validns - DNS and DSNSEC zone file validator
This document describes validns version 0.8
validns -h validns [options] zone-file
For validating stdin, specify "-" in place of
zone-file.
- -h
- Produce usage text and quit.
- -f
- Quit on first validation error. Normally, validns continues working on
a zone after encountering a parsing or validation error.
- -p name
- Activate policy check name. By default, only basic checks and
DNSSEC checks are performed. This option can be specified multiple times.
See POLICY CHECKS, below, for details. The following names are
understood:
- •
- single-ns
- •
- cname-other-data
- •
- dname
- •
- dnskey
- •
- nsec3param-not-apex
- •
- mx-alias
- •
- ns-alias
- •
- rp-txt-exists
- •
- tlsa-host
- •
- ksk-exists
- •
- all
- -n N
- Use N worker threads for parallelizable operations. The default is 0,
meaning no parallelization. Currently only signature verification is
parallelizable.
- -q
- quiet - do not produce any output
- -s
- print validation summary/stats
- -v
- be extra verbose
- -M
- use SOA MINTTL as the default TTL when no TTL specified
- -I path
- use this path for $INCLUDE files
- -z origin
- use this origin as initial $ORIGIN
- -t epoch-time
- Use specified time instead of the current time when verifying validity of
the signatures. This option may be specified multiple times, in which case
every signature is checked against all specified times.
Every record and every supported directive should be parsable,
which consitutes the most basic check of all. The validns program will
report the exact reason why it cannot parse a record or a
directive.
Other basic checks include:
- •
- there could only be one SOA in a zone;
- •
- the first record in the zone must be an SOA record;
- •
- a record outside the apex;
- •
- TTL values differ within an RR set (excepting RRSIG);
- •
- type exists, but NSEC does not mention it for name;
- •
- NSEC mentions type, but no such record found for name;
- •
- NSEC says x is the last name, but z exists;
- •
- NSEC says z comes after x, but nothing does;
- •
- NSEC says z comes after x, but y does;
- •
- signature is too new;
- •
- signature is too old;
- •
- RRSIG exists for non-existing type type;
- •
- RRSIG's original TTL differs from corresponding record's;
- •
- RRSIG(type): cannot find a signer key;
- •
- RRSIG(type): cannot verify the signature;
- •
- RRSIG(type): cannot find the right signer key;
- •
- NSEC3 record name is not valid;
- •
- multiple NSEC3 with the same record name;
- •
- no corresponding NSEC3 found for name;
- •
- type exists, but NSEC3 does not mention it for name;
- •
- NSEC3 mentions type, but no such record found for name;
- •
- there are more record types than NSEC3 mentions for name;
- •
- broken NSEC3 chain, expected name, but nothing found;
- •
- broken NSEC3 chain, expected name1, but found name2;
- •
- NSEC3 without a corresponding record (or empty non-terminal).
- •
- there should be at least two NS records per name (or zero);
- •
- CNAME and other data (excluding possible RRSIG and NSEC);
- •
- DNAME checks: no multiple DNAMEs, no descendants of a node with a DNAME;
please note that DNAME/CNAME clash is handled by CNAME and other data
check already;
- •
- DNSKEY checks: public key too short, leading zero octets in public key
exponent or modulus;
- •
- NSEC3PARAM, if present, should only be at the zone apex.
- •
- MX exchange should not be an alias
- •
- NS nsdname should not be an alias
- •
- TXT domain name mentioned in RP record must have a corresponding TXT
record if it is within the zone
- •
- domain name of a TLSA record must be a proper prefixed DNS name
- •
- a KSK key must exist in a signed zone
- •
- textual segments in TXT and HINFO must be enclosed in double
quotes;
- •
- a dot within a label is not currently supported;
If at least one NSEC3 record uses opt-out flag, validns
assumes it is used as much as possible, that is, every unsigned
delegation does not have a corresponding NSEC3 record. This is
done for reasons of efficiency, to avoid calculating cryptographic
hashes of every unsigned delegation. If this assumption is wrong for
a zone, validns will produce spurious validation errors.
Thanks go to Andy Holdaway, Daniel Stirnimann, Dennis Kjaer
Jensen, Goran Bengtson, Hirohisa Yamaguchi, Hugo Salgado, Jake Zack, Jakob
Schlyter, Koh-ichi Ito, Mathieu Arnold, Miek Gieben, Patrik Wallstrom, Paul
Wouters, Ryan Eby, Tony Finch, Willem Toorop, and YAMAGUCHI Takanori for bug
reports, testing, discussions, and occasional patches.
Special thanks to Stephane Bortzmeyer and Phil Regnauld.
Thanks for AFNIC which funded major portion of the development.
Thanks for SWITCH for additional funding.