by the "namegv" parameter.
OP* ck_entersub_args_proto(OP *entersubop, GV *namegv,
SV *protosv)
"protosv" supplies the subroutine prototype to be applied to the call, or indicates that there is no prototype. It may be a normal scalar, in which case if it is defined then the string value will be used as a prototype, and if it is undefined then there is no prototype. Alternatively, for convenience, it may be a subroutine object (a "CV*" that has been cast to "SV*"), of which the prototype will be used if it has one. The prototype (or lack thereof) supplied, in whichever form, does not need to match the actual callee referenced by the op tree.
If the argument ops disagree with the prototype, for example by having an unacceptable number of arguments, a valid op tree is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the parser state, normally resulting in a single exception at the top level of parsing which covers all the compilation errors that occurred. In the error message, the callee is referred to by the name defined by the "namegv" parameter.
OP* ck_entersub_args_proto_or_list(OP *entersubop, GV *namegv,
SV *protosv)
Constant subs can be created with "newCONSTSUB" or as described in "Constant Functions" in perlsub.
SV* cv_const_sv(const CV *const cv)
void cv_get_call_checker(CV *cv, Perl_call_checker *ckfun_p,
SV **ckobj_p)
The C-level function pointer is returned in *ckfun_p, an SV argument for it is returned in *ckobj_p, and control flags are returned in *ckflags_p. The function is intended to be called in this manner:
entersubop = (*ckfun_p)(aTHX_ entersubop, namegv, (*ckobj_p));
In this call, "entersubop" is a pointer to the "entersub" op, which may be replaced by the check function, and "namegv" supplies the name that should be used by the check function to refer to the callee of the "entersub" op if it needs to emit any diagnostics. It is permitted to apply the check function in non-standard situations, such as to a call to a different subroutine or to a method call.
"namegv" may not actually be a GV. If the "CALL_CHECKER_REQUIRE_GV" bit is clear in *ckflags_p, it is permitted to pass a CV or other SV instead, anything that can be used as the first argument to "cv_name". If the "CALL_CHECKER_REQUIRE_GV" bit is set in *ckflags_p then the check function requires "namegv" to be a genuine GV.
By default, the check function is Perl_ck_entersub_args_proto_or_list, the SV parameter is "cv" itself, and the "CALL_CHECKER_REQUIRE_GV" flag is clear. This implements standard prototype processing. It can be changed, for a particular subroutine, by "cv_set_call_checker_flags".
If the "CALL_CHECKER_REQUIRE_GV" bit is set in "gflags" then it indicates that the caller only knows about the genuine GV version of "namegv", and accordingly the corresponding bit will always be set in *ckflags_p, regardless of the check function's recorded requirements. If the "CALL_CHECKER_REQUIRE_GV" bit is clear in "gflags" then it indicates the caller knows about the possibility of passing something other than a GV as "namegv", and accordingly the corresponding bit may be either set or clear in *ckflags_p, indicating the check function's recorded requirements.
"gflags" is a bitset passed into "cv_get_call_checker_flags", in which only the "CALL_CHECKER_REQUIRE_GV" bit currently has a defined meaning (for which see above). All other bits should be clear.
void cv_get_call_checker_flags(CV *cv, U32 gflags,
Perl_call_checker *ckfun_p,
SV **ckobj_p, U32 *ckflags_p)
void cv_set_call_checker(CV *cv, Perl_call_checker ckfun,
SV *ckobj)
The C-level function pointer is supplied in "ckfun", an SV argument for it is supplied in "ckobj", and control flags are supplied in "ckflags". The function should be defined like this:
STATIC OP * ckfun(pTHX_ OP *op, GV *namegv, SV *ckobj)
It is intended to be called in this manner:
entersubop = ckfun(aTHX_ entersubop, namegv, ckobj);
In this call, "entersubop" is a pointer to the "entersub" op, which may be replaced by the check function, and "namegv" supplies the name that should be used by the check function to refer to the callee of the "entersub" op if it needs to emit any diagnostics. It is permitted to apply the check function in non-standard situations, such as to a call to a different subroutine or to a method call.
"namegv" may not actually be a GV. For efficiency, perl may pass a CV or other SV instead. Whatever is passed can be used as the first argument to "cv_name". You can force perl to pass a GV by including "CALL_CHECKER_REQUIRE_GV" in the "ckflags".
"ckflags" is a bitset, in which only the "CALL_CHECKER_REQUIRE_GV" bit currently has a defined meaning (for which see above). All other bits should be clear.
The current setting for a particular CV can be retrieved by "cv_get_call_checker_flags".
void cv_set_call_checker_flags(CV *cv, Perl_call_checker ckfun,
SV *ckobj, U32 ckflags)
OP* LINKLIST(OP *o)
If "optype" is "OP_ANDASSIGN", "OP_ORASSIGN", or "OP_DORASSIGN", then a suitable conditional optree is constructed. If "optype" is the opcode of a binary operator, such as "OP_BIT_OR", then an op is constructed that performs the binary operation and assigns the result to the left argument. Either way, if "optype" is non-zero then "flags" has no effect.
If "optype" is zero, then a plain scalar or list assignment is constructed. Which type of assignment it is is automatically determined. "flags" gives the eight bits of "op_flags", except that "OPf_KIDS" will be set automatically, and, shifted up eight bits, the eight bits of "op_private", except that the bit with value 1 or 2 is automatically set as required.
OP* newASSIGNOP(I32 flags, OP* left, I32 optype, OP* right)
This is the same as ""newATTRSUB_x"" in perlintern with its "o_is_gv" parameter set to FALSE. This means that if "o" is null, the new sub will be anonymous; otherwise the name will be derived from "o" in the way described (as with all other details) in ""newATTRSUB_x"" in perlintern.
CV* newATTRSUB(I32 floor, OP *o, OP *proto, OP *attrs, OP *block)
OP* newBINOP(I32 type, I32 flags, OP* first, OP* last)
OP* newCONDOP(I32 flags, OP* first, OP* trueop, OP* falseop)
CV* newCONSTSUB(HV* stash, const char* name, SV* sv)
The subroutine will have an empty prototype and will ignore any arguments when called. Its constant behaviour is determined by "sv". If "sv" is null, the subroutine will yield an empty list. If "sv" points to a scalar, the subroutine will always yield that scalar. If "sv" points to an array, the subroutine will always yield a list of the elements of that array in list context, or the number of elements in the array in scalar context. This function takes ownership of one counted reference to the scalar or array, and will arrange for the object to live as long as the subroutine does. If "sv" points to a scalar then the inlining assumes that the value of the scalar will never change, so the caller must ensure that the scalar is not subsequently written to. If "sv" points to an array then no such assumption is made, so it is ostensibly safe to mutate the array or its elements, but whether this is really supported has not been determined.
The subroutine will have "CvFILE" set according to "PL_curcop". Other aspects of the subroutine will be left in their default state. The caller is free to mutate the subroutine beyond its initial state after this function has returned.
If "name" is null then the subroutine will be anonymous, with its "CvGV" referring to an "__ANON__" glob. If "name" is non-null then the subroutine will be named accordingly, referenced by the appropriate glob. "name" is a string of length "len" bytes giving a sigilless symbol name, in UTF-8 if "flags" has the "SVf_UTF8" bit set and in Latin-1 otherwise. The name may be either qualified or unqualified. If the name is unqualified then it defaults to being in the stash specified by "stash" if that is non-null, or to "PL_curstash" if "stash" is null. The symbol is always added to the stash if necessary, with "GV_ADDMULTI" semantics.
"flags" should not have bits set other than "SVf_UTF8".
If there is already a subroutine of the specified name, then the new sub will replace the existing one in the glob. A warning may be generated about the redefinition.
If the subroutine has one of a few special names, such as "BEGIN" or "END", then it will be claimed by the appropriate queue for automatic running of phase-related subroutines. In this case the relevant glob will be left not containing any subroutine, even if it did contain one before. Execution of the subroutine will likely be a no-op, unless "sv" was a tied array or the caller modified the subroutine in some interesting way before it was executed. In the case of "BEGIN", the treatment is buggy: the sub will be executed when only half built, and may be deleted prematurely, possibly causing a crash.
The function returns a pointer to the constructed subroutine. If the sub is anonymous then ownership of one counted reference to the subroutine is transferred to the caller. If the sub is named then the caller does not get ownership of a reference. In most such cases, where the sub has a non-phase name, the sub will be alive at the point it is returned by virtue of being contained in the glob that names it. A phase-named subroutine will usually be alive by virtue of the reference owned by the phase's automatic run queue. A "BEGIN" subroutine may have been destroyed already by the time this function returns, but currently bugs occur in that case before the caller gets control. It is the caller's responsibility to ensure that it knows which of these situations applies.
CV* newCONSTSUB_flags(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len,
U32 flags, SV* sv)
Constructs and returns a deferred-block statement that implements the "defer" semantics. The "block" optree is consumed by this function and becomes part of the returned optree.
The "flags" argument carries additional flags to set on the returned op, including the "op_private" field.
OP* newDEFEROP(I32 flags, OP *block)
OP* newDEFSVOP()
"sv" optionally supplies the variable(s) that will be aliased to each item in turn; if null, it defaults to $_. "expr" supplies the list of values to iterate over. "block" supplies the main body of the loop, and "cont" optionally supplies a "continue" block that operates as a second half of the body. All of these optree inputs are consumed by this function and become part of the constructed op tree.
"flags" gives the eight bits of "op_flags" for the "leaveloop" op and, shifted up eight bits, the eight bits of "op_private" for the "leaveloop" op, except that (in both cases) some bits will be set automatically.
OP* newFOROP(I32 flags, OP* sv, OP* expr, OP* block, OP* cont)
OP* newGIVENOP(OP* cond, OP* block, PADOFFSET defsv_off)
OP* newGVOP(I32 type, I32 flags, GV* gv)
For most list operators, the check function expects all the kid ops to be present already, so calling "newLISTOP(OP_JOIN, ...)" (e.g.) is not appropriate. What you want to do in that case is create an op of type "OP_LIST", append more children to it, and then call "op_convert_list". See "op_convert_list" for more information.
OP* newLISTOP(I32 type, I32 flags, OP* first, OP* last)
OP* newLOGOP(I32 optype, I32 flags, OP *first, OP *other)
OP* newLOOPEX(I32 type, OP* label)
OP* newLOOPOP(I32 flags, I32 debuggable, OP* expr, OP* block)
OP* newMETHOP(I32 type, I32 flags, OP* dynamic_meth)
OP* newMETHOP_named(I32 type, I32 flags, SV* const_meth)
OP* newNULLLIST()
OP* newOP(I32 optype, I32 flags)
This function only exists if Perl has been compiled to use ithreads.
OP* newPADOP(I32 type, I32 flags, SV* sv)
OP* newPMOP(I32 type, I32 flags)
OP* newPVOP(I32 type, I32 flags, char* pv)
OP* newRANGE(I32 flags, OP* left, OP* right)
OP* newSLICEOP(I32 flags, OP* subscript, OP* listop)
If "o" is null, the state op is returned. Otherwise the state op is combined with "o" into a "lineseq" list op, which is returned. "o" is consumed by this function and becomes part of the returned op tree.
OP* newSTATEOP(I32 flags, char* label, OP* o)
CV* newSUB(I32 floor, OP* o, OP* proto, OP* block)
OP* newSVOP(I32 type, I32 flags, SV* sv)
Constructs and returns a conditional execution statement that implements the "try"/"catch" semantics. First the op tree in "tryblock" is executed, inside a context that traps exceptions. If an exception occurs then the optree in "catchblock" is executed, with the trapped exception set into the lexical variable given by "catchvar" (which must be an op of type "OP_PADSV"). All the optrees are consumed by this function and become part of the returned op tree.
The "flags" argument is currently ignored.
OP* newTRYCATCHOP(I32 flags, OP* tryblock, OP *catchvar,
OP* catchblock)
OP* newUNOP(I32 type, I32 flags, OP* first)
OP* newUNOP_AUX(I32 type, I32 flags, OP* first,
UNOP_AUX_item *aux)
OP* newWHENOP(OP* cond, OP* block)
"loop" is an optional preconstructed "enterloop" op to use in the loop; if it is null then a suitable op will be constructed automatically. "expr" supplies the loop's controlling expression. "block" supplies the main body of the loop, and "cont" optionally supplies a "continue" block that operates as a second half of the body. All of these optree inputs are consumed by this function and become part of the constructed op tree.
"flags" gives the eight bits of "op_flags" for the "leaveloop" op and, shifted up eight bits, the eight bits of "op_private" for the "leaveloop" op, except that (in both cases) some bits will be set automatically. "debuggable" is currently unused and should always be 1. "has_my" can be supplied as true to force the loop body to be enclosed in its own scope.
OP* newWHILEOP(I32 flags, I32 debuggable, LOOP* loop, OP* expr,
OP* block, OP* cont, I32 has_my)
OP* op_append_elem(I32 optype, OP* first, OP* last)
OP* op_append_list(I32 optype, OP* first, OP* last)
For custom ops the type is returned from the registration, and it is up to the registree to ensure it is accurate. The value returned will be one of the "OA_"* constants from op.h.
U32 OP_CLASS(OP *o)
OP* op_contextualize(OP* o, I32 context)
A list-type op is usually constructed one kid at a time via "newLISTOP", "op_prepend_elem" and "op_append_elem". Then finally it is passed to "op_convert_list" to make it the right type.
OP* op_convert_list(I32 optype, I32 flags, OP* o)
const char * OP_DESC(OP *o)
void op_free(OP* arg)
bool OpHAS_SIBLING(OP *o)
void OpLASTSIB_set(OP *o, OP *parent)
OP* op_linklist(OP *o)
Propagate lvalue ("modifiable") context to an op and its children. "type" represents the context type, roughly based on the type of op that would do the modifying, although "local()" is represented by "OP_NULL", because it has no op type of its own (it is signalled by a flag on the lvalue op).
This function detects things that can't be modified, such as "$x+1", and generates errors for them. For example, "$x+1 = 2" would cause it to be called with an op of type "OP_ADD" and a "type" argument of "OP_SASSIGN".
It also flags things that need to behave specially in an lvalue context, such as "$$x = 5" which might have to vivify a reference in $x.
OP* op_lvalue(OP* o, I32 type)
void OpMAYBESIB_set(OP *o, OP *sib, OP *parent)
void OpMORESIB_set(OP *o, OP *sib)
const char * OP_NAME(OP *o)
void op_null(OP* o)
OP* op_parent(OP *o)
OP* op_prepend_elem(I32 optype, OP* first, OP* last)
Wraps up an op tree with some additional ops so that at runtime a dynamic scope will be created. The original ops run in the new dynamic scope, and then, provided that they exit normally, the scope will be unwound. The additional ops used to create and unwind the dynamic scope will normally be an "enter"/"leave" pair, but a "scope" op may be used instead if the ops are simple enough to not need the full dynamic scope structure.
OP* op_scope(OP* o)
OP* OpSIBLING(OP *o)
Note that op_next is not manipulated, and nodes are not freed; that is the responsibility of the caller. It also won't create a new list op for an empty list etc; use higher-level functions like op_append_elem() for that.
"parent" is the parent node of the sibling chain. It may passed as "NULL" if the splicing doesn't affect the first or last op in the chain.
"start" is the node preceding the first node to be spliced. Node(s) following it will be deleted, and ops will be inserted after it. If it is "NULL", the first node onwards is deleted, and nodes are inserted at the beginning.
"del_count" is the number of nodes to delete. If zero, no nodes are deleted. If -1 or greater than or equal to the number of remaining kids, all remaining kids are deleted.
"insert" is the first of a chain of nodes to be inserted in place of the nodes. If "NULL", no nodes are inserted.
The head of the chain of deleted ops is returned, or "NULL" if no ops were deleted.
For example:
action before after returns
------ ----- ----- -------
P P
splice(P, A, 2, X-Y-Z) | | B-C
A-B-C-D A-X-Y-Z-D
P P
splice(P, NULL, 1, X-Y) | | A
A-B-C-D X-Y-B-C-D
P P
splice(P, NULL, 3, NULL) | | A-B-C
A-B-C-D D
P P
splice(P, B, 0, X-Y) | | NULL
A-B-C-D A-B-X-Y-C-D
For lower-level direct manipulation of "op_sibparent" and "op_moresib", see "OpMORESIB_set", "OpLASTSIB_set", "OpMAYBESIB_set".
OP* op_sibling_splice(OP *parent, OP *start, int del_count,
OP* insert)
The negation of this macro, "OP_TYPE_ISNT" is also available as well as "OP_TYPE_IS_NN" and "OP_TYPE_ISNT_NN" which elide the NULL pointer check.
bool OP_TYPE_IS(OP *o, Optype type)
The negation of this macro, "OP_TYPE_ISNT_AND_WASNT" is also available as well as "OP_TYPE_IS_OR_WAS_NN" and "OP_TYPE_ISNT_AND_WASNT_NN" which elide the "NULL" pointer check.
bool OP_TYPE_IS_OR_WAS(OP *o, Optype type)
Wraps the given "block" optree fragment in its own scoped block, arranging for the "finally" optree fragment to be invoked when leaving that block for any reason. Both optree fragments are consumed and the combined result is returned.
OP* op_wrap_finally(OP *block, OP *finally)
When you replace this variable, it is considered a good practice to store the possibly previously installed hook and that you recall it inside your own.
On threaded perls, each thread has an independent copy of this variable; each initialized at creation time with the current value of the creating thread's copy.
Perl_ophook_t PL_opfreehook
The peephole optimiser should never be completely replaced. Rather, add code to it by wrapping the existing optimiser. The basic way to do this can be seen in "Compile pass 3: peephole optimization" in perlguts. If the new code wishes to operate on ops throughout the subroutine's structure, rather than just at the top level, it is likely to be more convenient to wrap the "PL_rpeepp" hook.
On threaded perls, each thread has an independent copy of this variable; each initialized at creation time with the current value of the creating thread's copy.
peep_t PL_peepp
The peephole optimiser should never be completely replaced. Rather, add code to it by wrapping the existing optimiser. The basic way to do this can be seen in "Compile pass 3: peephole optimization" in perlguts. If the new code wishes to operate only on ops at a subroutine's top level, rather than throughout the structure, it is likely to be more convenient to wrap the "PL_peepp" hook.
On threaded perls, each thread has an independent copy of this variable; each initialized at creation time with the current value of the creating thread's copy.
peep_t PL_rpeepp
Currently, the subroutine can be identified statically if the RV that the "rv2cv" is to operate on is provided by a suitable "gv" or "const" op. A "gv" op is suitable if the GV's CV slot is populated. A "const" op is suitable if the constant value must be an RV pointing to a CV. Details of this process may change in future versions of Perl. If the "rv2cv" op has the "OPpENTERSUB_AMPER" flag set then no attempt is made to identify the subroutine statically: this flag is used to suppress compile-time magic on a subroutine call, forcing it to use default runtime behaviour.
If "flags" has the bit "RV2CVOPCV_MARK_EARLY" set, then the handling of a GV reference is modified. If a GV was examined and its CV slot was found to be empty, then the "gv" op has the "OPpEARLY_CV" flag set. If the op is not optimised away, and the CV slot is later populated with a subroutine having a prototype, that flag eventually triggers the warning "called too early to check prototype".
If "flags" has the bit "RV2CVOPCV_RETURN_NAME_GV" set, then instead of returning a pointer to the subroutine it returns a pointer to the GV giving the most appropriate name for the subroutine in this context. Normally this is just the "CvGV" of the subroutine, but for an anonymous ("CvANON") subroutine that is referenced through a GV it will be the referencing GV. The resulting "GV*" is cast to "CV*" to be returned. A null pointer is returned as usual if there is no statically-determinable subroutine.
CV* rv2cv_op_cv(OP *cvop, U32 flags)
The engine implementing "pack()" Perl function. Note: parameters "next_in_list" and "flags" are not used. This call should not be used; use "packlist" instead.
void pack_cat(SV *cat, const char *pat, const char *patend,
SV **beglist, SV **endlist, SV ***next_in_list,
U32 flags)
void packlist(SV *cat, const char *pat, const char *patend,
SV **beglist, SV **endlist)
The engine implementing "unpack()" Perl function. Note: parameters "strbeg", "new_s" and "ocnt" are not used. This call should not be used, use "unpackstring" instead.
SSize_t unpack_str(const char *pat, const char *patend,
const char *s, const char *strbeg,
const char *strend, char **new_s, I32 ocnt,
U32 flags)
Using the template "pat..patend", this function unpacks the string "s..strend" into a number of mortal SVs, which it pushes onto the perl argument (@_) stack (so you will need to issue a "PUTBACK" before and "SPAGAIN" after the call to this function). It returns the number of pushed elements.
The "strend" and "patend" pointers should point to the byte following the last character of each string.
Although this function returns its values on the perl argument stack, it doesn't take any parameters from that stack (and thus in particular there's no need to do a "PUSHMARK" before calling it, unlike "call_pv" for example).
SSize_t unpackstring(const char *pat, const char *patend,
const char *s, const char *strend,
U32 flags)
CV's can have CvPADLIST(cv) set to point to a PADLIST. This is the CV's scratchpad, which stores lexical variables and opcode temporary and per-thread values.
For these purposes "formats" are a kind-of CV; eval""s are too (except they're not callable at will and are always thrown away after the eval"" is done executing). Require'd files are simply evals without any outer lexical scope.
XSUBs do not have a "CvPADLIST". "dXSTARG" fetches values from "PL_curpad", but that is really the callers pad (a slot of which is allocated by every entersub). Do not get or set "CvPADLIST" if a CV is an XSUB (as determined by "CvISXSUB()"), "CvPADLIST" slot is reused for a different internal purpose in XSUBs.
The PADLIST has a C array where pads are stored.
The 0th entry of the PADLIST is a PADNAMELIST which represents the "names" or rather the "static type information" for lexicals. The individual elements of a PADNAMELIST are PADNAMEs. Future refactorings might stop the PADNAMELIST from being stored in the PADLIST's array, so don't rely on it. See "PadlistNAMES".
The CvDEPTH'th entry of a PADLIST is a PAD (an AV) which is the stack frame at that depth of recursion into the CV. The 0th slot of a frame AV is an AV which is @_. Other entries are storage for variables and op targets.
Iterating over the PADNAMELIST iterates over all possible pad items. Pad slots for targets ("SVs_PADTMP") and GVs end up having &PL_padname_undef "names", while slots for constants have &PL_padname_const "names" (see "pad_alloc"). That &PL_padname_undef and &PL_padname_const are used is an implementation detail subject to change. To test for them, use "!PadnamePV(name)" and "PadnamePV(name) && !PadnameLEN(name)", respectively.
Only "my"/"our" variable slots get valid names. The rest are op targets/GVs/constants which are statically allocated or resolved at compile time. These don't have names by which they can be looked up from Perl code at run time through eval"" the way "my"/"our" variables can be. Since they can't be looked up by "name" but only by their index allocated at compile time (which is usually in "PL_op->op_targ"), wasting a name SV for them doesn't make sense.
The pad names in the PADNAMELIST have their PV holding the name of the variable. The "COP_SEQ_RANGE_LOW" and "_HIGH" fields form a range (low+1..high inclusive) of cop_seq numbers for which the name is valid. During compilation, these fields may hold the special value PERL_PADSEQ_INTRO to indicate various stages:
COP_SEQ_RANGE_LOW _HIGH
----------------- -----
PERL_PADSEQ_INTRO 0 variable not yet introduced:
{ my ($x
valid-seq# PERL_PADSEQ_INTRO variable in scope:
{ my ($x);
valid-seq# valid-seq# compilation of scope complete:
{ my ($x); .... }
When a lexical var hasn't yet been introduced, it already exists from the perspective of duplicate declarations, but not for variable lookups, e.g.
my ($x, $x); # '"my" variable $x masks earlier declaration'
my $x = $x; # equal to my $x = $::x;
For typed lexicals "PadnameTYPE" points at the type stash. For "our" lexicals, "PadnameOURSTASH" points at the stash of the associated global (so that duplicate "our" declarations in the same package can be detected). "PadnameGEN" is sometimes used to store the generation number during compilation.
If "PadnameOUTER" is set on the pad name, then that slot in the frame AV is a REFCNT'ed reference to a lexical from "outside". Such entries are sometimes referred to as 'fake'. In this case, the name does not use 'low' and 'high' to store a cop_seq range, since it is in scope throughout. Instead 'high' stores some flags containing info about the real lexical (is it declared in an anon, and is it capable of being instantiated multiple times?), and for fake ANONs, 'low' contains the index within the parent's pad where the lexical's value is stored, to make cloning quicker.
If the 'name' is "&" the corresponding entry in the PAD is a CV representing a possible closure.
Note that formats are treated as anon subs, and are cloned each time write is called (if necessary).
The flag "SVs_PADSTALE" is cleared on lexicals each time the "my()" is executed, and set on scope exit. This allows the "Variable $x is not available" warning to be generated in evals, such as
{ my $x = 1; sub f { eval '$x'} } f();
For state vars, "SVs_PADSTALE" is overloaded to mean 'not yet initialised', but this internal state is stored in a separate pad entry.
PADLIST * CvPADLIST(CV *cv)
PADOFFSET pad_add_name_pvs("name", U32 flags, HV *typestash,
HV *ourstash)
The C array of pad entries.
SV ** PadARRAY(PAD * pad)
Looks up the type of the lexical variable at position "po" in the currently-compiling pad. If the variable is typed, the stash of the class to which it is typed is returned. If not, "NULL" is returned.
Use ""PAD_COMPNAME_TYPE"" in perlintern instead.
HV* pad_compname_type(const PADOFFSET po)
PADOFFSET pad_findmy_pvs("name", U32 flags)
The C array of a padlist, containing the pads. Only subscript it with numbers >= 1, as the 0th entry is not guaranteed to remain usable.
PAD ** PadlistARRAY(PADLIST * padlist)
The index of the last allocated space in the padlist. Note that the last pad may be in an earlier slot. Any entries following it will be "NULL" in that case.
SSize_t PadlistMAX(PADLIST * padlist)
The names associated with pad entries.
PADNAMELIST * PadlistNAMES(PADLIST * padlist)
The C array of pad names.
PADNAME ** PadlistNAMESARRAY(PADLIST * padlist)
The index of the last pad name.
SSize_t PadlistNAMESMAX(PADLIST * padlist)
The reference count of the padlist. Currently this is always 1.
U32 PadlistREFCNT(PADLIST * padlist)
The index of the last pad entry.
SSize_t PadMAX(PAD * pad)
The length of the name.
STRLEN PadnameLEN(PADNAME * pn)
The C array of pad names.
PADNAME ** PadnamelistARRAY(PADNAMELIST * pnl)
The index of the last pad name.
SSize_t PadnamelistMAX(PADNAMELIST * pnl)
The reference count of the pad name list.
SSize_t PadnamelistREFCNT(PADNAMELIST * pnl)
Lowers the reference count of the pad name list.
void PadnamelistREFCNT_dec(PADNAMELIST * pnl)
The name stored in the pad name struct. This returns "NULL" for a target slot.
char * PadnamePV(PADNAME * pn)
The reference count of the pad name.
SSize_t PadnameREFCNT(PADNAME * pn)
Lowers the reference count of the pad name.
void PadnameREFCNT_dec(PADNAME * pn)
Returns the pad name as a mortal SV.
SV * PadnameSV(PADNAME * pn)
Whether PadnamePV is in UTF-8. Currently, this is always true.
bool PadnameUTF8(PADNAME * pn)
padnew_CLONE this pad is for a cloned CV
padnew_SAVE save old globals on the save stack
padnew_SAVESUB also save extra stuff for start of sub
PADLIST* pad_new(int flags)
During compilation, this points to the array containing the values part of the pad for the currently-compiling code. (At runtime a CV may have many such value arrays; at compile time just one is constructed.) At runtime, this points to the array containing the currently-relevant values for the pad for the currently-executing code.
During compilation, this points to the array containing the names part of the pad for the currently-compiling code.
Points directly to the body of the "PL_comppad" array. (I.e., this is "PadARRAY(PL_comppad)".)
Described in perlguts.
extern int dbminit(char *);
extern double drand48(void);
extern int flock(int, int);
extern void* sbrk(int);
extern void* sbrk(size_t);
extern int setresgid(uid_t ruid, uid_t euid, uid_t suid);
extern int setresuid(uid_t ruid, uid_t euid, uid_t suid);
extern int sockatmark(int);
extern int syscall(int, ...);
extern int syscall(long, ...);
extern long telldir(DIR*);
REGEXP* pregcomp(SV * const pattern, const U32 flags)
I32 pregexec(REGEXP * const prog, char* stringarg, char* strend,
char* strbeg, SSize_t minend, SV* screamer,
U32 nosave)
This function is typically used by a custom regexp engine ".comp()" function to hand off to the core regexp engine those patterns it doesn't want to handle itself (typically passing through the same flags it was called with). In almost all other cases, a regexp should be compiled by calling ""pregcomp"" to compile using the currently active regexp engine.
If "pattern" is already a "REGEXP", this function does nothing but return a pointer to the input. Otherwise the PV is extracted and treated like a string representing a pattern. See perlre.
The possible flags for "rx_flags" are documented in perlreapi. Their names all begin with "RXf_".
REGEXP* re_compile(SV * const pattern, U32 orig_rx_flags)
This routine is expected to clone a given regexp structure. It is only compiled under USE_ITHREADS.
After all of the core data stored in struct regexp is duplicated the "regexp_engine.dupe" method is used to copy any private data stored in the *pprivate pointer. This allows extensions to handle any duplication they need to do.
void re_dup_guts(const REGEXP *sstr, REGEXP *dstr,
CLONE_PARAMS* param)
In order to install a new regexp handler, $^H{regcomp} is set to an integer which (when casted appropriately) resolves to one of these structures. When compiling, the "comp" method is executed, and the resulting "regexp" structure's engine field is expected to point back at the same structure.
The pTHX_ symbol in the definition is a macro used by Perl under threading to provide an extra argument to the routine holding a pointer back to the interpreter that is executing the regexp. So under threading all routines get an extra argument.
RX_MATCH_COPIED(const REGEXP * rx)
RX_OFFS(const REGEXP * rx_sv)
if (SvMAGICAL(sv))
mg_get(sv);
if (SvROK(sv))
sv = MUTABLE_SV(SvRV(sv));
if (SvTYPE(sv) == SVt_REGEXP)
return (REGEXP*) sv;
"NULL" will be returned if a REGEXP* is not found.
REGEXP * SvRX(SV *sv)
If you want to do something with the REGEXP* later use SvRX instead and check for NULL.
bool SvRXOK(SV* sv)
These are used in the simple report generation feature of Perl. See perlform.
GV * IoBOTTOM_GV(IO *io)
char * IoBOTTOM_NAME(IO *io)
GV * IoFMT_GV(IO *io)
char * IoFMT_NAME(IO *io)
IV IoLINES(IO *io)
IV IoLINES_LEFT(IO *io)
IV IoPAGE(IO *io)
IV IoPAGE_LEN(IO *io)
GV * IoTOP_GV(IO *io)
char * IoTOP_NAME(IO *io)
U32 PERL_SIGNALS_UNSAFE_FLAG
Sighandler_t rsignal(int i, Sighandler_t t)
Sighandler_t rsignal_state(int i)
void Siglongjmp(jmp_buf env, int val)
char *sig_name[] = { SIG_NAME };
The signals in the list are separated with commas, and each signal is surrounded by double quotes. There is no leading "SIG" in the signal name, i.e. "SIGQUIT" is known as ""QUIT"". Gaps in the signal numbers (up to "NSIG") are filled in with "NUMnn", etc., where nn is the actual signal number (e.g. "NUM37"). The signal number for "sig_name[i]" is stored in "sig_num[i]". The last element is 0 to terminate the list with a "NULL". This corresponds to the 0 at the end of the "sig_name_init" list. Note that this variable is initialized from the "sig_name_init", not from "sig_name" (which is unused).
int sig_num[] = { SIG_NUM };
The signals in the list are separated with commas, and the indices within that list and the "SIG_NAME" list match, so it's easy to compute the signal name from a number or vice versa at the price of a small dynamic linear lookup. Duplicates are allowed, but are moved to the end of the list. The signal number corresponding to "sig_name[i]" is "sig_number[i]". if (i < "NSIG") then "sig_number[i]" == i. The last element is 0, corresponding to the 0 at the end of the "sig_name_init" list. Note that this variable is initialized from the "sig_num_init", not from "sig_num" (which is unused).
int Sigsetjmp(jmp_buf env, int savesigs)
They differ only in the source of the signal name:
"whichsig_pv" takes the name from the "NUL"-terminated string starting at "sig".
"whichsig" is merely a different spelling, a synonym, of "whichsig_pv".
"whichsig_pvn" takes the name from the string starting at "sig", with length "len" bytes.
"whichsig_sv" takes the name from the PV stored in the SV "sigsv".
I32 whichsig (const char* sig) I32 whichsig_pv (const char* sig) I32 whichsig_pvn(const char* sig, STRLEN len) I32 whichsig_sv (SV* sigsv)
These variables give details as to where various libraries, installation destinations, etc., go, as well as what various installation options were selected
MakeMaker Makefile.PL INSTALLDIRS=vendor
or equivalent. See "INSTALL" for details.
MakeMaker Makefile.PL
or equivalent. See "INSTALL" for details.
MakeMaker Makefile.PL
or equivalent. See "INSTALL" for details.
#ifdef I_SOCKS
#include <socks.h>
#endif
#ifdef I_SYS_SOCKIO
#include <sys_sockio.h>
#endif
SV* filter_add(filter_t funcp, SV* datasv)
void filter_del(filter_t funcp)
I32 filter_read(int idx, SV *buf_sv, int maxlen)
Function must be called like
sv = sv_2mortal(newSV(5)); s = scan_vstring(s,e,sv);
where s and e are the start and end of the string. The sv should already be large enough to store the vstring passed in, for performance reasons.
This function may croak if fatal warnings are enabled in the calling scope, hence the sv_2mortal in the example (to prevent a leak). Make sure to do SvREFCNT_inc afterwards if you use sv_2mortal.
char* scan_vstring(const char *s, const char *const e, SV *sv)
dMARK;
dORIGMARK;
dSP;
dTARGET;
void EXTEND(SP, SSize_t nitems)
void mPUSHi(IV iv)
void mPUSHn(NV nv)
void mPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
void mPUSHs(SV* sv)
void mPUSHu(UV uv)
void mXPUSHi(IV iv)
void mXPUSHn(NV nv)
void mXPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
void mXPUSHs(SV* sv)
void mXPUSHu(UV uv)
IV POPi
long POPl
NV POPn
char* POPp
char* POPpbytex
char* POPpx
SV* POPs
UV POPu
long POPul
void PUSHi(IV iv)
void PUSHMARK(SP)
void PUSHmortal
void PUSHn(NV nv)
void PUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
void PUSHs(SV* sv)
void PUSHu(UV uv)
PUTBACK;
SPAGAIN;
The forms differ in that plain "SSNEW" allocates "size" bytes; "SSNEWt" and "SSNEWat" allocate "size" objects, each of which is type "type"; and <SSNEWa> and "SSNEWat" make sure to align the new data to an "align" boundary. The most useful value for the alignment is likely to be ""MEM_ALIGNBYTES"". The alignment will be preserved through savestack reallocation only if realloc returns data aligned to a size divisible by "align"!
I32 SSNEW (Size_t size) I32 SSNEWa (Size_t_size, Size_t align) I32 SSNEWt (Size_t size, type) I32 SSNEWat(Size_t_size, type, Size_t align)
The difference is that "SSPTR" casts the result to "type", and "SSPTRt" casts it to a pointer of that "type".
type SSPTR (I32 index, type) type * SSPTRt(I32 index, type)
TARG;
void XPUSHi(IV iv)
void XPUSHmortal
void XPUSHn(NV nv)
void XPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
void XPUSHs(SV* sv)
void XPUSHu(UV uv)
XS_APIVERSION_BOOTCHECK;
void XSRETURN(int nitems)
XSRETURN_EMPTY;
void XSRETURN_IV(IV iv)
XSRETURN_NO;
void XSRETURN_NV(NV nv)
void XSRETURN_PV(char* str)
XSRETURN_UNDEF;
void XSRETURN_UV(IV uv)
XSRETURN_YES;
void XST_mIV(int pos, IV iv)
void XST_mNO(int pos)
void XST_mNV(int pos, NV nv)
void XST_mPV(int pos, char* str)
void XST_mUNDEF(int pos)
void XST_mUV(int pos, UV uv)
void XST_mYES(int pos)
XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK;
See also "Unicode Support".
token CAT2(token x, token y)
"CopyD" is like "Copy" but returns "dest". Useful for encouraging compilers to tail-call optimise.
void Copy (void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type) void * CopyD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
The number of bytes copied is written to *retlen.
Returns the position of the first uncopied "delim" in the "from" buffer, but if there is no such occurrence before "from_end", then "from_end" is returned, and the entire buffer "from" .. "from_end" - 1 is copied.
If there is room in the destination available after the copy, an extra terminating safety "NUL" byte is appended (not included in the returned length).
The error case is if the destination buffer is not large enough to accommodate everything that should be copied. In this situation, a value larger than "to_end" - "to" is written to *retlen, and as much of the source as fits will be written to the destination. Not having room for the safety "NUL" is not considered an error.
In the following examples, let "x" be the delimiter, and 0 represent a "NUL" byte (NOT the digit 0). Then we would have
Source Destination
abcxdef abc0
provided the destination buffer is at least 4 bytes long.
An escaped delimiter is one which is immediately preceded by a single backslash. Escaped delimiters are copied, and the copy continues past the delimiter; the backslash is not copied:
Source Destination
abc\xdef abcxdef0
(provided the destination buffer is at least 8 bytes long).
It's actually somewhat more complicated than that. A sequence of any odd number of backslashes escapes the following delimiter, and the copy continues with exactly one of the backslashes stripped.
Source Destination
abc\xdef abcxdef0
abc\\\xdef abc\\xdef0
abc\\\\\xdef abc\\\\xdef0
(as always, if the destination is large enough)
An even number of preceding backslashes does not escape the delimiter, so that the copy stops just before it, and includes all the backslashes (no stripping; zero is considered even):
Source Destination
abcxdef abc0
abc\\xdef abc\\0
abc\\\\xdef abc\\\\0
char* delimcpy(char* to, const char* to_end, const char* from,
const char* from_end, const int delim,
I32* retlen)
The elements to join are in SVs, stored in a C array of pointers to SVs, from **mark to "**sp - 1". Hence *mark is a reference to the first SV. Each SV will be coerced into a PV if not one already.
"delim" contains the string (or coerced into a string) that is to separate each of the joined elements.
If any component is in UTF-8, the result will be as well, and all non-UTF-8 components will be converted to UTF-8 as necessary.
Magic and tainting are handled.
void do_join(SV *sv, SV *delim, SV **mark, SV **sp)
The elements to format are in SVs, stored in a C array of pointers to SVs of length "len"> and beginning at **sarg. The element referenced by *sarg is the format.
Magic and tainting are handled.
void do_sprintf(SV* sv, SSize_t len, SV** sarg)
void fbm_compile(SV* sv, U32 flags)
char* fbm_instr(unsigned char* big, unsigned char* bigend,
SV* littlestr, U32 flags)
I32 foldEQ(const char* a, const char* b, I32 len)
I32 ibcmp(const char* a, const char* b, I32 len)
I32 ibcmp_locale(const char* a, const char* b, I32 len)
I32 ibcmp_utf8(const char *s1, char **pe1, UV l1, bool u1,
const char *s2, char **pe2, UV l2, bool u2)
char* instr(const char* big, const char* little)
bool memCHRs("list", char c)
bool memEQ(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
bool memEQs(char* s1, STRLEN l1, "s2")
bool memNE(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
bool memNEs(char* s1, STRLEN l1, "s2")
"MoveD" is like "Move" but returns "dest". Useful for encouraging compilers to tail-call optimise.
void Move (void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type) void * MoveD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
int my_snprintf(char *buffer, const Size_t len,
const char *format, ...)
Do NOT use this due to the possibility of overflowing "buffer". Instead use my_snprintf()
int my_sprintf(NN char *buffer, NN const char *pat, ...)
"my_strlcat()" appends string "src" to the end of "dst". It will append at most "size - strlen(dst) - 1" characters. It will then "NUL"-terminate, unless "size" is 0 or the original "dst" string was longer than "size" (in practice this should not happen as it means that either "size" is incorrect or that "dst" is not a proper "NUL"-terminated string).
Note that "size" is the full size of the destination buffer and the result is guaranteed to be "NUL"-terminated if there is room. Note that room for the "NUL" should be included in "size".
The return value is the total length that "dst" would have if "size" is sufficiently large. Thus it is the initial length of "dst" plus the length of "src". If "size" is smaller than the return, the excess was not appended.
Size_t my_strlcat(char *dst, const char *src, Size_t size)
"my_strlcpy()" copies up to "size - 1" characters from the string "src" to "dst", "NUL"-terminating the result if "size" is not 0.
The return value is the total length "src" would be if the copy completely succeeded. If it is larger than "size", the excess was not copied.
Size_t my_strlcpy(char *dst, const char *src, Size_t size)
"my_strnlen()" computes the length of the string, up to "maxlen" characters. It will never attempt to address more than "maxlen" characters, making it suitable for use with strings that are not guaranteed to be NUL-terminated.
Size_t my_strnlen(const char *str, Size_t maxlen)
int my_vsnprintf(char *buffer, const Size_t len,
const char *format, va_list ap)
Another way of thinking about this function is finding a needle in a haystack. "big" points to the first byte in the haystack. "big_end" points to one byte beyond the final byte in the haystack. "little" points to the first byte in the needle. "little_end" points to one byte beyond the final byte in the needle. All the parameters must be non-"NULL".
The function returns "NULL" if there is no occurrence of "little" within "big". If "little" is the empty string, "big" is returned.
Because this function operates at the byte level, and because of the inherent characteristics of UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC), it will work properly if both the needle and the haystack are strings with the same UTF-8ness, but not if the UTF-8ness differs.
char* ninstr(const char* big, const char* bigend,
const char* little, const char* lend)
It is is typically used with "SvPV" when one is actually planning to discard the returned length, (hence the length is "Not Applicable", which is how this variable got its name).
It is usually more efficient to either declare a local variable and use that instead, or to use the "SvPV_nolen" macro.
STRLEN PL_na
char* rninstr(const char* big, const char* bigend,
const char* little, const char* lend)
On some platforms, Windows for example, all allocated memory owned by a thread is deallocated when that thread ends. So if you need that not to happen, you need to use the shared memory functions, such as "savesharedpv".
char* savepv(const char* pv)
On some platforms, Windows for example, all allocated memory owned by a thread is deallocated when that thread ends. So if you need that not to happen, you need to use the shared memory functions, such as "savesharedpvn".
char* savepvn(const char* pv, Size_t len)
char* savepvs("literal string")
char* savesharedpv(const char* pv)
char* savesharedpvn(const char *const pv, const STRLEN len)
char* savesharedpvs("literal string")
char* savesharedsvpv(SV *sv)
On some platforms, Windows for example, all allocated memory owned by a thread is deallocated when that thread ends. So if you need that not to happen, you need to use the shared memory functions, such as "savesharedsvpv".
char* savesvpv(SV* sv)
bool strEQ(char* s1, char* s2)
bool strGE(char* s1, char* s2)
bool strGT(char* s1, char* s2)
string STRINGIFY(token x)
bool strLE(char* s1, char* s2)
bool strLT(char* s1, char* s2)
bool strNE(char* s1, char* s2)
bool strnEQ(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
bool strnNE(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
pair STR_WITH_LEN("literal string")
"ZeroD" is like "Zero" but returns "dest". Useful for encouraging compilers to tail-call optimise.
void Zero (void* dest, int nitems, type) void * ZeroD(void* dest, int nitems, type)
The types are:
SVt_NULL
SVt_IV
SVt_NV
SVt_RV
SVt_PV
SVt_PVIV
SVt_PVNV
SVt_PVMG
SVt_INVLIST
SVt_REGEXP
SVt_PVGV
SVt_PVLV
SVt_PVAV
SVt_PVHV
SVt_PVCV
SVt_PVFM
SVt_PVIO
These are most easily explained from the bottom up.
"SVt_PVIO" is for I/O objects, "SVt_PVFM" for formats, "SVt_PVCV" for subroutines, "SVt_PVHV" for hashes and "SVt_PVAV" for arrays.
All the others are scalar types, that is, things that can be bound to a "$" variable. For these, the internal types are mostly orthogonal to types in the Perl language.
Hence, checking "SvTYPE(sv) < SVt_PVAV" is the best way to see whether something is a scalar.
"SVt_PVGV" represents a typeglob. If "!SvFAKE(sv)", then it is a real, incoercible typeglob. If "SvFAKE(sv)", then it is a scalar to which a typeglob has been assigned. Assigning to it again will stop it from being a typeglob. "SVt_PVLV" represents a scalar that delegates to another scalar behind the scenes. It is used, e.g., for the return value of "substr" and for tied hash and array elements. It can hold any scalar value, including a typeglob. "SVt_REGEXP" is for regular expressions. "SVt_INVLIST" is for Perl core internal use only.
"SVt_PVMG" represents a "normal" scalar (not a typeglob, regular expression, or delegate). Since most scalars do not need all the internal fields of a PVMG, we save memory by allocating smaller structs when possible. All the other types are just simpler forms of "SVt_PVMG", with fewer internal fields. "SVt_NULL" can only hold undef. "SVt_IV" can hold undef, an integer, or a reference. ("SVt_RV" is an alias for "SVt_IV", which exists for backward compatibility.) "SVt_NV" can hold any of those or a double. "SVt_PV" can only hold "undef" or a string. "SVt_PVIV" is a superset of "SVt_PV" and "SVt_IV". "SVt_PVNV" is similar. "SVt_PVMG" can hold anything "SVt_PVNV" can hold, but it can, but does not have to, be blessed or magical.
See also "PL_sv_yes" and "PL_sv_no".
SV * boolSV(bool b)
croak_xs_usage(cv, "eee_yow");
works out the package name and subroutine name from "cv", and then calls "croak()". Hence if "cv" is &ouch::awk, it would call "croak" as:
Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Usage: %" SVf "::%" SVf "(%s)", "ouch" "awk",
"eee_yow");
void croak_xs_usage(const CV *const cv, const char *const params)
SV * DEFSV
void DEFSV_set(SV * sv)
NOTE: the "perl_get_sv()" form is deprecated.
SV* get_sv(const char *name, I32 flags)
bool isGV_with_GP(SV * sv)
I32 looks_like_number(SV *const sv)
const SV *sv = ...;
AV *av1 = (AV*)sv; <== BAD: the const has been silently
cast away
AV *av2 = MUTABLE_AV(sv); <== GOOD: it may warn
"MUTABLE_PTR" is the base macro used to derive new casts. The other already-built-in ones return pointers to what their names indicate.
void * MUTABLE_PTR(void * p) AV * MUTABLE_AV (AV * p) CV * MUTABLE_CV (CV * p) GV * MUTABLE_GV (GV * p) HV * MUTABLE_HV (HV * p) IO * MUTABLE_IO (IO * p) SV * MUTABLE_SV (SV * p)
SV* newRV(SV *const sv)
SV* newRV_noinc(SV *const tmpRef)
In 5.9.3, "newSV()" replaces the older "NEWSV()" API, and drops the first parameter, x, a debug aid which allowed callers to identify themselves. This aid has been superseded by a new build option, "PERL_MEM_LOG" (see "PERL_MEM_LOG" in perlhacktips). The older API is still there for use in XS modules supporting older perls.
SV* newSV(const STRLEN len)
SV* newSVhek(const HEK *const hek)
SV* newSViv(const IV i)
SV* newSVnv(const NV n)
Creates a new SV containing the pad name.
SV* newSVpadname(PADNAME *pn)
This function can cause reliability issues if you are likely to pass in empty strings that are not null terminated, because it will run strlen on the string and potentially run past valid memory.
Using "newSVpvn" is a safer alternative for non "NUL" terminated strings. For string literals use "newSVpvs" instead. This function will work fine for "NUL" terminated strings, but if you want to avoid the if statement on whether to call "strlen" use "newSVpvn" instead (calling "strlen" yourself).
SV* newSVpv(const char *const s, const STRLEN len)
NOTE: "newSVpvf" must be explicitly called as "Perl_newSVpvf" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
SV* Perl_newSVpvf(pTHX_ const char *const pat, ...)
SV* newSVpvf_nocontext(const char *const pat, ...)
SV* newSVpvn(const char *const buffer, const STRLEN len)
#define newSVpvn_utf8(s, len, u) \
newSVpvn_flags((s), (len), (u) ? SVf_UTF8 : 0)
SV* newSVpvn_flags(const char *const s, const STRLEN len,
const U32 flags)
SV* newSVpvn_share(const char* s, I32 len, U32 hash)
SV* newSVpvn_utf8(const char* s, STRLEN len, U32 utf8)
SV* newSVpvs("literal string")
SV* newSVpvs_flags("literal string", U32 flags)
SV* newSVpv_share(const char* s, U32 hash)
SV* newSVpvs_share("literal string")
SV* newSVrv(SV *const rv, const char *const classname)
They differ only in that "newSVsv" performs 'get' magic; "newSVsv_nomg" skips any magic; and "newSVsv_flags" allows you to explicitly set a "flags" parameter.
SV* newSVsv (SV *const old) SV* newSVsv_nomg (SV *const old) SV* newSVsv_flags(SV *const old, I32 flags)
SV* newSV_type(const svtype type)
This is equivalent to
SV* sv = sv_2mortal(newSV_type(<some type>)) and
SV* sv = sv_newmortal();
sv_upgrade(sv, <some_type>) but should be more efficient than both
of them. (Unless sv_2mortal is inlined at some point in the future.)
SV* newSV_type_mortal(const svtype type)
SV* newSVuv(const UV u)
SV PL_sv_no
SV PL_sv_undef
SV PL_sv_yes
SV PL_sv_zero
void SAVE_DEFSV
Currently this always uses mergesort. See "sortsv_flags" for a more flexible routine.
void sortsv(SV** array, size_t num_elts, SVCOMPARE_t cmp)
void sortsv_flags(SV** array, size_t num_elts, SVCOMPARE_t cmp,
U32 flags)
CV* sv_2cv(SV* sv, HV **const st, GV **const gvp, const I32 lref)
'Get' magic is ignored on the "sv" passed in, but will be called on "SvRV(sv)" if "sv" is an RV.
IO* sv_2io(SV *const sv)
IV sv_2iv_flags(SV *const sv, const I32 flags)
SV* sv_2mortal(SV *const sv)
NV sv_2nv_flags(SV *const sv, const I32 flags)
These return a pointer to the string value of an SV (coercing it to a string if necessary), and set *lp to its length in bytes.
The forms differ in that plain "sv_2pvbyte" always processes 'get' magic; and "sv_2pvbyte_flags" processes 'get' magic if and only if "flags" contains "SV_GMAGIC".
char* sv_2pv (SV *sv, STRLEN *lp)
char* sv_2pv_flags(SV *const sv, STRLEN *const lp,
const U32 flags)
These return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the SV, and set *lp to its length. If the SV is marked as being encoded as UTF-8, it will be downgraded, if possible, to a byte string. If the SV cannot be downgraded, they croak.
The forms differ in that plain "sv_2pvbyte" always processes 'get' magic; and "sv_2pvbyte_flags" processes 'get' magic if and only if "flags" contains "SV_GMAGIC".
char* sv_2pvbyte (SV *sv, STRLEN *const lp) char* sv_2pvbyte_flags(SV *sv, STRLEN *const lp, const U32 flags)
These return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the SV, and set *lp to its length in bytes. They may cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as a side-effect.
The forms differ in that plain "sv_2pvutf8" always processes 'get' magic; and "sv_2pvutf8_flags" processes 'get' magic if and only if "flags" contains "SV_GMAGIC".
char* sv_2pvutf8 (SV *sv, STRLEN *const lp) char* sv_2pvutf8_flags(SV *sv, STRLEN *const lp, const U32 flags)
UV sv_2uv_flags(SV *const sv, const I32 flags)
bool SvAMAGIC(SV * sv)
void sv_backoff(SV *const sv)
SV* sv_bless(SV *const sv, HV *const stash)
They differ only in how they handle magic:
"sv_catpv_mg" performs both 'get' and 'set' magic.
"sv_catpv" performs only 'get' magic.
"sv_catpv_nomg" skips all magic.
"sv_catpv_flags" has an extra "flags" parameter which allows you to specify any combination of magic handling (using "SV_GMAGIC" and/or "SV_SMAGIC"), and to also override the UTF-8 handling. By supplying the "SV_CATUTF8" flag, the appended string is forced to be interpreted as UTF-8; by supplying instead the "SV_CATBYTES" flag, it will be interpreted as just bytes. Either the SV or the string appended will be upgraded to UTF-8 if necessary.
void sv_catpv (SV *const dsv, const char* sstr) void sv_catpv_flags(SV *dsv, const char *sstr, const I32 flags) void sv_catpv_mg (SV *const dsv, const char *const sstr) void sv_catpv_nomg (SV *const dsv, const char* sstr)
If the appended data contains "wide" characters (including, but not limited to, SVs with a UTF-8 PV formatted with %s, and characters >255 formatted with %c), the original SV might get upgraded to UTF-8.
If the original SV was UTF-8, the pattern should be valid UTF-8; if the original SV was bytes, the pattern should be too.
All perform 'get' magic, but only "sv_catpvf_mg" and "sv_catpvf_mg_nocontext" perform 'set' magic.
"sv_catpvf_nocontext" and "sv_catpvf_mg_nocontext" do not take a thread context ("aTHX") parameter, so are used in situations where the caller doesn't already have the thread context.
NOTE: "sv_catpvf" must be explicitly called as "Perl_sv_catpvf" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
NOTE: "sv_catpvf_mg" must be explicitly called as "Perl_sv_catpvf_mg" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
void Perl_sv_catpvf (pTHX_ SV *const sv,
const char *const pat, ...)
void sv_catpvf_nocontext (SV *const sv, const char *const pat,
...)
void Perl_sv_catpvf_mg (pTHX_ SV *const sv,
const char *const pat, ...)
void sv_catpvf_mg_nocontext(SV *const sv, const char *const pat,
...)
For all but "sv_catpvn_flags", the string appended is assumed to be valid UTF-8 if the SV has the UTF-8 status set, and a string of bytes otherwise.
They differ in that:
"sv_catpvn_mg" performs both 'get' and 'set' magic on "dsv".
"sv_catpvn" performs only 'get' magic.
"sv_catpvn_nomg" skips all magic.
"sv_catpvn_flags" has an extra "flags" parameter which allows you to specify any combination of magic handling (using "SV_GMAGIC" and/or "SV_SMAGIC") and to also override the UTF-8 handling. By supplying the "SV_CATBYTES" flag, the appended string is interpreted as plain bytes; by supplying instead the "SV_CATUTF8" flag, it will be interpreted as UTF-8, and the "dsv" will be upgraded to UTF-8 if necessary.
"sv_catpvn", "sv_catpvn_mg", and "sv_catpvn_nomg" are implemented in terms of "sv_catpvn_flags".
void sv_catpvn (SV *dsv, const char *sstr, STRLEN len)
void sv_catpvn_flags(SV *const dsv, const char *sstr,
const STRLEN len, const I32 flags)
void sv_catpvn_mg (SV *dsv, const char *sstr, STRLEN len)
void sv_catpvn_nomg (SV *dsv, const char *sstr, STRLEN len)
void sv_catpvs(SV* sv, "literal string")
void sv_catpvs_flags(SV* sv, "literal string", I32 flags)
void sv_catpvs_mg(SV* sv, "literal string")
void sv_catpvs_nomg(SV* sv, "literal string")
They differ only in what magic they perform:
"sv_catsv_mg" performs 'get' magic on both SVs before the copy, and 'set' magic on "dsv" afterwards.
"sv_catsv" performs just 'get' magic, on both SVs.
"sv_catsv_nomg" skips all magic.
"sv_catsv_flags" has an extra "flags" parameter which allows you to use "SV_GMAGIC" and/or "SV_SMAGIC" to specify any combination of magic handling (although either both or neither SV will have 'get' magic applied to it.)
"sv_catsv", "sv_catsv_mg", and "sv_catsv_nomg" are implemented in terms of "sv_catsv_flags".
void sv_catsv (SV *dsv, SV *sstr)
void sv_catsv_flags(SV *const dsv, SV *const sstr,
const I32 flags)
void sv_catsv_mg (SV *dsv, SV *sstr)
void sv_catsv_nomg (SV *dsv, SV *sstr)
Beware: after this function returns, "ptr" and SvPVX_const(sv) may no longer refer to the same chunk of data.
The unfortunate similarity of this function's name to that of Perl's "chop" operator is strictly coincidental. This function works from the left; "chop" works from the right.
void sv_chop(SV *const sv, const char *const ptr)
void sv_clear(SV *const orig_sv)
I32 sv_cmp(SV *const sv1, SV *const sv2)
I32 sv_cmp_flags(SV *const sv1, SV *const sv2, const U32 flags)
I32 sv_cmp_locale(SV *const sv1, SV *const sv2)
I32 sv_cmp_locale_flags(SV *const sv1, SV *const sv2,
const U32 flags)
char* sv_collxfrm(SV *const sv, STRLEN *const nxp)
Any scalar variable may carry "PERL_MAGIC_collxfrm" magic that contains the scalar data of the variable, but transformed to such a format that a normal memory comparison can be used to compare the data according to the locale settings.
char* sv_collxfrm_flags(SV *const sv, STRLEN *const nxp,
I32 const flags)
The three forms differ only in whether or not they perform 'get magic' on "sv". "sv_copypv_nomg" skips 'get magic'; "sv_copypv" performs it; and "sv_copypv_flags" either performs it (if the "SV_GMAGIC" bit is set in "flags") or doesn't (if that bit is cleared).
void sv_copypv (SV *const dsv, SV *const ssv)
void sv_copypv_nomg (SV *const dsv, SV *const ssv)
void sv_copypv_flags(SV *const dsv, SV *const ssv,
const I32 flags)
STRLEN SvCUR(SV* sv)
void SvCUR_set(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
They differ only in that:
"sv_dec" handles 'get' magic; "sv_dec_nomg" skips 'get' magic.
void sv_dec(SV *const sv)
bool sv_derived_from(SV* sv, const char *const name)
bool sv_derived_from_pv(SV* sv, const char *const name,
U32 flags)
Currently, the only significant value for "flags" is SVf_UTF8.
bool sv_derived_from_pvn(SV* sv, const char *const name,
const STRLEN len, U32 flags)
bool sv_derived_from_sv(SV* sv, SV *namesv, U32 flags)
bool sv_does(SV* sv, const char *const name)
bool sv_does_pv(SV* sv, const char *const name, U32 flags)
bool sv_does_pvn(SV* sv, const char *const name,
const STRLEN len, U32 flags)
bool sv_does_sv(SV* sv, SV* namesv, U32 flags)
Warning: If "SvCUR" is equal to "SvLEN", then "SvEND" points to unallocated memory.
char* SvEND(SV* sv)
This function does not handle operator overloading. For a version that does, see instead "sv_streq".
I32 sv_eq(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
This function does not handle operator overloading. For a version that does, see instead "sv_streq_flags".
I32 sv_eq_flags(SV* sv1, SV* sv2, const U32 flags)
void sv_force_normal(SV *sv)
This function is expected to be used to signal to perl that this SV is about to be written to, and any extra book-keeping needs to be taken care of. Hence, it croaks on read-only values.
void sv_force_normal_flags(SV *const sv, const U32 flags)
void sv_free(SV *const sv)
U32 SvGAMAGIC(SV* sv)
void SvGETMAGIC(SV* sv)
char* sv_gets(SV *const sv, PerlIO *const fp, I32 append)
If "sv" is the target of a weak reference then it returns the back references structure associated with the sv; otherwise return "NULL".
When returning a non-null result the type of the return is relevant. If it is an AV then the elements of the AV are the weak reference RVs which point at this item. If it is any other type then the item itself is the weak reference.
See also "Perl_sv_add_backref()", "Perl_sv_del_backref()", "Perl_sv_kill_backrefs()"
SV* sv_get_backrefs(SV *const sv)
You might mistakenly think that "len" is the number of bytes to add to the existing size, but instead it is the total size "sv" should be.
char * SvGROW(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
They differ only in that "sv_inc" performs 'get' magic; "sv_inc_nomg" skips any magic.
void sv_inc(SV *const sv)
void sv_insert(SV *const bigstr, const STRLEN offset,
const STRLEN len, const char *const little,
const STRLEN littlelen)
void sv_insert_flags(SV *const bigstr, const STRLEN offset,
const STRLEN len, const char *little,
const STRLEN littlelen, const U32 flags)
U32 SvIOK(SV* sv)
bool SvIOK_notUV(SV* sv)
void SvIOK_off(SV* sv)
void SvIOK_on(SV* sv)
void SvIOK_only(SV* sv)
void SvIOK_only_UV(SV* sv)
U32 SvIOKp(SV* sv)
bool SvIOK_UV(SV* sv)
This does not check for subtypes or method overloading. Use "sv_isa_sv" to verify an inheritance relationship in the same way as the "isa" operator by respecting any "isa()" method overloading; or "sv_derived_from_sv" to test directly on the actual object type.
int sv_isa(SV* sv, const char *const name)
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is an object reference and is derived from the specified class, respecting any "isa()" method overloading it may have. Returns false if "sv" is not a reference to an object, or is not derived from the specified class.
This is the function used to implement the behaviour of the "isa" operator.
Does not invoke magic on "sv".
Not to be confused with the older "sv_isa" function, which does not use an overloaded "isa()" method, nor will check subclassing.
bool sv_isa_sv(SV* sv, SV* namesv)
bool SvIsBOOL(SV* sv)
U32 SvIsCOW(SV* sv)
bool SvIsCOW_shared_hash(SV* sv)
int sv_isobject(SV* sv)
"SvIVx" is different from the others in that it is guaranteed to evaluate "sv" exactly once; the others may evaluate it multiple times. Only use this form if "sv" is an expression with side effects, otherwise use the more efficient "SvIV".
"SvIV_nomg" is the same as "SvIV", but does not perform 'get' magic.
IV SvIV(SV* sv)
void SvIV_set(SV* sv, IV val)
IV SvIVX(SV* sv)
STRLEN SvLEN(SV* sv)
STRLEN sv_len(SV *const sv)
void SvLEN_set(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
STRLEN sv_len_utf8(SV *const sv)
void SvLOCK(SV* sv)
See "sv_magicext" (which "sv_magic" now calls) for a description of the handling of the "name" and "namlen" arguments.
You need to use "sv_magicext" to add magic to "SvREADONLY" SVs and also to add more than one instance of the same "how".
void sv_magic(SV *const sv, SV *const obj, const int how,
const char *const name, const I32 namlen)
Note that "sv_magicext" will allow things that "sv_magic" will not. In particular, you can add magic to "SvREADONLY" SVs, and add more than one instance of the same "how".
If "namlen" is greater than zero then a "savepvn" copy of "name" is stored, if "namlen" is zero then "name" is stored as-is and - as another special case - if "(name && namlen == HEf_SVKEY)" then "name" is assumed to contain an SV* and is stored as-is with its "REFCNT" incremented.
(This is now used as a subroutine by "sv_magic".)
MAGIC * sv_magicext(SV *const sv, SV *const obj, const int how,
const MGVTBL *const vtbl,
const char *const name, const I32 namlen)
void SvMAGIC_set(SV* sv, MAGIC* val)
SV* sv_mortalcopy(SV *const oldsv)
SV* sv_mortalcopy_flags(SV *const oldsv, U32 flags)
SV* sv_newmortal()
U32 SvNIOK(SV* sv)
void SvNIOK_off(SV* sv)
U32 SvNIOKp(SV* sv)
U32 SvNOK(SV* sv)
void SvNOK_off(SV* sv)
void SvNOK_on(SV* sv)
void SvNOK_only(SV* sv)
U32 SvNOKp(SV* sv)
Dummy routine which "locks" an SV when there is no locking module present. Exists to avoid test for a "NULL" function pointer and because it could potentially warn under some level of strict-ness.
"Superseded" by "sv_nosharing()".
void sv_nolocking(SV *sv)
Dummy routine which "unlocks" an SV when there is no locking module present. Exists to avoid test for a "NULL" function pointer and because it could potentially warn under some level of strict-ness.
"Superseded" by "sv_nosharing()".
void sv_nounlocking(SV *sv)
bool sv_numeq(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
If flags does not have the "SV_SKIP_OVERLOAD" bit set, an attempt to use "==" overloading will be made. If such overloading does not exist or the flag is set, then regular numerical comparison will be used instead.
bool sv_numeq_flags(SV* sv1, SV* sv2, const U32 flags)
"SvNVx" is different from the others in that it is guaranteed to evaluate "sv" exactly once; the others may evaluate it multiple times. Only use this form if "sv" is an expression with side effects, otherwise use the more efficient "SvNV".
"SvNV_nomg" is the same as "SvNV", but does not perform 'get' magic.
NV SvNV(SV* sv)
void SvNV_set(SV* sv, NV val)
NV SvNVX(SV* sv)
U32 SvOK(SV* sv)
U32 SvOOK(SV* sv)
void SvOOK_off(SV * sv)
void SvOOK_offset(SV*sv, STRLEN len)
U32 SvPOK(SV* sv)
void SvPOK_off(SV* sv)
void SvPOK_on(SV* sv)
void SvPOK_only(SV* sv)
void SvPOK_only_UTF8(SV* sv)
U32 SvPOKp(SV* sv)
Use "sv_pos_b2u_flags" in preference, which correctly handles strings longer than 2Gb.
void sv_pos_b2u(SV *const sv, I32 *const offsetp)
STRLEN sv_pos_b2u_flags(SV *const sv, STRLEN const offset,
U32 flags)
Use "sv_pos_u2b_flags" in preference, which correctly handles strings longer than 2Gb.
void sv_pos_u2b(SV *const sv, I32 *const offsetp,
I32 *const lenp)
STRLEN sv_pos_u2b_flags(SV *const sv, STRLEN uoffset,
STRLEN *const lenp, U32 flags)
This is a very basic and common operation, so there are lots of slightly different versions of it.
Note that there is no guarantee that the return value of "SvPV(sv)", for example, is equal to "SvPVX(sv)", or that "SvPVX(sv)" contains valid data, or that successive calls to "SvPV(sv)" (or another of these forms) will return the same pointer value each time. This is due to the way that things like overloading and Copy-On-Write are handled. In these cases, the return value may point to a temporary buffer or similar. If you absolutely need the "SvPVX" field to be valid (for example, if you intend to write to it), then see "SvPV_force".
The differences between the forms are:
The forms with neither "byte" nor "utf8" in their names (e.g., "SvPV" or "SvPV_nolen") can expose the SV's internal string buffer. If that buffer consists entirely of bytes 0-255 and includes any bytes above 127, then you MUST consult "SvUTF8" to determine the actual code points the string is meant to contain. Generally speaking, it is probably safer to prefer "SvPVbyte", "SvPVutf8", and the like. See "How do I pass a Perl string to a C library?" in perlguts for more details.
The forms with "flags" in their names allow you to use the "flags" parameter to specify to process 'get' magic (by setting the "SV_GMAGIC" flag) or to skip 'get' magic (by clearing it). The other forms process 'get' magic, except for the ones with "nomg" in their names, which skip 'get' magic.
The forms that take a "len" parameter will set that variable to the byte length of the resultant string (these are macros, so don't use &len).
The forms with "nolen" in their names indicate they don't have a "len" parameter. They should be used only when it is known that the PV is a C string, terminated by a NUL byte, and without intermediate NUL characters; or when you don't care about its length.
The forms with "const" in their names return "const char *" so that the compiler will hopefully complain if you were to try to modify the contents of the string (unless you cast away const yourself).
The other forms return a mutable pointer so that the string is modifiable by the caller; this is emphasized for the ones with "mutable" in their names.
The forms whose name ends in "x" are the same as the corresponding form without the "x", but the "x" form is guaranteed to evaluate "sv" exactly once, with a slight loss of efficiency. Use this if "sv" is an expression with side effects.
"SvPVutf8" is like "SvPV", but converts "sv" to UTF-8 first if not already UTF-8. Similiarly, the other forms with "utf8" in their names correspond to their respective forms without.
"SvPVutf8_or_null" and "SvPVutf8_or_null_nomg" don't have corresponding non-"utf8" forms. Instead they are like "SvPVutf8_nomg", but when "sv" is undef, they return "NULL".
"SvPVbyte" is like "SvPV", but converts "sv" to byte representation first if currently encoded as UTF-8. If "sv" cannot be downgraded from UTF-8, it croaks. Similiarly, the other forms with "byte" in their names correspond to their respective forms without.
"SvPVbyte_or_null" doesn't have a corresponding non-"byte" form. Instead it is like "SvPVbyte", but when "sv" is undef, it returns "NULL".
char* SvPV (SV* sv, STRLEN len)
char* SvPVx (SV* sv, STRLEN len)
char* SvPV_nomg (SV* sv, STRLEN len)
char* SvPV_nolen (SV* sv)
char* SvPVx_nolen (SV* sv)
char* SvPV_nomg_nolen (SV* sv)
char* SvPV_mutable (SV* sv, STRLEN len)
const char* SvPV_const (SV* sv, STRLEN len)
const char* SvPVx_const (SV* sv, STRLEN len)
const char* SvPV_nolen_const (SV* sv)
const char* SvPVx_nolen_const (SV* sv)
const char* SvPV_nomg_const (SV* sv, STRLEN len)
const char* SvPV_nomg_const_nolen(SV* sv)
char * SvPV_flags (SV * sv, STRLEN len,
U32 flags)
const char * SvPV_flags_const (SV * sv, STRLEN len,
U32 flags)
char * SvPV_flags_mutable (SV * sv, STRLEN len,
U32 flags)
char* SvPVbyte (SV* sv, STRLEN len)
char* SvPVbyte_nomg (SV* sv, STRLEN len)
char* SvPVbyte_nolen (SV* sv)
char* SvPVbytex_nolen (SV* sv)
char* SvPVbytex (SV* sv, STRLEN len)
char* SvPVbyte_or_null (SV* sv, STRLEN len)
char* SvPVbyte_or_null_nomg(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
char* SvPVutf8 (SV* sv, STRLEN len)
char* SvPVutf8x (SV* sv, STRLEN len)
char* SvPVutf8_nomg (SV* sv, STRLEN len)
char* SvPVutf8_nolen (SV* sv)
char* SvPVutf8_or_null (SV* sv, STRLEN len)
char* SvPVutf8_or_null_nomg(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
char * SvPVCLEAR(SV* sv)
Note that coercing an arbitrary scalar into a plain PV will potentially strip useful data from it. For example if the SV was "SvROK", then the referent will have its reference count decremented, and the SV itself may be converted to an "SvPOK" scalar with a string buffer containing a value such as "ARRAY(0x1234)".
The differences between the forms are:
The forms with "flags" in their names allow you to use the "flags" parameter to specify to perform 'get' magic (by setting the "SV_GMAGIC" flag) or to skip 'get' magic (by clearing it). The other forms do perform 'get' magic, except for the ones with "nomg" in their names, which skip 'get' magic.
The forms that take a "len" parameter will set that variable to the byte length of the resultant string (these are macros, so don't use &len).
The forms with "nolen" in their names indicate they don't have a "len" parameter. They should be used only when it is known that the PV is a C string, terminated by a NUL byte, and without intermediate NUL characters; or when you don't care about its length.
The forms with "mutable" in their names are effectively the same as those without, but the name emphasizes that the string is modifiable by the caller, which it is in all the forms.
"SvPVutf8_force" is like "SvPV_force", but converts "sv" to UTF-8 first if not already UTF-8.
"SvPVutf8x_force" is like "SvPVutf8_force", but guarantees to evaluate "sv" only once; use the more efficient "SvPVutf8_force" otherwise.
"SvPVbyte_force" is like "SvPV_force", but converts "sv" to byte representation first if currently encoded as UTF-8. If the SV cannot be downgraded from UTF-8, this croaks.
"SvPVbytex_force" is like "SvPVbyte_force", but guarantees to evaluate "sv" only once; use the more efficient "SvPVbyte_force" otherwise.
char* SvPV_force (SV* sv, STRLEN len) char* SvPV_force_nolen (SV* sv) char* SvPVx_force (SV* sv, STRLEN len) char* SvPV_force_nomg (SV* sv, STRLEN len) char* SvPV_force_nomg_nolen (SV * sv) char* SvPV_force_mutable (SV * sv, STRLEN len) char* SvPV_force_flags (SV * sv, STRLEN len, U32 flags) char* SvPV_force_flags_nolen (SV * sv, U32 flags) char* SvPV_force_flags_mutable(SV * sv, STRLEN len, U32 flags) char* SvPVbyte_force (SV* sv, STRLEN len) char* SvPVbytex_force (SV* sv, STRLEN len) char* SvPVutf8_force (SV* sv, STRLEN len) char* SvPVutf8x_force (SV* sv, STRLEN len)
void SvPV_free(SV * sv)
char* sv_pvn_force_flags(SV *const sv, STRLEN *const lp,
const U32 flags)
void SvPV_renew(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
Set the value of the PV pointer in "sv" to the Perl allocated "NUL"-terminated string "val". See also "SvIV_set".
Remember to free the previous PV buffer. There are many things to check. Beware that the existing pointer may be involved in copy-on-write or other mischief, so do "SvOOK_off(sv)" and use "sv_force_normal" or "SvPV_force" (or check the "SvIsCOW" flag) first to make sure this modification is safe. Then finally, if it is not a COW, call "SvPV_free" to free the previous PV buffer.
void SvPV_set(SV* sv, char* val)
These are also used to store the name of an autoloaded subroutine in an XS AUTOLOAD routine. See "Autoloading with XSUBs" in perlguts.
"SvPVXx" is identical to "SvPVX".
"SvPVX_mutable" is merely a synonym for "SvPVX", but its name emphasizes that the string is modifiable by the caller.
"SvPVX_const" differs in that the return value has been cast so that the compiler will complain if you were to try to modify the contents of the string, (unless you cast away const yourself).
char* SvPVX (SV* sv) char* SvPVXx (SV* sv) const char* SvPVX_const (SV* sv) char* SvPVX_mutable(SV* sv)
Returns a boolean as to whether or not "sv" contains a PV that is considered TRUE. FALSE is returned if "sv" doesn't contain a PV, or if the PV it does contain is zero length, or consists of just the single character '0'. Every other PV value is considered TRUE.
bool SvPVXtrue(SV * sv)
U32 SvREADONLY(SV* sv)
U32 SvREADONLY_off(SV* sv)
U32 SvREADONLY_on(SV* sv)
dst can be a SV to be set to the description or NULL, in which case a mortal SV is returned.
If ob is true and the SV is blessed, the description is the class name, otherwise it is the type of the SV, "SCALAR", "ARRAY" etc.
SV* sv_ref(SV *dst, const SV *const sv, const int ob)
U32 SvREFCNT(SV* sv)
"SvREFCNT_dec_NN" may only be used when "sv" is known to not be "NULL".
void SvREFCNT_dec(SV *sv)
"SvREFCNT_inc" is the base operation; the rest are optimizations if various input constraints are known to be true; hence, all can be replaced with "SvREFCNT_inc".
"SvREFCNT_inc_NN" can only be used if you know "sv" is not "NULL". Since we don't have to check the NULLness, it's faster and smaller.
"SvREFCNT_inc_void" can only be used if you don't need the return value. The macro doesn't need to return a meaningful value.
"SvREFCNT_inc_void_NN" can only be used if you both don't need the return value, and you know that "sv" is not "NULL". The macro doesn't need to return a meaningful value, or check for NULLness, so it's smaller and faster.
"SvREFCNT_inc_simple" can only be used with expressions without side effects. Since we don't have to store a temporary value, it's faster.
"SvREFCNT_inc_simple_NN" can only be used with expressions without side effects and you know "sv" is not "NULL". Since we don't have to store a temporary value, nor check for NULLness, it's faster and smaller.
"SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void" can only be used with expressions without side effects and you don't need the return value.
"SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN" can only be used with expressions without side effects, you don't need the return value, and you know "sv" is not "NULL".
SV * SvREFCNT_inc (SV *sv) SV * SvREFCNT_inc_NN (SV *sv) void SvREFCNT_inc_void (SV *sv) void SvREFCNT_inc_void_NN (SV* sv) SV* SvREFCNT_inc_simple (SV* sv) SV* SvREFCNT_inc_simple_NN (SV* sv) void SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void (SV* sv) void SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(SV* sv)
If ob is true and the SV is blessed, the string is the class name, otherwise it is the type of the SV, "SCALAR", "ARRAY" etc.
const char* sv_reftype(const SV *const sv, const int ob)
void sv_replace(SV *const sv, SV *const nsv)
void sv_report_used()
void sv_reset(const char* s, HV *const stash)
U32 SvROK(SV* sv)
void SvROK_off(SV* sv)
void SvROK_on(SV* sv)
SV* SvRV(SV* sv)
void SvRV_set(SV* sv, SV* val)
SV* sv_rvunweaken(SV *const sv)
SV* sv_rvweaken(SV *const sv)
They differ only in that "sv_setbool_mg" handles 'set' magic; "sv_setbool" does not.
void sv_setbool(SV *sv, bool b)
They differ only in that "sv_setiv_mg" handles 'set' magic; "sv_setiv" does not.
void sv_setiv (SV *const sv, const IV num) void sv_setiv_mg(SV *const sv, const IV i)
void SvSETMAGIC(SV* sv)
They differ only in that "sv_setnv_mg" handles 'set' magic; "sv_setnv" does not.
void sv_setnv(SV *const sv, const NV num)
In the "pvs" forms, the string must be a C literal string, enclosed in double quotes.
In the "pvn" forms, the first byte of the string is pointed to by "ptr", and "len" indicates the number of bytes to be copied, potentially including embedded "NUL" characters.
In the plain "pv" forms, "ptr" points to a NUL-terminated C string. That is, it points to the first byte of the string, and the copy proceeds up through the first enountered "NUL" byte.
In the forms that take a "ptr" argument, if it is NULL, the SV will become undefined.
The UTF-8 flag is not changed by these functions. A terminating NUL byte is guaranteed in the result.
The "_mg" forms handle 'set' magic; the other forms skip all magic.
"sv_setpvn_fresh" is a cut-down alternative to "sv_setpvn", intended ONLY to be used with a fresh sv that has been upgraded to a SVt_PV, SVt_PVIV, SVt_PVNV, or SVt_PVMG.
void sv_setpv (SV *const sv, const char *const ptr)
void sv_setpv_mg (SV *const sv, const char *const ptr)
void sv_setpvn (SV *const sv, const char *const ptr,
const STRLEN len)
void sv_setpvn_fresh(SV *const sv, const char *const ptr,
const STRLEN len)
void sv_setpvn_mg (SV *const sv, const char *const ptr,
const STRLEN len)
void sv_setpvs (SV* sv, "literal string")
void sv_setpvs_mg (SV* sv, "literal string")
The differences between these are:
"sv_setpvf_mg" and "sv_setpvf_mg_nocontext" perform 'set' magic; "sv_setpvf" and "sv_setpvf_nocontext" skip all magic.
"sv_setpvf_nocontext" and "sv_setpvf_mg_nocontext" do not take a thread context ("aTHX") parameter, so are used in situations where the caller doesn't already have the thread context.
NOTE: "sv_setpvf" must be explicitly called as "Perl_sv_setpvf" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
NOTE: "sv_setpvf_mg" must be explicitly called as "Perl_sv_setpvf_mg" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
void Perl_sv_setpvf (pTHX_ SV *const sv,
const char *const pat, ...)
void sv_setpvf_nocontext (SV *const sv, const char *const pat,
...)
void Perl_sv_setpvf_mg (pTHX_ SV *const sv,
const char *const pat, ...)
void sv_setpvf_mg_nocontext(SV *const sv, const char *const pat,
...)
These copy an integer into the given SV, also updating its string value.
They differ only in that "sv_setpviv_mg" performs 'set' magic; "sv_setpviv" skips any magic.
void sv_setpviv (SV *const sv, const IV num) void sv_setpviv_mg(SV *const sv, const IV iv)
char * sv_setpv_bufsize(SV *const sv, const STRLEN cur,
const STRLEN len)
SV* sv_setref_iv(SV *const rv, const char *const classname,
const IV iv)
SV* sv_setref_nv(SV *const rv, const char *const classname,
const NV nv)
Do not use with other Perl types such as HV, AV, SV, CV, because those objects will become corrupted by the pointer copy process.
Note that "sv_setref_pvn" copies the string while this copies the pointer.
SV* sv_setref_pv(SV *const rv, const char *const classname,
void *const pv)
Note that "sv_setref_pv" copies the pointer while this copies the string.
SV* sv_setref_pvn(SV *const rv, const char *const classname,
const char *const pv, const STRLEN n)
SV * sv_setref_pvs(SV *const rv, const char *const classname,
"literal string")
SV* sv_setref_uv(SV *const rv, const char *const classname,
const UV uv)
"sv_setrv_inc_mg" will invoke 'set' magic on the SV; "sv_setrv_inc" will not.
void sv_setrv_inc(SV *const sv, SV *const ref)
"sv_setrv_noinc_mg" will invoke 'set' magic on the SV; "sv_setrv_noinc" will not.
void sv_setrv_noinc(SV *const sv, SV *const ref)
The only differences are:
"SvSetMagicSV" and "SvSetMagicSV_nosteal" perform any required 'set' magic afterwards on the destination SV; "SvSetSV" and "SvSetSV_nosteal" do not.
"SvSetSV_nosteal" "SvSetMagicSV_nosteal" call a non-destructive version of "sv_setsv".
void SvSetSV(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
They differ only in that:
"sv_setsv" calls 'get' magic on "ssv", but skips 'set' magic on "dsv".
"sv_setsv_mg" calls both 'get' magic on "ssv" and 'set' magic on "dsv".
"sv_setsv_nomg" skips all magic.
"sv_setsv_flags" has a "flags" parameter which you can use to specify any combination of magic handling, and also you can specify "SV_NOSTEAL" so that the buffers of temps will not be stolen.
You probably want to instead use one of the assortment of wrappers, such as "SvSetSV", "SvSetSV_nosteal", "SvSetMagicSV" and "SvSetMagicSV_nosteal".
"sv_setsv_flags" is the primary function for copying scalars, and most other copy-ish functions and macros use it underneath.
void sv_setsv (SV *dsv, SV *ssv) void sv_setsv_flags(SV *dsv, SV *ssv, const I32 flags) void sv_setsv_mg (SV *const dsv, SV *const ssv) void sv_setsv_nomg (SV *dsv, SV *ssv)
They differ only in that "sv_setuv_mg" handles 'set' magic; "sv_setuv" does not.
void sv_setuv (SV *const sv, const UV num) void sv_setuv_mg(SV *const sv, const UV u)
The perl equivalent is "$sv = undef;". Note that it doesn't free any string buffer, unlike "undef $sv".
Introduced in perl 5.25.12.
void sv_set_undef(SV *sv)
void SvSHARE(SV* sv)
struct hek* SvSHARED_HASH(SV * sv)
HV* SvSTASH(SV* sv)
void SvSTASH_set(SV* sv, HV* val)
bool sv_streq(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
If flags does not have the "SV_SKIP_OVERLOAD" bit set, an attempt to use "eq" overloading will be made. If such overloading does not exist or the flag is set, then regular string comparison will be used instead.
bool sv_streq_flags(SV* sv1, SV* sv2, const U32 flags)
As of Perl 5.32, all are guaranteed to evaluate "sv" only once. Prior to that release, only "SvTRUEx" guaranteed single evaluation; now "SvTRUEx" is identical to "SvTRUE".
"SvTRUE_nomg" and "TRUE_nomg_NN" do not perform 'get' magic; the others do unless the scalar is already "SvPOK", "SvIOK", or "SvNOK" (the public, not the private flags).
"SvTRUE_NN" is like "SvTRUE", but "sv" is assumed to be non-null (NN). If there is a possibility that it is NULL, use plain "SvTRUE".
"SvTRUE_nomg_NN" is like "SvTRUE_nomg", but "sv" is assumed to be non-null (NN). If there is a possibility that it is NULL, use plain "SvTRUE_nomg".
bool SvTRUE(SV *sv)
svtype SvTYPE(SV* sv)
void SvUNLOCK(SV* sv)
int sv_unmagic(SV *const sv, const int type)
int sv_unmagicext(SV *const sv, const int type, MGVTBL *vtbl)
void sv_unref(SV* sv)
void sv_unref_flags(SV *const ref, const U32 flags)
bool SvUOK(SV* sv)
void SvUPGRADE(SV* sv, svtype type)
void sv_upgrade(SV *const sv, svtype new_type)
"ptr" should point to memory that was allocated by ""Newx"". It must be the start of a "Newx"-ed block of memory, and not a pointer to the middle of it (beware of "OOK" and copy-on-write), and not be from a non-"Newx" memory allocator like "malloc". The string length, "len", must be supplied. By default this function will ""Renew"" (i.e. realloc, move) the memory pointed to by "ptr", so that the pointer should not be freed or used by the programmer after giving it to "sv_usepvn", and neither should any pointers from "behind" that pointer (e.g., "ptr" + 1) be used.
In the "sv_usepvn_flags" form, if "flags & SV_SMAGIC" is true, "SvSETMAGIC" is called before returning. And if "flags & SV_HAS_TRAILING_NUL" is true, then "ptr[len]" must be "NUL", and the realloc will be skipped (i.e., the buffer is actually at least 1 byte longer than "len", and already meets the requirements for storing in "SvPVX").
"sv_usepvn" is merely "sv_usepvn_flags" with "flags" set to 0, so 'set' magic is skipped.
"sv_usepvn_mg" is merely "sv_usepvn_flags" with "flags" set to "SV_SMAGIC", so 'set' magic is performed.
void sv_usepvn (SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len)
void sv_usepvn_mg (SV *sv, char *ptr, STRLEN len)
void sv_usepvn_flags(SV *const sv, char* ptr, const STRLEN len,
const U32 flags)
If you want to take into account the bytes pragma, use "DO_UTF8" instead.
U32 SvUTF8(SV* sv)
bool sv_utf8_decode(SV *const sv)
They are not a general purpose Unicode to byte encoding interface: use the "Encode" extension for that.
They differ only in that:
"sv_utf8_downgrade" processes 'get' magic on "sv".
"sv_utf8_downgrade_nomg" does not.
"sv_utf8_downgrade_flags" has an additional "flags" parameter in which you can specify "SV_GMAGIC" to process 'get' magic, or leave it cleared to not process 'get' magic.
bool sv_utf8_downgrade (SV *const sv, const bool fail_ok)
bool sv_utf8_downgrade_flags(SV *const sv, const bool fail_ok,
const U32 flags)
bool sv_utf8_downgrade_nomg (SV *const sv, const bool fail_ok)
void sv_utf8_encode(SV *const sv)
The forms differ in just two ways. The main difference is whether or not they perform 'get magic' on "sv". "sv_utf8_upgrade_nomg" skips 'get magic'; "sv_utf8_upgrade" performs it; and "sv_utf8_upgrade_flags" and "sv_utf8_upgrade_flags_grow" either perform it (if the "SV_GMAGIC" bit is set in "flags") or don't (if that bit is cleared).
The other difference is that "sv_utf8_upgrade_flags_grow" has an additional parameter, "extra", which allows the caller to specify an amount of space to be reserved as spare beyond what is needed for the actual conversion. This is used when the caller knows it will soon be needing yet more space, and it is more efficient to request space from the system in a single call. This form is otherwise identical to "sv_utf8_upgrade_flags".
These are not a general purpose byte encoding to Unicode interface: use the Encode extension for that.
The "SV_FORCE_UTF8_UPGRADE" flag is now ignored.
STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade (SV *sv)
STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade_nomg (SV *sv)
STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade_flags (SV *const sv, const I32 flags)
STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade_flags_grow(SV *const sv, const I32 flags,
STRLEN extra)
void SvUTF8_off(SV *sv)
void SvUTF8_on(SV *sv)
"SvUVx" is different from the others in that it is guaranteed to evaluate "sv" exactly once; the others may evaluate it multiple times. Only use this form if "sv" is an expression with side effects, otherwise use the more efficient "SvUV".
"SvUV_nomg" is the same as "SvUV", but does not perform 'get' magic.
UV SvUV(SV* sv)
void SvUV_set(SV* sv, UV val)
UV SvUVX(SV* sv)
This is an unnecessary synonym for "SvUVX"
UV SvUVXx(SV* sv)
They differ only in that "sv_vcatpvf_mg" performs 'set' magic; "sv_vcatpvf" skips 'set' magic.
Both perform 'get' magic.
They are usually accessed via their frontends "sv_catpvf" and "sv_catpvf_mg".
void sv_vcatpvf(SV *const sv, const char *const pat,
va_list *const args)
When running with taint checks enabled, they indicate via "maybe_tainted" if results are untrustworthy (often due to the use of locales).
They assume that "pat" has the same utf8-ness as "sv". It's the caller's responsibility to ensure that this is so.
They differ in that "sv_vcatpvfn_flags" has a "flags" parameter in which you can set or clear the "SV_GMAGIC" and/or SV_SMAGIC flags, to specify which magic to handle or not handle; whereas plain "sv_vcatpvfn" always specifies both 'get' and 'set' magic.
They are usually used via one of the frontends ""sv_vcatpvf"" and ""sv_vcatpvf_mg"".
void sv_vcatpvfn (SV *const sv, const char *const pat,
const STRLEN patlen, va_list *const args,
SV **const svargs, const Size_t sv_count,
bool *const maybe_tainted)
void sv_vcatpvfn_flags(SV *const sv, const char *const pat,
const STRLEN patlen, va_list *const args,
SV **const svargs, const Size_t sv_count,
bool *const maybe_tainted,
const U32 flags)
bool SvVOK(SV* sv)
They differ only in that "sv_vsetpvf_mg" performs 'set' magic; "sv_vsetpvf" skips all magic.
They are usually used via their frontends, "sv_setpvf" and "sv_setpvf_mg".
void sv_vsetpvf(SV *const sv, const char *const pat,
va_list *const args)
Usually used via one of its frontends ""sv_vsetpvf"" and ""sv_vsetpvf_mg"".
void sv_vsetpvfn(SV *const sv, const char *const pat,
const STRLEN patlen, va_list *const args,
SV **const svargs, const Size_t sv_count,
bool *const maybe_tainted)
MAGIC* SvVSTRING_mg(SV * sv)
SV* vnewSVpvf(const char *const pat, va_list *const args)
void SvTAINT(SV* sv)
bool SvTAINTED(SV* sv)
void SvTAINTED_off(SV* sv)
void SvTAINTED_on(SV* sv)
extern int usleep(useconds_t);
#ifdef I_TIME
#include <time.h>
#endif
#ifdef I_UTIME
#include <utime.h>
#endif
void mini_mktime(struct tm *ptm)
Note that yday and wday effectively are ignored by this function, as mini_mktime() overwrites them
Also note that this is always executed in the underlying locale of the program, giving localized results.
NOTE: "my_strftime" must be explicitly called as "Perl_my_strftime" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
char * Perl_my_strftime(pTHX_ const char *fmt, int sec, int min,
int hour, int mday, int mon, int year,
int wday, int yday, int isdst)
"Unicode Support" in perlguts has an introduction to this API.
See also "Character classification", "Character case changing", and "String Handling". Various functions outside this section also work specially with Unicode. Search for the string "utf8" in this document.
-1 or +1 is returned if the shorter string was identical to the start of the longer string. -2 or +2 is returned if there was a difference between characters within the strings.
int bytes_cmp_utf8(const U8 *b, STRLEN blen, const U8 *u,
STRLEN ulen)
Converts a potentially UTF-8 encoded string "s" of length *lenp into native byte encoding. On input, the boolean *is_utf8p gives whether or not "s" is actually encoded in UTF-8.
Unlike "utf8_to_bytes" but like "bytes_to_utf8", this is non-destructive of the input string.
Do nothing if *is_utf8p is 0, or if there are code points in the string not expressible in native byte encoding. In these cases, *is_utf8p and *lenp are unchanged, and the return value is the original "s".
Otherwise, *is_utf8p is set to 0, and the return value is a pointer to a newly created string containing a downgraded copy of "s", and whose length is returned in *lenp, updated. The new string is "NUL"-terminated. The caller is responsible for arranging for the memory used by this string to get freed.
Upon successful return, the number of variants in the string can be computed by having saved the value of *lenp before the call, and subtracting the after-call value of *lenp from it.
U8* bytes_from_utf8(const U8 *s, STRLEN *lenp, bool *is_utf8p)
Converts a string "s" of length *lenp bytes from the native encoding into UTF-8. Returns a pointer to the newly-created string, and sets *lenp to reflect the new length in bytes. The caller is responsible for arranging for the memory used by this string to get freed.
Upon successful return, the number of variants in the string can be computed by having saved the value of *lenp before the call, and subtracting it from the after-call value of *lenp.
A "NUL" character will be written after the end of the string.
If you want to convert to UTF-8 from encodings other than the native (Latin1 or EBCDIC), see "sv_recode_to_utf8"().
U8* bytes_to_utf8(const U8 *s, STRLEN *lenp)
You should use this after a call to "SvPV()" or one of its variants, in case any call to string overloading updates the internal UTF-8 encoding flag.
bool DO_UTF8(SV* sv)
If "u1" is true, the string "s1" is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode; otherwise it is assumed to be in native 8-bit encoding. Correspondingly for "u2" with respect to "s2".
If the byte length "l1" is non-zero, it says how far into "s1" to check for fold equality. In other words, "s1"+"l1" will be used as a goal to reach. The scan will not be considered to be a match unless the goal is reached, and scanning won't continue past that goal. Correspondingly for "l2" with respect to "s2".
If "pe1" is non-"NULL" and the pointer it points to is not "NULL", that pointer is considered an end pointer to the position 1 byte past the maximum point in "s1" beyond which scanning will not continue under any circumstances. (This routine assumes that UTF-8 encoded input strings are not malformed; malformed input can cause it to read past "pe1"). This means that if both "l1" and "pe1" are specified, and "pe1" is less than "s1"+"l1", the match will never be successful because it can never get as far as its goal (and in fact is asserted against). Correspondingly for "pe2" with respect to "s2".
At least one of "s1" and "s2" must have a goal (at least one of "l1" and "l2" must be non-zero), and if both do, both have to be reached for a successful match. Also, if the fold of a character is multiple characters, all of them must be matched (see tr21 reference below for 'folding').
Upon a successful match, if "pe1" is non-"NULL", it will be set to point to the beginning of the next character of "s1" beyond what was matched. Correspondingly for "pe2" and "s2".
For case-insensitiveness, the "casefolding" of Unicode is used instead of upper/lowercasing both the characters, see <https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr21/> (Case Mappings).
I32 foldEQ_utf8(const char *s1, char **pe1, UV l1, bool u1,
const char *s2, char **pe2, UV l2, bool u2)
bool is_ascii_string(const U8* const s, STRLEN len)
This function returns FALSE for strings containing any code points above the Unicode max of 0x10FFFF or surrogate code points, but accepts non-character code points per Corrigendum #9 <http://www.unicode.org/versions/corrigendum9.html>.
See also "is_utf8_invariant_string", "is_utf8_invariant_string_loc", "is_utf8_string", "is_utf8_string_flags", "is_utf8_string_loc", "is_utf8_string_loc_flags", "is_utf8_string_loclen", "is_utf8_string_loclen_flags", "is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_flags", "is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_loc_flags", "is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_loclen_flags", "is_strict_utf8_string", "is_strict_utf8_string_loc", "is_strict_utf8_string_loclen", "is_c9strict_utf8_string_loc", and "is_c9strict_utf8_string_loclen".
bool is_c9strict_utf8_string(const U8 *s, STRLEN len)
See also "is_c9strict_utf8_string_loclen".
bool is_c9strict_utf8_string_loc(const U8 *s, STRLEN len,
const U8 **ep)
See also "is_c9strict_utf8_string_loc".
bool is_c9strict_utf8_string_loclen(const U8 *s, STRLEN len,
const U8 **ep, STRLEN *el)
The largest acceptable code point is the Unicode maximum 0x10FFFF. This differs from "isSTRICT_UTF8_CHAR" only in that it accepts non-character code points. This corresponds to Unicode Corrigendum #9 <http://www.unicode.org/versions/corrigendum9.html>. which said that non-character code points are merely discouraged rather than completely forbidden in open interchange. See "Noncharacter code points" in perlunicode.
Use "isUTF8_CHAR" to check for Perl's extended UTF-8; and "isUTF8_CHAR_flags" for a more customized definition.
Use "is_c9strict_utf8_string", "is_c9strict_utf8_string_loc", and "is_c9strict_utf8_string_loclen" to check entire strings.
Size_t isC9_STRICT_UTF8_CHAR(const U8 * const s0,
const U8 * const e)
bool is_invariant_string(const U8* const s, STRLEN len)
The largest acceptable code point is the Unicode maximum 0x10FFFF, and must not be a surrogate nor a non-character code point. Thus this excludes any code point from Perl's extended UTF-8.
This is used to efficiently decide if the next few bytes in "s" is legal Unicode-acceptable UTF-8 for a single character.
Use "isC9_STRICT_UTF8_CHAR" to use the Unicode Corrigendum #9 <http://www.unicode.org/versions/corrigendum9.html> definition of allowable code points; "isUTF8_CHAR" to check for Perl's extended UTF-8; and "isUTF8_CHAR_flags" for a more customized definition.
Use "is_strict_utf8_string", "is_strict_utf8_string_loc", and "is_strict_utf8_string_loclen" to check entire strings.
Size_t isSTRICT_UTF8_CHAR(const U8 * const s0,
const U8 * const e)
This function returns FALSE for strings containing any code points above the Unicode max of 0x10FFFF, surrogate code points, or non-character code points.
See also "is_utf8_invariant_string", "is_utf8_invariant_string_loc", "is_utf8_string", "is_utf8_string_flags", "is_utf8_string_loc", "is_utf8_string_loc_flags", "is_utf8_string_loclen", "is_utf8_string_loclen_flags", "is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_flags", "is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_loc_flags", "is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_loclen_flags", "is_strict_utf8_string_loc", "is_strict_utf8_string_loclen", "is_c9strict_utf8_string", "is_c9strict_utf8_string_loc", and "is_c9strict_utf8_string_loclen".
bool is_strict_utf8_string(const U8 *s, STRLEN len)
See also "is_strict_utf8_string_loclen".
bool is_strict_utf8_string_loc(const U8 *s, STRLEN len,
const U8 **ep)
See also "is_strict_utf8_string_loc".
bool is_strict_utf8_string_loclen(const U8 *s, STRLEN len,
const U8 **ep, STRLEN *el)
Tests if some arbitrary number of bytes begins in a valid UTF-8 character. Note that an INVARIANT (i.e. ASCII on non-EBCDIC machines) character is a valid UTF-8 character. The actual number of bytes in the UTF-8 character will be returned if it is valid, otherwise 0.
This function is deprecated due to the possibility that malformed input could cause reading beyond the end of the input buffer. Use "isUTF8_CHAR" instead.
STRLEN is_utf8_char(const U8 *s)
STRLEN is_utf8_char_buf(const U8 *buf, const U8 *buf_end)
If "flags" is 0, any well-formed UTF-8, as extended by Perl, is accepted without restriction. If the final few bytes of the buffer do not form a complete code point, this will return TRUE anyway, provided that "is_utf8_valid_partial_char_flags" returns TRUE for them.
If "flags" in non-zero, it can be any combination of the "UTF8_DISALLOW_foo" flags accepted by "utf8n_to_uvchr", and with the same meanings.
This function differs from "is_utf8_string_flags" only in that the latter returns FALSE if the final few bytes of the string don't form a complete code point.
bool is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_flags(const U8 * const s,
STRLEN len, const U32 flags)
bool is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_loclen_flags(const U8 * const s,
STRLEN len,
const U8 **ep,
STRLEN *el,
const U32 flags)
See also "is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_loclen_flags".
bool is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_loc_flags(const U8 * const s,
STRLEN len, const U8 **ep,
const U32 flags)
If "len" is 0, it will be calculated using strlen(s), (which means if you use this option, that "s" can't have embedded "NUL" characters and has to have a terminating "NUL" byte).
See also "is_utf8_string", "is_utf8_string_flags", "is_utf8_string_loc", "is_utf8_string_loc_flags", "is_utf8_string_loclen", "is_utf8_string_loclen_flags", "is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_flags", "is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_loc_flags", "is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_loclen_flags", "is_strict_utf8_string", "is_strict_utf8_string_loc", "is_strict_utf8_string_loclen", "is_c9strict_utf8_string", "is_c9strict_utf8_string_loc", and "is_c9strict_utf8_string_loclen".
bool is_utf8_invariant_string(const U8* const s, STRLEN len)
bool is_utf8_invariant_string_loc(const U8* const s, STRLEN len,
const U8 ** ep)
This function considers Perl's extended UTF-8 to be valid. That means that code points above Unicode, surrogates, and non-character code points are considered valid by this function. Use "is_strict_utf8_string", "is_c9strict_utf8_string", or "is_utf8_string_flags" to restrict what code points are considered valid.
See also "is_utf8_invariant_string", "is_utf8_invariant_string_loc", "is_utf8_string_loc", "is_utf8_string_loclen", "is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_flags", "is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_loc_flags", "is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_loclen_flags",
bool is_utf8_string(const U8 *s, STRLEN len)
If "flags" is 0, this gives the same results as "is_utf8_string"; if "flags" is "UTF8_DISALLOW_ILLEGAL_INTERCHANGE", this gives the same results as "is_strict_utf8_string"; and if "flags" is "UTF8_DISALLOW_ILLEGAL_C9_INTERCHANGE", this gives the same results as "is_c9strict_utf8_string". Otherwise "flags" may be any combination of the "UTF8_DISALLOW_foo" flags understood by "utf8n_to_uvchr", with the same meanings.
See also "is_utf8_invariant_string", "is_utf8_invariant_string_loc", "is_utf8_string", "is_utf8_string_loc", "is_utf8_string_loc_flags", "is_utf8_string_loclen", "is_utf8_string_loclen_flags", "is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_flags", "is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_loc_flags", "is_utf8_fixed_width_buf_loclen_flags", "is_strict_utf8_string", "is_strict_utf8_string_loc", "is_strict_utf8_string_loclen", "is_c9strict_utf8_string", "is_c9strict_utf8_string_loc", and "is_c9strict_utf8_string_loclen".
bool is_utf8_string_flags(const U8 *s, STRLEN len,
const U32 flags)
See also "is_utf8_string_loclen".
bool is_utf8_string_loc(const U8 *s, const STRLEN len,
const U8 **ep)
See also "is_utf8_string_loc".
bool is_utf8_string_loclen(const U8 *s, STRLEN len,
const U8 **ep, STRLEN *el)
See also "is_utf8_string_loc_flags".
bool is_utf8_string_loclen_flags(const U8 *s, STRLEN len,
const U8 **ep, STRLEN *el,
const U32 flags)
See also "is_utf8_string_loclen_flags".
bool is_utf8_string_loc_flags(const U8 *s, STRLEN len,
const U8 **ep, const U32 flags)
In other words this returns TRUE if "s" points to a partial UTF-8-encoded code point.
This is useful when a fixed-length buffer is being tested for being well-formed UTF-8, but the final few bytes in it don't comprise a full character; that is, it is split somewhere in the middle of the final code point's UTF-8 representation. (Presumably when the buffer is refreshed with the next chunk of data, the new first bytes will complete the partial code point.) This function is used to verify that the final bytes in the current buffer are in fact the legal beginning of some code point, so that if they aren't, the failure can be signalled without having to wait for the next read.
bool is_utf8_valid_partial_char(const U8 * const s0,
const U8 * const e)
If "flags" is 0, this behaves identically to "is_utf8_valid_partial_char". Otherwise "flags" can be any combination of the "UTF8_DISALLOW_foo" flags accepted by "utf8n_to_uvchr". If there is any sequence of bytes that can complete the input partial character in such a way that a non-prohibited character is formed, the function returns TRUE; otherwise FALSE. Non character code points cannot be determined based on partial character input. But many of the other possible excluded types can be determined from just the first one or two bytes.
bool is_utf8_valid_partial_char_flags(const U8 * const s0,
const U8 * const e,
const U32 flags)
The code point can be any that will fit in an IV on this machine, using Perl's extension to official UTF-8 to represent those higher than the Unicode maximum of 0x10FFFF. That means that this macro is used to efficiently decide if the next few bytes in "s" is legal UTF-8 for a single character.
Use "isSTRICT_UTF8_CHAR" to restrict the acceptable code points to those defined by Unicode to be fully interchangeable across applications; "isC9_STRICT_UTF8_CHAR" to use the Unicode Corrigendum #9 <http://www.unicode.org/versions/corrigendum9.html> definition of allowable code points; and "isUTF8_CHAR_flags" for a more customized definition.
Use "is_utf8_string", "is_utf8_string_loc", and "is_utf8_string_loclen" to check entire strings.
Note also that a UTF-8 "invariant" character (i.e. ASCII on non-EBCDIC machines) is a valid UTF-8 character.
Size_t isUTF8_CHAR(const U8 * const s0, const U8 * const e)
If "flags" is 0, this gives the same results as "isUTF8_CHAR"; if "flags" is "UTF8_DISALLOW_ILLEGAL_INTERCHANGE", this gives the same results as "isSTRICT_UTF8_CHAR"; and if "flags" is "UTF8_DISALLOW_ILLEGAL_C9_INTERCHANGE", this gives the same results as "isC9_STRICT_UTF8_CHAR". Otherwise "flags" may be any combination of the "UTF8_DISALLOW_foo" flags understood by "utf8n_to_uvchr", with the same meanings.
The three alternative macros are for the most commonly needed validations; they are likely to run somewhat faster than this more general one, as they can be inlined into your code.
Use "is_utf8_string_flags", "is_utf8_string_loc_flags", and "is_utf8_string_loclen_flags" to check entire strings.
Size_t isUTF8_CHAR_flags(const U8 * const s0, const U8 * const e,
const U32 flags)
For conversion of code points potentially larger than will fit in a character, use "UNI_TO_NATIVE".
U8 LATIN1_TO_NATIVE(U8 ch)
For conversion of code points potentially larger than will fit in a character, use "NATIVE_TO_UNI".
U8 NATIVE_TO_LATIN1(U8 ch)
UV NATIVE_TO_UNI(UV ch)
The "flags" argument can have "UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT" set to display "isPRINT()"able characters as themselves, "UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH" to display the "\\[nrfta\\]" as the backslashed versions (like "\n") ("UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH" is preferred over "UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT" for "\\"). "UNI_DISPLAY_QQ" (and its alias "UNI_DISPLAY_REGEX") have both "UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH" and "UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT" turned on.
Additionally, there is now "UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSPACE" which allows "\b" for a backspace, but only when "UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH" also is set.
The pointer to the PV of the "dsv" is returned.
See also "sv_uni_display".
char* pv_uni_display(SV *dsv, const U8 *spv, STRLEN len,
STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
Returns TRUE if the terminator was found, else returns FALSE.
bool sv_cat_decode(SV* dsv, SV *encoding, SV *ssv, int *offset,
char* tstr, int tlen)
If "sv" already is UTF-8 (or if it is not "POK"), or if "encoding" is not a reference, nothing is done to "sv". If "encoding" is not an "Encode::XS" Encoding object, bad things will happen. (See encoding and Encode.)
The PV of "sv" is returned.
char* sv_recode_to_utf8(SV* sv, SV *encoding)
The "flags" argument is as in "pv_uni_display"().
The pointer to the PV of the "dsv" is returned.
char* sv_uni_display(SV *dsv, SV *ssv, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
bool UNICODE_IS_NONCHAR(const UV uv)
bool UNICODE_IS_REPLACEMENT(const UV uv)
bool UNICODE_IS_SUPER(const UV uv)
bool UNICODE_IS_SURROGATE(const UV uv)
UV UNI_TO_NATIVE(UV ch)
Bottom level UTF-8 decode routine. Returns the native code point value of the first character in the string "s", which is assumed to be in UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) encoding, and no longer than "curlen" bytes; *retlen (if "retlen" isn't NULL) will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character.
The value of "flags" determines the behavior when "s" does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character. If "flags" is 0, encountering a malformation causes zero to be returned and *retlen is set so that ("s" + *retlen) is the next possible position in "s" that could begin a non-malformed character. Also, if UTF-8 warnings haven't been lexically disabled, a warning is raised. Some UTF-8 input sequences may contain multiple malformations. This function tries to find every possible one in each call, so multiple warnings can be raised for the same sequence.
Various ALLOW flags can be set in "flags" to allow (and not warn on) individual types of malformations, such as the sequence being overlong (that is, when there is a shorter sequence that can express the same code point; overlong sequences are expressly forbidden in the UTF-8 standard due to potential security issues). Another malformation example is the first byte of a character not being a legal first byte. See utf8.h for the list of such flags. Even if allowed, this function generally returns the Unicode REPLACEMENT CHARACTER when it encounters a malformation. There are flags in utf8.h to override this behavior for the overlong malformations, but don't do that except for very specialized purposes.
The "UTF8_CHECK_ONLY" flag overrides the behavior when a non-allowed (by other flags) malformation is found. If this flag is set, the routine assumes that the caller will raise a warning, and this function will silently just set "retlen" to "-1" (cast to "STRLEN") and return zero.
Note that this API requires disambiguation between successful decoding a "NUL" character, and an error return (unless the "UTF8_CHECK_ONLY" flag is set), as in both cases, 0 is returned, and, depending on the malformation, "retlen" may be set to 1. To disambiguate, upon a zero return, see if the first byte of "s" is 0 as well. If so, the input was a "NUL"; if not, the input had an error. Or you can use "utf8n_to_uvchr_error".
Certain code points are considered problematic. These are Unicode surrogates, Unicode non-characters, and code points above the Unicode maximum of 0x10FFFF. By default these are considered regular code points, but certain situations warrant special handling for them, which can be specified using the "flags" parameter. If "flags" contains "UTF8_DISALLOW_ILLEGAL_INTERCHANGE", all three classes are treated as malformations and handled as such. The flags "UTF8_DISALLOW_SURROGATE", "UTF8_DISALLOW_NONCHAR", and "UTF8_DISALLOW_SUPER" (meaning above the legal Unicode maximum) can be set to disallow these categories individually. "UTF8_DISALLOW_ILLEGAL_INTERCHANGE" restricts the allowed inputs to the strict UTF-8 traditionally defined by Unicode. Use "UTF8_DISALLOW_ILLEGAL_C9_INTERCHANGE" to use the strictness definition given by Unicode Corrigendum #9 <https://www.unicode.org/versions/corrigendum9.html>. The difference between traditional strictness and C9 strictness is that the latter does not forbid non-character code points. (They are still discouraged, however.) For more discussion see "Noncharacter code points" in perlunicode.
The flags "UTF8_WARN_ILLEGAL_INTERCHANGE", "UTF8_WARN_ILLEGAL_C9_INTERCHANGE", "UTF8_WARN_SURROGATE", "UTF8_WARN_NONCHAR", and "UTF8_WARN_SUPER" will cause warning messages to be raised for their respective categories, but otherwise the code points are considered valid (not malformations). To get a category to both be treated as a malformation and raise a warning, specify both the WARN and DISALLOW flags. (But note that warnings are not raised if lexically disabled nor if "UTF8_CHECK_ONLY" is also specified.)
Extremely high code points were never specified in any standard, and require an extension to UTF-8 to express, which Perl does. It is likely that programs written in something other than Perl would not be able to read files that contain these; nor would Perl understand files written by something that uses a different extension. For these reasons, there is a separate set of flags that can warn and/or disallow these extremely high code points, even if other above-Unicode ones are accepted. They are the "UTF8_WARN_PERL_EXTENDED" and "UTF8_DISALLOW_PERL_EXTENDED" flags. For more information see "UTF8_GOT_PERL_EXTENDED". Of course "UTF8_DISALLOW_SUPER" will treat all above-Unicode code points, including these, as malformations. (Note that the Unicode standard considers anything above 0x10FFFF to be illegal, but there are standards predating it that allow up to 0x7FFF_FFFF (2**31 -1))
A somewhat misleadingly named synonym for "UTF8_WARN_PERL_EXTENDED" is retained for backward compatibility: "UTF8_WARN_ABOVE_31_BIT". Similarly, "UTF8_DISALLOW_ABOVE_31_BIT" is usable instead of the more accurately named "UTF8_DISALLOW_PERL_EXTENDED". The names are misleading because these flags can apply to code points that actually do fit in 31 bits. This happens on EBCDIC platforms, and sometimes when the overlong malformation is also present. The new names accurately describe the situation in all cases.
All other code points corresponding to Unicode characters, including private use and those yet to be assigned, are never considered malformed and never warn.
UV utf8n_to_uvchr(const U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen,
const U32 flags)
This function is for code that needs to know what the precise malformation(s) are when an error is found. If you also need to know the generated warning messages, use "utf8n_to_uvchr_msgs"() instead.
It is like "utf8n_to_uvchr" but it takes an extra parameter placed after all the others, "errors". If this parameter is 0, this function behaves identically to "utf8n_to_uvchr". Otherwise, "errors" should be a pointer to a "U32" variable, which this function sets to indicate any errors found. Upon return, if *errors is 0, there were no errors found. Otherwise, *errors is the bit-wise "OR" of the bits described in the list below. Some of these bits will be set if a malformation is found, even if the input "flags" parameter indicates that the given malformation is allowed; those exceptions are noted:
Code points above 0x7FFF_FFFF (2**31 - 1) were never specified in any standard, and so some extension must be used to express them. Perl uses a natural extension to UTF-8 to represent the ones up to 2**36-1, and invented a further extension to represent even higher ones, so that any code point that fits in a 64-bit word can be represented. Text using these extensions is not likely to be portable to non-Perl code. We lump both of these extensions together and refer to them as Perl extended UTF-8. There exist other extensions that people have invented, incompatible with Perl's.
On EBCDIC platforms starting in Perl v5.24, the Perl extension for representing extremely high code points kicks in at 0x3FFF_FFFF (2**30 -1), which is lower than on ASCII. Prior to that, code points 2**31 and higher were simply unrepresentable, and a different, incompatible method was used to represent code points between 2**30 and 2**31 - 1.
On both platforms, ASCII and EBCDIC, "UTF8_GOT_PERL_EXTENDED" is set if Perl extended UTF-8 is used.
In earlier Perls, this bit was named "UTF8_GOT_ABOVE_31_BIT", which you still may use for backward compatibility. That name is misleading, as this flag may be set when the code point actually does fit in 31 bits. This happens on EBCDIC platforms, and sometimes when the overlong malformation is also present. The new name accurately describes the situation in all cases.
Until Unicode 3.1, it was legal for programs to accept this malformation, but it was discovered that this created security issues.
"UTF8_GOT_SHORT" and "UTF8_GOT_NON_CONTINUATION" both indicate a too short sequence. The difference is that "UTF8_GOT_NON_CONTINUATION" indicates always that there is an error, while "UTF8_GOT_SHORT" means that an incomplete sequence was looked at. If no other flags are present, it means that the sequence was valid as far as it went. Depending on the application, this could mean one of three things:
To do your own error handling, call this function with the "UTF8_CHECK_ONLY" flag to suppress any warnings, and then examine the *errors return.
UV utf8n_to_uvchr_error(const U8 *s, STRLEN curlen,
STRLEN *retlen, const U32 flags,
U32 * errors)
This function is for code that needs to know what the precise malformation(s) are when an error is found, and wants the corresponding warning and/or error messages to be returned to the caller rather than be displayed. All messages that would have been displayed if all lexical warnings are enabled will be returned.
It is just like "utf8n_to_uvchr_error" but it takes an extra parameter placed after all the others, "msgs". If this parameter is 0, this function behaves identically to "utf8n_to_uvchr_error". Otherwise, "msgs" should be a pointer to an "AV *" variable, in which this function creates a new AV to contain any appropriate messages. The elements of the array are ordered so that the first message that would have been displayed is in the 0th element, and so on. Each element is a hash with three key-value pairs, as follows:
It's important to note that specifying this parameter as non-null will cause any warnings this function would otherwise generate to be suppressed, and instead be placed in *msgs. The caller can check the lexical warnings state (or not) when choosing what to do with the returned messages.
If the flag "UTF8_CHECK_ONLY" is passed, no warnings are generated, and hence no AV is created.
The caller, of course, is responsible for freeing any returned AV.
UV utf8n_to_uvchr_msgs(const U8 *s, STRLEN curlen,
STRLEN *retlen, const U32 flags,
U32 * errors, AV ** msgs)
If there is a possibility of malformed input, use instead:
It is better to restructure your code so the end pointer is passed down so that you know what it actually is at the point of this call, but if that isn't possible, "UTF8_CHK_SKIP" can minimize the chance of accessing beyond the end of the input buffer.
STRLEN UTF8SKIP(char* s)
Perl tends to add NULs, as an insurance policy, after the end of strings in SV's, so it is likely that using this macro will prevent inadvertent reading beyond the end of the input buffer, even if it is malformed UTF-8.
This macro is intended to be used by XS modules where the inputs could be malformed, and it isn't feasible to restructure to use the safer "UTF8_SAFE_SKIP", for example when interfacing with a C library.
STRLEN UTF8_CHK_SKIP(char* s)
WARNING: use only if you *know* that the pointers point inside the same UTF-8 buffer.
IV utf8_distance(const U8 *a, const U8 *b)
WARNING: do not use the following unless you *know* "off" is within the UTF-8 data pointed to by "s" *and* that on entry "s" is aligned on the first byte of character or just after the last byte of a character.
U8* utf8_hop(const U8 *s, SSize_t off)
"off" must be non-positive.
"s" must be after or equal to "start".
When moving backward it will not move before "start".
Will not exceed this limit even if the string is not valid "UTF-8".
U8* utf8_hop_back(const U8 *s, SSize_t off, const U8 *start)
"off" must be non-negative.
"s" must be before or equal to "end".
When moving forward it will not move beyond "end".
Will not exceed this limit even if the string is not valid "UTF-8".
U8* utf8_hop_forward(const U8 *s, SSize_t off, const U8 *end)
When moving backward it will not move before "start".
When moving forward it will not move beyond "end".
Will not exceed those limits even if the string is not valid "UTF-8".
U8* utf8_hop_safe(const U8 *s, SSize_t off, const U8 *start,
const U8 *end)
In spite of the name, this macro gives the correct result if the input string from which "c" comes is not encoded in UTF-8.
See "UVCHR_IS_INVARIANT" for checking if a UV is invariant.
bool UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(char c)
bool UTF8_IS_NONCHAR(const U8 *s, const U8 *e)
bool UTF8_IS_REPLACEMENT(const U8 *s, const U8 *e)
This macro evaluates to non-zero if the first few bytes of the string starting at "s" and looking no further than "e - 1" are from this UTF-8 extension; otherwise it evaluates to 0. If non-zero, the return is how many bytes starting at "s" comprise the code point's representation.
0 is returned if the bytes are not well-formed extended UTF-8, or if they represent a code point that cannot fit in a UV on the current platform. Hence this macro can give different results when run on a 64-bit word machine than on one with a 32-bit word size.
Note that it is illegal in Perl to have code points that are larger than what can fit in an IV on the current machine; and illegal in Unicode to have any that this macro matches
bool UTF8_IS_SUPER(const U8 *s, const U8 *e)
bool UTF8_IS_SURROGATE(const U8 *s, const U8 *e)
If "e < s" or if the scan would end up past "e", it raises a UTF8 warning and returns the number of valid characters.
STRLEN utf8_length(const U8* s, const U8 *e)
NOTE: Strictly speaking Perl's UTF-8 should not be called UTF-8 since UTF-8 is an encoding of Unicode, and Unicode's upper limit, 0x10FFFF, can be expressed with 4 bytes. However, Perl thinks of UTF-8 as a way to encode non-negative integers in a binary format, even those above Unicode.
STRLEN UTF8_SAFE_SKIP(char* s, char* e)
STRLEN UTF8_SKIP(char* s)
Converts a string "s" of length *lenp from UTF-8 into native byte encoding. Unlike "bytes_to_utf8", this over-writes the original string, and updates *lenp to contain the new length. Returns zero on failure (leaving "s" unchanged) setting *lenp to -1.
Upon successful return, the number of variants in the string can be computed by having saved the value of *lenp before the call, and subtracting the after-call value of *lenp from it.
If you need a copy of the string, see "bytes_from_utf8".
U8* utf8_to_bytes(U8 *s, STRLEN *lenp)
Returns the native code point of the first character in the string "s" which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; "retlen" will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character.
Some, but not all, UTF-8 malformations are detected, and in fact, some malformed input could cause reading beyond the end of the input buffer, which is why this function is deprecated. Use "utf8_to_uvchr_buf" instead.
If "s" points to one of the detected malformations, and UTF8 warnings are enabled, zero is returned and *retlen is set (if "retlen" isn't "NULL") to -1. If those warnings are off, the computed value if well-defined (or the Unicode REPLACEMENT CHARACTER, if not) is silently returned, and *retlen is set (if "retlen" isn't NULL) so that ("s" + *retlen) is the next possible position in "s" that could begin a non-malformed character. See "utf8n_to_uvchr" for details on when the REPLACEMENT CHARACTER is returned.
UV utf8_to_uvchr(const U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)
If "s" does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character and UTF8 warnings are enabled, zero is returned and *retlen is set (if "retlen" isn't "NULL") to -1. If those warnings are off, the computed value, if well-defined (or the Unicode REPLACEMENT CHARACTER if not), is silently returned, and *retlen is set (if "retlen" isn't "NULL") so that ("s" + *retlen) is the next possible position in "s" that could begin a non-malformed character. See "utf8n_to_uvchr" for details on when the REPLACEMENT CHARACTER is returned.
UV utf8_to_uvchr_buf(const U8 *s, const U8 *send, STRLEN *retlen)
bool UVCHR_IS_INVARIANT(UV cp)
STRLEN UVCHR_SKIP(UV cp)
d = uvchr_to_utf8(d, uv);
is the recommended wide native character-aware way of saying
*(d++) = uv;
This function accepts any code point from 0.."IV_MAX" as input. "IV_MAX" is typically 0x7FFF_FFFF in a 32-bit word.
It is possible to forbid or warn on non-Unicode code points, or those that may be problematic by using "uvchr_to_utf8_flags".
U8* uvchr_to_utf8(U8 *d, UV uv)
d = uvchr_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, flags);
or, in most cases,
d = uvchr_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, 0);
This is the Unicode-aware way of saying
*(d++) = uv;
If "flags" is 0, this function accepts any code point from 0.."IV_MAX" as input. "IV_MAX" is typically 0x7FFF_FFFF in a 32-bit word.
Specifying "flags" can further restrict what is allowed and not warned on, as follows:
If "uv" is a Unicode surrogate code point and "UNICODE_WARN_SURROGATE" is set, the function will raise a warning, provided UTF8 warnings are enabled. If instead "UNICODE_DISALLOW_SURROGATE" is set, the function will fail and return NULL. If both flags are set, the function will both warn and return NULL.
Similarly, the "UNICODE_WARN_NONCHAR" and "UNICODE_DISALLOW_NONCHAR" flags affect how the function handles a Unicode non-character.
And likewise, the "UNICODE_WARN_SUPER" and "UNICODE_DISALLOW_SUPER" flags affect the handling of code points that are above the Unicode maximum of 0x10FFFF. Languages other than Perl may not be able to accept files that contain these.
The flag "UNICODE_WARN_ILLEGAL_INTERCHANGE" selects all three of the above WARN flags; and "UNICODE_DISALLOW_ILLEGAL_INTERCHANGE" selects all three DISALLOW flags. "UNICODE_DISALLOW_ILLEGAL_INTERCHANGE" restricts the allowed inputs to the strict UTF-8 traditionally defined by Unicode. Similarly, "UNICODE_WARN_ILLEGAL_C9_INTERCHANGE" and "UNICODE_DISALLOW_ILLEGAL_C9_INTERCHANGE" are shortcuts to select the above-Unicode and surrogate flags, but not the non-character ones, as defined in Unicode Corrigendum #9 <https://www.unicode.org/versions/corrigendum9.html>. See "Noncharacter code points" in perlunicode.
Extremely high code points were never specified in any standard, and require an extension to UTF-8 to express, which Perl does. It is likely that programs written in something other than Perl would not be able to read files that contain these; nor would Perl understand files written by something that uses a different extension. For these reasons, there is a separate set of flags that can warn and/or disallow these extremely high code points, even if other above-Unicode ones are accepted. They are the "UNICODE_WARN_PERL_EXTENDED" and "UNICODE_DISALLOW_PERL_EXTENDED" flags. For more information see "UTF8_GOT_PERL_EXTENDED". Of course "UNICODE_DISALLOW_SUPER" will treat all above-Unicode code points, including these, as malformations. (Note that the Unicode standard considers anything above 0x10FFFF to be illegal, but there are standards predating it that allow up to 0x7FFF_FFFF (2**31 -1))
A somewhat misleadingly named synonym for "UNICODE_WARN_PERL_EXTENDED" is retained for backward compatibility: "UNICODE_WARN_ABOVE_31_BIT". Similarly, "UNICODE_DISALLOW_ABOVE_31_BIT" is usable instead of the more accurately named "UNICODE_DISALLOW_PERL_EXTENDED". The names are misleading because on EBCDIC platforms,these flags can apply to code points that actually do fit in 31 bits. The new names accurately describe the situation in all cases.
U8* uvchr_to_utf8_flags(U8 *d, UV uv, UV flags)
Most code should use ""uvchr_to_utf8_flags"()" rather than call this directly.
This function is for code that wants any warning and/or error messages to be returned to the caller rather than be displayed. All messages that would have been displayed if all lexical warnings are enabled will be returned.
It is just like "uvchr_to_utf8_flags" but it takes an extra parameter placed after all the others, "msgs". If this parameter is 0, this function behaves identically to "uvchr_to_utf8_flags". Otherwise, "msgs" should be a pointer to an "HV *" variable, in which this function creates a new HV to contain any appropriate messages. The hash has three key-value pairs, as follows:
It's important to note that specifying this parameter as non-null will cause any warnings this function would otherwise generate to be suppressed, and instead be placed in *msgs. The caller can check the lexical warnings state (or not) when choosing what to do with the returned messages.
The caller, of course, is responsible for freeing any returned HV.
U8* uvchr_to_utf8_flags_msgs(U8 *d, UV uv, UV flags, HV ** msgs)
void * C_ARRAY_END(void *a)
STRLEN C_ARRAY_LENGTH(void *a)
int getcwd_sv(SV* sv)
bool IN_PERL_COMPILETIME
bool IN_PERL_RUNTIME
bool IS_SAFE_SYSCALL(NN const char *pv, STRLEN len,
NN const char *what, NN const char *op_name)
Return TRUE if the name is safe.
"what" and "op_name" are used in any warning.
Used by the "IS_SAFE_SYSCALL()" macro.
bool is_safe_syscall(const char *pv, STRLEN len,
const char *what, const char *op_name)
void my_setenv(const char* nam, const char* val)
For example, to print a stack trace that includes the current interpreter phase you might do:
const char* phase_name = phase_name(PL_phase);
mess("This is weird. (Perl phase: %s)", phase_name);
const char *const phase_name(enum perl_phase)
void Poison(void* dest, int nitems, type)
void PoisonFree(void* dest, int nitems, type)
void PoisonNew(void* dest, int nitems, type)
void PoisonWith(void* dest, int nitems, type, U8 byte)
void StructCopy(type *src, type *dest, type)
bool sv_destroyable(SV *sv)
void sv_nosharing(SV *sv)
SV *sv = new_version(SV *ver);
Does not alter the passed in ver SV. See "upg_version" if you want to upgrade the SV.
SV* new_version(SV *ver)
The major number component of the perl interpreter currently being compiled or executing. This has been 5 from 1993 into 2020.
Instead use one of the version comparison macros. See "PERL_VERSION_EQ".
The micro number component of the perl interpreter currently being compiled or executing. In stable releases this gives the dot release number for maintenance updates. In development releases this gives a tag for a snapshot of the status at various points in the development cycle.
Instead use one of the version comparison macros. See "PERL_VERSION_EQ".
The minor number component of the perl interpreter currently being compiled or executing. Between 1993 into 2020, this has ranged from 0 to 33.
Instead use one of the version comparison macros. See "PERL_VERSION_EQ".
#if PERL_VERSION_GT(5,24,2)
code that will only be compiled on perls after v5.24.2
#else
fallback code
#endif
Note that this is usable in making compile-time decisions
You may use the special value '*' for the final number to mean ALL possible values for it. Thus,
#if PERL_VERSION_EQ(5,31,'*')
means all perls in the 5.31 series. And
#if PERL_VERSION_NE(5,24,'*')
means all perls EXCEPT 5.24 ones. And
#if PERL_VERSION_LE(5,9,'*')
is effectively
#if PERL_VERSION_LT(5,10,0)
This means you don't have to think so much when converting from the existing deprecated "PERL_VERSION" to using this macro:
#if PERL_VERSION <= 9
becomes
#if PERL_VERSION_LE(5,9,'*')
bool PERL_VERSION_EQ(const U8 major, const U8 minor,
const U8 patch)
const char* prescan_version(const char *s, bool strict,
const char** errstr, bool *sqv,
int *ssaw_decimal, int *swidth,
bool *salpha)
Function must be called with an already existing SV like
sv = newSV(0); s = scan_version(s, SV *sv, bool qv);
Performs some preprocessing to the string to ensure that it has the correct characteristics of a version. Flags the object if it contains an underscore (which denotes this is an alpha version). The boolean qv denotes that the version should be interpreted as if it had multiple decimals, even if it doesn't.
const char* scan_version(const char *s, SV *rv, bool qv)
SV *sv = upg_version(SV *sv, bool qv);
Returns a pointer to the upgraded SV. Set the boolean qv if you want to force this SV to be interpreted as an "extended" version.
SV* upg_version(SV *ver, bool qv)
int vcmp(SV *lhv, SV *rhv)
sv = vnormal(rv);
NOTE: you can pass either the object directly or the SV contained within the RV.
The SV returned has a refcount of 1.
SV* vnormal(SV *vs)
sv = vnumify(rv);
NOTE: you can pass either the object directly or the SV contained within the RV.
The SV returned has a refcount of 1.
SV* vnumify(SV *vs)
The SV returned has a refcount of 1.
SV* vstringify(SV *vs)
SV *hv = vverify(sv);
Note that it only confirms the bare minimum structure (so as not to get confused by derived classes which may contain additional hash entries):
SV* vverify(SV *vs)
In all these calls, the "U32 wn" parameters are warning category constants. You can see the ones currently available in "Category Hierarchy" in warnings, just capitalize all letters in the names and prefix them by "WARN_". So, for example, the category "void" used in a perl program becomes "WARN_VOID" when used in XS code and passed to one of the calls below.
Should any of the categories by default be enabled even if not within the scope of "use warnings", instead use the "ckWARN_d" macros.
The categories must be completely independent, one may not be subclassed from the other.
bool ckWARN (U32 w) bool ckWARN2(U32 w1, U32 w2) bool ckWARN3(U32 w1, U32 w2, U32 w3) bool ckWARN4(U32 w1, U32 w2, U32 w3, U32 w4)
bool ckWARN_d (U32 w) bool ckWARN2_d(U32 w1, U32 w2) bool ckWARN3_d(U32 w1, U32 w2, U32 w3) bool ckWARN4_d(U32 w1, U32 w2, U32 w3, U32 w4)
"err" must be one of the "packWARN", "packWARN2", "packWARN3", "packWARN4" macros populated with the appropriate number of warning categories.
The two forms differ only in that "ck_warner_d" should be used if warnings for any of the categories are by default enabled.
NOTE: "ck_warner" must be explicitly called as "Perl_ck_warner" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
NOTE: "ck_warner_d" must be explicitly called as "Perl_ck_warner_d" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
void Perl_ck_warner(pTHX_ U32 err, const char* pat, ...)
This replaces any read-only SV with a fresh SV and removes any magic.
void CLEAR_ERRSV()
They take a sprintf-style format pattern and argument list, which are used to generate a string message. If the message does not end with a newline, then it will be extended with some indication of the current location in the code, as described for "mess_sv".
The error message will be used as an exception, by default returning control to the nearest enclosing "eval", but subject to modification by a $SIG{__DIE__} handler. In any case, these croak functions never return normally.
For historical reasons, if "pat" is null then the contents of "ERRSV" ($@) will be used as an error message or object instead of building an error message from arguments. If you want to throw a non-string object, or build an error message in an SV yourself, it is preferable to use the "croak_sv" function, which does not involve clobbering "ERRSV".
The two forms differ only in that "croak_nocontext" does not take a thread context ("aTHX") parameter. It is usually preferred as it takes up fewer bytes of code than plain "Perl_croak", and time is rarely a critical resource when you are about to throw an exception.
NOTE: "croak" must be explicitly called as "Perl_croak" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
void Perl_croak (pTHX_ const char* pat, ...) void croak_nocontext(const char* pat, ...)
Less code used on exception code paths reduces CPU cache pressure.
void croak_no_modify()
"baseex" is the error message or object. If it is a reference, it will be used as-is. Otherwise it is used as a string, and if it does not end with a newline then it will be extended with some indication of the current location in the code, as described for "mess_sv".
The error message or object will be used as an exception, by default returning control to the nearest enclosing "eval", but subject to modification by a $SIG{__DIE__} handler. In any case, the "croak_sv" function never returns normally.
To die with a simple string message, the "croak" function may be more convenient.
void croak_sv(SV *baseex)
The two forms differ only in that "die_nocontext" does not take a thread context ("aTHX") parameter, so is used in situations where the caller doesn't already have the thread context.
NOTE: "die" must be explicitly called as "Perl_die" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
OP* Perl_die (pTHX_ const char* pat, ...) OP* die_nocontext(const char* pat, ...)
OP* die_sv(SV *baseex)
SV * ERRSV
U32 packWARN (U32 w1) U32 packWARN2(U32 w1, U32 w2) U32 packWARN3(U32 w1, U32 w2, U32 w3) U32 packWARN4(U32 w1, U32 w2, U32 w3, U32 w4)
This replaces any read-only SV with a fresh writable copy and removes any magic.
void SANE_ERRSV()
"pat" and "args" are a sprintf-style format pattern and encapsulated argument list. These are used to generate a string message. If the message does not end with a newline, then it will be extended with some indication of the current location in the code, as described for "mess_sv".
The error message will be used as an exception, by default returning control to the nearest enclosing "eval", but subject to modification by a $SIG{__DIE__} handler. In any case, the "croak" function never returns normally.
For historical reasons, if "pat" is null then the contents of "ERRSV" ($@) will be used as an error message or object instead of building an error message from arguments. If you want to throw a non-string object, or build an error message in an SV yourself, it is preferable to use the "croak_sv" function, which does not involve clobbering "ERRSV".
void vcroak(const char* pat, va_list* args)
This is like "warn", but "args" are an encapsulated argument list.
Unlike with "vcroak", "pat" is not permitted to be null.
void vwarn(const char* pat, va_list* args)
void vwarner(U32 err, const char* pat, va_list* args)
They take a sprintf-style format pattern and argument list, which are used to generate a string message. If the message does not end with a newline, then it will be extended with some indication of the current location in the code, as described for "mess_sv".
The error message or object will by default be written to standard error, but this is subject to modification by a $SIG{__WARN__} handler.
Unlike with "croak", "pat" is not permitted to be null.
The two forms differ only in that "warn_nocontext" does not take a thread context ("aTHX") parameter, so is used in situations where the caller doesn't already have the thread context.
NOTE: "warn" must be explicitly called as "Perl_warn" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
void Perl_warn (pTHX_ const char* pat, ...) void warn_nocontext(const char* pat, ...)
"err" must be one of the "packWARN", "packWARN2", "packWARN3", "packWARN4" macros populated with the appropriate number of warning categories. If any of the warning categories they specify is fatal, a fatal exception is thrown.
In any event a message is generated by the pattern and arguments. If the message does not end with a newline, then it will be extended with some indication of the current location in the code, as described for "mess_sv".
The error message or object will by default be written to standard error, but this is subject to modification by a $SIG{__WARN__} handler.
"pat" is not permitted to be null.
The two forms differ only in that "warner_nocontext" does not take a thread context ("aTHX") parameter, so is used in situations where the caller doesn't already have the thread context.
These functions differ from the similarly named "warn" functions, in that the latter are for XS code to unconditionally display a warning, whereas these are for code that may be compiling a perl program, and does extra checking to see if the warning should be fatal.
NOTE: "warner" must be explicitly called as "Perl_warner" with an "aTHX_" parameter.
void Perl_warner (pTHX_ U32 err, const char* pat, ...) void warner_nocontext(U32 err, const char* pat, ...)
"baseex" is the error message or object. If it is a reference, it will be used as-is. Otherwise it is used as a string, and if it does not end with a newline then it will be extended with some indication of the current location in the code, as described for "mess_sv".
The error message or object will by default be written to standard error, but this is subject to modification by a $SIG{__WARN__} handler.
To warn with a simple string message, the "warn" function may be more convenient.
void warn_sv(SV *baseex)
xsubpp compiles XS code into C. See "xsubpp" in perlutil.
I32 ax
char* CLASS
dAX;
dAXMARK;
dITEMS;
dMY_CXT_SV;
dUNDERBAR;
dXSARGS;
dXSI32;
I32 items
I32 ix
type RETVAL
SV* ST(int ix)
type THIS
The following functions have been flagged as part of the public API, but are currently undocumented. Use them at your own risk, as the interfaces are subject to change. Functions that are not listed in this document are not intended for public use, and should NOT be used under any circumstances.
If you feel you need to use one of these functions, first send email to perl5-porters@perl.org <mailto:perl5-porters@perl.org>. It may be that there is a good reason for the function not being documented, and it should be removed from this list; or it may just be that no one has gotten around to documenting it. In the latter case, you will be asked to submit a patch to document the function. Once your patch is accepted, it will indicate that the interface is stable (unless it is explicitly marked otherwise) and usable by you.
clone_params_del hv_free_ent newCVREF save_pushi32ptr clone_params_new hv_ksplit newGVREF save_pushptr do_close hv_name_set newHVREF save_pushptrptr do_open my_failure_exit newSVREF start_subparse do_openn newANONATTRSUB PERL_BUILD_DATE sv_dup gv_autoload_pv newANONHASH save_aelem sv_dup_inc gv_autoload_pvn newANONLIST save_aelem_flags gv_autoload_sv newANONSUB save_helem gv_name_set newAVREF save_helem_flags
Until May 1997, this document was maintained by Jeff Okamoto <okamoto@corp.hp.com>. It is now maintained as part of Perl itself.
With lots of help and suggestions from Dean Roehrich, Malcolm Beattie, Andreas Koenig, Paul Hudson, Ilya Zakharevich, Paul Marquess, Neil Bowers, Matthew Green, Tim Bunce, Spider Boardman, Ulrich Pfeifer, Stephen McCamant, and Gurusamy Sarathy.
API Listing originally by Dean Roehrich <roehrich@cray.com>.
Updated to be autogenerated from comments in the source by Benjamin Stuhl.
config.h, perlapio, perlcall, perlclib, perlembed, perlfilter, perlguts, perlhacktips, perlintern, perlinterp, perliol, perlmroapi, perlreapi, perlreguts, perlxs
| 2023-11-25 | perl v5.36.0 |