NAME

pvm_reduce - Performs a reduction operation over members of the specified group.

SYNOPSIS

C int info = pvm_reduce( void (*func)(),
void *data, int count, int datatype,
int msgtag, char *group, int rootginst)

Fortran call pvmfreduce(func, data, count, datatype,
msgtag, group, rootginst, info)

PARAMETERS

func

Function which defines the operation performed on the global data. Predefined are PvmMax, PvmMin, PvmSum, and PvmProduct. Users can define their own function.

SYNOPSIS for func



  C   void func(int *datatype, void *x, void *y, 


                int *num, int *info)


  Fortran    call func(datatype, x, y, num, info)

data

Pointer to the starting address of an array of local values.
On return, the data array on the root will be overwritten
with the result of the reduce operation over the group.
For the other (non-root) members of the group the values
of the data array upon return from the reduce operation
are not defined; the values may be different than 
those originally passed to pvm_reduce.

count

Integer specifying the number of elements of 
datatype
in the data array.
The value of count should agree between all members of the group.

datatype

Integer specifying the type of the entries in the data array.
(See below for defined types.)

msgtag

Integer message tag supplied by the user.
msgtag should be >= 0.  It allows the user's program to 
distinguish between different kinds of messages.

group

Character string group name of an existing group.

rootginst

Integer instance number of group member who gets the result.

info

Integer status code returned by the routine.
Values less than zero indicate an error.

DESCRIPTION

pvm_reduce() performs global operations such as max, min, sum, or a user provided operation on the data provided by the members of a group. All group members call pvm_reduce with the same size local data array which may contain one or more entries. The root task is identified by its instance number in the group.

The inner workings of the pvm_reduce call are implementation dependent; however, when the pvm_reduce call completes, the root's data array will be equal to the specified operation applied element-wise to the data arrays of all the group members.

A broadcast by the root can be used if the other members of the group need the resultant value(s).

PVM supplies the following predefined functions that can be specified in func.



         PvmMin


         PvmMax 


         PvmSum 


         PvmProduct

PvmMax and PvmMin are implemented for all the datatypes listed below. For complex values the minimum [maximum] is that complex pair with the minimum [maximum] modulus. PvmSum and PvmProduct are implemented for all the datatypes listed below with the exception of PVM_BYTE and BYTE1.

C and Fortran defined datatypes are:



           C datatypes   FORTRAN datatypes


         -----------------------------------


           PVM_BYTE       BYTE1             


           PVM_SHORT      INTEGER2             


           PVM_INT        INTEGER4            


           PVM_FLOAT      REAL4          


           PVM_CPLX       COMPLEX8      


           PVM_DOUBLE     REAL8        


           PVM_DCPLX      COMPLEX16   


           PVM_LONG

A user defined function may be used in func. The argument func is a function with four arguments. It is the base function used for the reduction operation. Both x and y are arrays of type specified by datatype with num entries. The arguments datatype and info are as specified above. The arguments x and num correspond to data and count above. The argument y contains received values.

Caveat: pvm_reduce() does not block, a call to pvm_barrier may be necessary. For example, an error may occur if a task calls pvm_reduce and then leaves the group before the root has completed its call to pvm_reduce. Similarly, an error may occur if a task joins the group after the root has issued its call to pvm_reduce. Synchronization of the tasks (such as a call to pvm_barrier) was not included within the pvm_reduce implementation since this overhead is unnecessary in many user codes (which may already synchronize the tasks for other purposes).

The current algorithm is very simple and robust. A future implementation may make more efficient use of the architecture to allow greater parallelism.

ILLUSTRATION

The following example illustrates a call to pvm_reduce. Suppose you have three group members (instance numbers 0, 1, 2) with an array called Idata with 5 values as specified:



     instance       the 5 values in the integer array


        0                1,   2,   3,   4,   5


        1               10,  20,  30,  40,  50


        2              100, 200, 300, 400, 500

And, suppose that a call to reduce (such as the ones following) are issued where the root is the group member with instance value of 1:



   C:


      root = 1;


      info = pvm_reduce(PvmSum, &Idata, 5, PVM_INT, msgtag, 


                        "worker", root);


   Fortran:


      root = 1


      call pvmfreduce(PvmSum, Idata, 5, INTEGER4, msgtag, 


                      "worker", root, info)

Then, upon completion of the reduce call, the following will result:



     instance       the 5 values in the integer array


        0              .... not defined.......


        1              111, 222, 333, 444, 555


        2              .... not defined ......

EXAMPLES

C:


   info =  pvm_reduce(PvmMax, &myvals, 10, PVM_FLOAT,


                      msgtag, "worker", rootginst);

Fortran:


   CALL PVMFREDUCE(PvmMax, MYVALS, COUNT, REAL4,


  &                MTAG, 'worker', ROOT, INFO)

ERRORS

These error conditions can be returned by pvm_reduce

PvmNoInst: Calling task is not in the group
PvmBadParam: The datatype specified is not appropriate for the specified reduction function.
PvmSysErr: Pvm system error